髓芯减压植骨与多孔钽棒植入修复非创伤性股骨头坏死

背景：髓芯减压植骨是临床上常用的一种方法,随着对股骨头生物力学研究的深入,多孔钽棒技术也越来越多的用于保髋手术,但这两种术式在临床上疗效比较报道较少。 目的：比较髓芯减压植骨与多孔钽棒植入治疗非创伤性股骨头缺血性坏死的临床疗效。 方法：选择36例(45髋)成人股骨头缺血坏死患者,其中15例(19髋)采用髓芯减压植骨治疗,21例(26髋)采用髓芯减压多孔钽棒植入治疗。 结果及结论：植入治疗均成功,随访3~12个月,两组手术时间、出血量、住院天数比较差异均无显著性意义,治疗后Harris评分较治疗前均有明显提高(P < 0.05),治疗后12个月Harris评分,多孔钽棒植入高于植骨治疗(P < 0.05),差异显著性意义。髓芯减压与多孔钽棒植入对早期成人股骨头坏死髋关节功能改善优于髓芯减压植骨,预防了关节软骨的逐渐塌陷。     

股骨头髓芯减压为基础治疗早期股骨头坏死

背景：髓芯减压治疗早期股骨头坏死效果较好,而且髓芯减压方法简单易行,即使远期治疗效果不理想也不影响行人工全髋关节置换。 目的：探讨以股骨头髓芯减压为基础的3种方法治疗早期股骨头坏死的临床疗效。 方法：根据国际骨循环研究学会(Association Research Circulation Osseous,ARCO)股骨头坏死分期标准,纳入股骨头坏死患者46例(61髋),Ⅰ期21例(29髋),Ⅱ期25例(32髋)。其中15例(23髋)行单纯髓芯减压治疗,18例(25髋)行髓芯减压联合自体骨髓单个核细胞移植治疗,13例(13髋)行髓芯减压联合多孔钽棒置入治疗。 结果与结论：全部患者均获12个月随访,3组患者末次随访时髋关节Harris评分均高于术前(P < 0.01),末次随访时联合细胞移植组和联合多孔钽棒组Harris评分高于单纯髓芯减压组(P < 0.01),而联合细胞移植组和联合多孔钽棒组比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。髋关节X射线检查：单纯髓芯减压组2例(3髋)发展为塌陷、联合细胞移植组1例(1髋)发展为塌陷,联合多孔钽棒组2例(2髋)出现塌陷。结果可见以股骨头髓芯减压为基础的3种方法治疗早期股骨头坏死均有效,其中髓芯减压联合自体骨髓单个核细胞移植或多孔钽棒置入近期疗效优于单纯髓芯减压治疗。     

一个世界性难题：股骨头坏死早期治疗的挑战与机遇

股骨头坏死(ONFH)是一个骨科常见病,也是最难治愈的骨科疾病,目前尚没有公认的根本治愈的方法。ONFH的早期治疗,需要考虑的影响因素众多,如ONFH发生的时间、ONFH的范围、是否已经塌陷以及塌陷程度、治疗ONFH的方法及术者所掌握技术的熟练程度等,都会影响ONFH的治疗效果。目前,针对ONFH早期的治疗,尚未达成统一的治疗原则或共识,医师往往根据自己所掌握的知识、技能以及经验确定其治疗方式。保守治疗方法可能会减轻症状,但没有充分证据证明能够治愈ONFH。ONFH保头手术方法很多,如股骨头髓心减压(单孔、多孔)、股骨头髓心减压加骨移植材料填充和(或)结构性骨支撑、带血管的腓骨移植、带血管的髂骨骨瓣移植、粗隆间旋转截骨或内外翻截骨、ONFH的血管融通术等治疗方法,这些治疗方法有效,但各家报道的临床效果不一,因而也没有取得业内的共识。笔者根据自己多年治疗早期ONFH的临床研究和经验,并结合国内外治疗早期ONFH的现状作一综述,阐述了各种治疗方法的优缺点以及尚存的问题,以引起对早期ONFH的治疗方法的重新思考和探讨。     

改良多孔髓芯减压修复早期股骨头缺血性坏死:髋关节置换率5年随访

背景:股骨头髓芯减压作为一种经典的治疗早期股骨头坏死的方法,已得到广泛认可,但是相当多的报道以术后评分等主观数据进行分析,影响结果的可靠性。目的:进一步验证髓芯减压治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死的临床效果及影像学变化。方法:符合国际骨循环研究会(ARCO)骨坏死分期标准ARCOⅠ-Ⅱ期患者67例(99髋),其中治疗组40例(57髋),行改良多孔髓芯减压术治疗;对照组27例(42髋),进行药物及综合治疗。治疗前及治疗后1,3个月评估Harris评分,治疗后6个月复查骨盆平片、双髋关节侧位片、髋关节MRI及Harris评分。结果与结论:经5年随访后,治疗组57例髋,最终28例行髋关节置换,占49%;对照组42例髋,其中29例行关节置换,占69%,治疗组最终髋关节置换率明显低于对照组;说明髋关节髓芯减压明显延缓了患者行关节置换的时间(P0.05)。对照组髋关节置换率高峰期为术后两三年,治疗组髋关节置换率高峰期为术后三四年。治疗组治疗后Harris评分及坏死指数显著优于治疗前(P0.05);患者治疗前Harris评分及坏死指数无明显相关性(P0.05),经髓芯减压干预后,仍无相关性。结果证实股骨头髓芯减压治疗早期股骨头缺血坏死对缓解疼痛症状、提高步行能力和改善患肢功能均有明显效果,且能延缓全髋置换的时间,尤其适用于ARCOⅠ-Ⅱ期股骨头坏死的患者。     

