微型接骨板内固定结合自体松质骨移植治疗距骨颈粉碎性骨折

目的探讨切开复位微型接骨板内固定结合自体松质骨移植治疗距骨颈粉碎性骨折的手术方法及疗效。方法2010年1月~2012年1月,对我院收治的15例闭合性距骨颈粉碎性骨折患者,根据Hawkins分型：Ⅱ型11例,Ⅲ型4例。术前常规行CT三维重建明确骨折类型和粉碎程度,择期行切开复位微型接骨板内固定加自体松质骨移植术。术后定期复查X片及CT观察骨折愈合情况,并记录相关并发症,采用Hawkins评分标准评估疗效。结果本组14例获得随访,随访时间12~24m,,平均16.4m。术后外侧切口边缘部分坏死1例,经局部清创换药后治愈,无并发感染,骨折均在8~12w内获得愈合,平均愈合时间11.3w,无畸形愈合发生,距骨体部分坏死1例（Ⅲ型）,轻度创伤性关节炎3例（Ⅱ型1例,Ⅲ型2例）,末次随访时未发现内固定松动断裂。Hawkins评分：优7例（Ⅱ型）,良5例（Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型1例）,可2例（Ⅲ型）。结论采用切开复位微型接骨板内固定结合自体松质骨移植治疗距骨颈粉碎性骨折,术中可获得满意复位,牢靠的内固定可有效维持骨折复位,自体松质骨移植可促进骨折愈合,是治疗距骨颈粉碎性骨折的有效方法。     

QWIX空心加压螺钉治疗距骨骨折20例

<正>距骨骨折是较少见的骨折之一。典型距骨骨折是高能量损伤的结果,常伴有周围软组织严重损伤,使不具备单独血供的距骨缺血坏死,导致严重的并发症。根据Hawkins[1]分型方法:Ⅰ型距骨颈骨折无移位。Ⅱ型距骨颈骨折移位伴有距下关节脱位或半脱位。Ⅲ型距骨颈骨折移位伴胫距关节和距下关节脱位或伴脱位。Ⅳ距骨颈骨折移位伴距舟关节、胫距关节和距下关节脱位或伴脱位。临床上Ⅰ型骨折通常可采取石膏外固定,进行保守治疗。而目前对于其他三     

儿童肱骨髁上屈曲型骨折的治疗

目的 探讨儿童肱骨髁上屈曲型骨折的治疗及效果评估。方法对14例儿童肱骨髁上屈曲型骨折,依据Gartland系统按骨折严重程度分类。Ⅰ型骨折行伸直型管型石膏固定;Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折行闭合复位经皮穿刺克氏针内固定术,如果经皮穿刺失败,则改行切开复位内固定术。结果1年后病人随访（时间14～36个月）。治疗效果,优7例,良4例,可3例,差0例;全部病人对恢复效果满意,无1例出现功能障碍。结论闭合复位和经皮穿刺内固定可以成功应用于Ⅱ型Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折。     

距下关节脱位伴距骨后突骨折一例及文献复习

目的 报道1例少见的距下关节内侧脱位伴距骨后突骨折病例的诊断和治疗,探讨距骨后突周围解剖、距下关节内侧脱位伴距骨后突骨折发生机制、诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性分析1例25岁男性距下关节内侧脱位伴距骨后突骨折患者的临床资料。在PubMed、中国知网、万方数据及维普数据库中,以“距下关节脱位/subtalar dislocation”和“距骨后突骨折/posterior process fracture of talus”为关键词,检索2017年10月前有关距下关节脱位伴距骨后突骨折的相关文献,共纳入6篇6例距下关节脱位伴距骨后突骨折的英文文献报道和1篇1例中文文献报道;结合本例诊治过程,总结该损伤临床及影像学表现、损伤机制、诊断及治疗方法。结果 本文1例青年男性因车祸伤致右足内翻畸形、疼痛、肿胀、活动受限,正侧位X线平片示右距下关节内侧脱位伴后踝游离骨块,急诊行右距下关节脱位闭合复位石膏固定术。急诊术后X线片示距骨外旋,CT平扫示距跟关节间隙增宽、距骨后突骨折、足舟骨撕脱骨折,择期行右距下关节脱位伴距骨后突骨折切开复位内固定术;择期手术后距下关节及距骨后突复位良好,随访6个月患者踝关节活动可,未诉疼痛。结合文献报道的7例,共8例距下关节脱位伴距骨后突骨折,男7例、女1例,年龄17~52岁,均表现为伤后足内翻畸形、肿胀、疼痛、活动受限;X线示距胫关节稳定,足内翻、距下关节内侧脱位,后踝存在游离骨折块;治疗以切开或闭合复位内固定为主要手术方式;距骨后突解剖复位并石膏固定者术后功能恢复好,无关节不稳、创伤性关节炎等相关并发症。结论 当足遭受跖屈内翻暴力时距下关节可发生内侧脱位,同时距骨后突遭受距跟韧带的牵拉暴力形成撕脱骨折。距下关节脱位合并无移位或移位≤2 mm的距骨后突骨折可保守治疗,合并距骨后突骨折移位＞2 mm应手术治疗,有症状的陈旧性骨折可在关节镜下切除骨折块。     

可吸收螺钉结合克氏针治疗跟骨骨折

目的评价可吸收螺钉结合克氏针治疗跟骨骨折的疗效。方法采用可吸收螺钉结合克氏针对17例跟骨骨折行切开复位内固定。按Sanders分型[1]:其中Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型10例,IV型1例。结果 17例均获得随访,随访时间6～42个月,平均11.6个月,骨折全部愈合。疗效优6例,良8例,可2例,差1例,优良率82.4%。结论可吸收螺钉结合克氏针用于治疗跟骨骨折,值得推广。     

切开复位加压空心螺钉内固定治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折-脱位

目的　探讨切开复位加压空心螺钉和克氏针内固定治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折-脱位的临床效果。 方法　对25例患者采用切开复位、克氏针固定腕骨关节,舟骨骨折复位加压空心螺钉内固定,同时修复关节囊和韧带,术后进行康复治疗。 结果　术后随访7～24个月,平均15个月,根据Cooney腕关节评分标准, 本组优8例、良10例、可5例,差2例,平均评分值82分。X线片检查舟状骨骨折一期愈合,腕关节达解剖复位,腕骨间隙正常。 结论　应用切开复位加压空心螺钉和克氏针内固定,修复关节囊和重要