髓芯减压术后二次减压治疗早中期股骨头坏死

目的回顾性分析髓芯减压术后二次减压术治疗早中期股骨头坏死(ONFH)的临床疗效。 方法选取2008年7月至2013年4月于安徽医科大学解放军第三〇七医院只接受股骨头髓芯减压、死骨刮除、人工骨打压植入术治疗的30例(50髋)ONFH患者,设为单次减压组;选取2010年1月至2013年4月于安徽医科大学解放军第三〇七医院接受单次髓芯减压术术后半年同意行二次减压治疗的30例(42髋)ONFH患者,设为二次减压组。按照国际骨循环研究会分期,所有ONFH均为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期。采用髋关节Harris评分系统评估术后患髋功能改善情况,应用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)进行临床疼痛测定,通过影像学(X线、CT、磁共振成像)评定股骨头是否塌陷及病灶修复情况。组间数据采用t检验、χ²检验进行比较分析。 结果60例(92髋)ONFH患者术后均获得随访,随访时间为25～84个月。术后25个月时,两组髋关节Harris评分较术前均有显著提高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均小于0.05);二次减压组髋关节Harris评分[(91.21±3.32)分]显著高于单次减压组[(81.60±2.60)分],差异有统计学意义(t＝－15.592,P<0.05)。两组VAS评分较术前均有显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P值均小于0.05);二次减压组VAS评分[(2.20±0.71)分]显著低于单次减压组[(3.27±1.51)分],差异有统计学意义(t＝3.503,P＝0.001)。单次减压组髋关节Harris评分优2髋,良36髋,尚可5髋,优良率为76.0%,股骨头保存率为86.0%;二次减压组髋关节Harris评分优35髋,良5髋,尚可2髋,优良率为95.2%,股骨头保存率为100.0%。两组髋关节Harris评分优良率比较差异有统计学意义(χ²＝6.548,P＝0.011),两组股骨头保存率比较差异有统计学意义(χ²＝4.529,P＝0.033)。两组髋关节Harris评分为优的37髋的股骨头外形修复均完整;评分为良的41髋中有6髋外形不圆,但股骨头内未出现骨折,剩余基本维持球形;评分为差的7髋出现软骨下骨折、关节间隙狭窄,其中3髋行全髋关节置换术。 结论髓芯减压术后二次减压术可再次诱发股骨头内创伤修复过程,进一步改善患髋功能、减轻髋关节疼痛,起到较好的治疗作用。     

早期股骨头坏死治疗:髓芯股方肌骨块植入优于骨浆植入

背景:单纯髓芯减治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死对软骨下骨支撑不够,增加了骨折及塌陷的风险。股方肌骨块的植入不仅可以提供很好的生物学支撑,也会增加坏死区域的再血管化,从而达到修复股骨头坏死的作用。目的:比较髓芯减压股方肌骨块植入和髓芯减压骨浆植入治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死的早期临床效果。方法:选取2009年1月至2012年1月在郑州大学第一附属医院骨科进行治疗的早期股骨头坏死患者83例92髋,按治疗方法分为髓芯减压股方肌骨块植入组及髓芯减压骨浆植入组。其中髓芯减压股方肌骨块植入组37例43髋于坏死区注射自体骨转移及骨诱导活性材料,髓芯减压骨浆植入组患者46例49髋则注入骨粉。结果与结论:治疗后1年,2组患者Harris评分均比治疗前显著提高(P0.05),髓芯减压骨浆植入组患者Harris评分低于髓芯减压股方肌骨块植入组(P0.05)。治疗后3年髓芯减压股方肌骨块植入组患者X射线评分显著高于髓芯减压骨浆植入组(P0.05)。提示与髓芯减压骨浆植入相比,髓芯减压股方肌骨块植入能够更有效地防止股骨头塌陷,改善关节功能及延缓股骨头坏死进程。     

关节镜辅助下精准髓芯减压、植骨、钛棒支撑治疗股骨头早期坏死近期临床疗效观察

目的 探讨关节镜辅助下髓芯减压、植骨、钛棒支撑治疗股骨头坏死(ONFH)早期临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2003年4月—2013年12月ONFH患者58例74髋临床资料,其中国际骨科循环学会(ARCO)分期ⅡA期11例(15髋)、ⅡB期25例(34髋)、ⅡC期22例(25髋);在C形臂X线机透视定位及关节镜辅助下,经皮微创有效精准地进行髓芯减压,植入复合自体骨髓的骨诱导材料,放置钛棒支撑股骨头软骨下骨质。术后6、12、24、36个月进行随访,评价指标包括:VAS、Harris评分,ODI X线影像学观察,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析及临床疗效。结果 本组58例74髋术后病理组织学检查均显示为骨坏死。术后随访24～36个月。VAS、Harris评分及ODI术后各时间点与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。术后24个月随访X线分期显示,有5例(5髋)ⅡB期进展为ⅡC期,其中4例由ⅡC期又进展为Ⅲ期并且行THRA;术前ⅡC期有6例(6髋)病变进展并且发生股骨头塌陷,30个月后THRA;10例行THRA者均为激素性ONFH患者。本组术后总改善率79.73%,其中ⅡA期改善率为93.33%,ⅡB期为82.35%,ⅡC期为68.00%;无变化及加重的病例均为激素性ONFH患者。末次随访时病变股骨头生存率为76.8%(95%可信区间为64.2%～90.1%),其中ⅡC 期病变3年股骨头生存率最低(76.0%,19/25)。结论 关节镜辅助下精准髓芯减压、植骨、钛棒支撑治疗早期ONFH,具有定位准确,手术微创化特点,ⅡA期和ⅡB期ONFH患者在疗效改善及防止股骨头塌陷方面效果佳,是其较为理想的微创手术治疗方法;但对ⅡC期激素性ONFH患者疗效较差,应慎重选择。     

小转速髓芯减压结合自体红骨髓组织工程复合物治疗早中期股骨头缺血性坏死

目的探讨小转速髓芯减压结合自体红骨髓组织工程复合物治疗早中期股骨头缺血性坏死的临床疗效。方法选取2010年6月至2015年6月在我院住院的股骨头缺血坏死患者47例(52髋),采用随机数字表法分为2组:A组采用小转速髓芯减压+自体红骨髓组织工程复合物的方法治疗25例(28髋),B组采用髓芯减压+人工骨治疗22例(24髋),所有患者术前行髋关节X线片、CT及MRI检查,术后6、12、18个月行髋关节X线片、CT、MRI检查观察股骨头修复及坏死进展情况。结果所有病例平均随访34个月(18~60个月)。经过治疗,两组患者的临床坏死体积对比,影像学稳定率,股骨头生存率,有统计学差异(P0.05),两组患者的性别、年龄、病因基础资料差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小转速髓芯减压+自体红骨髓组织工程复合物治疗早中期股骨头缺血性坏死操作简单,临床疗效满意,早期患者术后优良率更高。     

髓芯减压植骨支撑术治疗股骨颈骨折术后股骨头坏死的早期疗效观察

目的探讨髓芯减压植骨支撑术治疗股骨颈骨折术后股骨头缺血性坏死的早期疗效。方法对21例行三根钉手术治疗的股骨颈骨折患者,经X线、CT、ECT或MRI确诊为股骨头坏死,所有患者采用髓芯减压植骨支撑术治疗。依据ARCO分期:Ⅰ期2髋,ⅡA11髋,ⅡB6髋,ⅡC1髋,IIIA1髋,术前及术后所有患者采用Harris髋关节评分系统进行评分、影像学检查并加以比较。结果随访9~18个月,Harris评分由术前(73.4±7.2)增加到术后(89.4±7.9),优良率85.2%。结论采用髓芯减压植骨支撑术治疗股骨颈骨折术后股骨头坏死,恢复了股骨头前外侧柱的生物力学稳定,促进了坏死病灶的修复,对患者具有良好的早期疗效。     

脐带间充质干细胞与纳米仿生骨材料联合治疗早期股骨头缺血坏死的中期疗效观察

目的回顾性分析脐带间充质干细胞与纳米仿生骨材料联合治疗早期股骨头缺血坏死的中期临床疗效。方法选定诊断为股骨头坏死(Osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)(FicatⅡ期),接受纳米仿生骨材料髓芯减压棒联合脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗的成人患者。本组共12例(12髋),患者年龄22~53岁,平均39.4岁,男9例,女3例。术前、术后采用Harris评分系统进行患髋评分并进行配对检验。通过其影像学改变进行疗效评估。结果本组11例患者获得完整随访,Harris评分由术前(54.16±4.23)分提高到术后24个月随访时的(82.68±2.05)分(0.05),所有获得随访的患者均未发现减压棒脱出,未出现股骨头明显坏死塌陷。结论髓芯减压基础上应用新型纳米仿生骨材料联合脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗早期股骨头坏死的中期临床疗效满意,远期临床疗效仍需进一步观察随访。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

电磁辐射生物效应的机理研究述评

电磁辐射好似一束带刺儿的玫瑰,她所奉献的物质文明绚丽多彩,日新月异;但人类在享用的同时,也必须提防被刺儿扎着。随着社会的发展,环境中的电磁辐射剂量（能量密度）会呈几何级数式增长。有人把电磁污染称为除空气、水、噪声污染以外的第四类污染。而且是看不见、听...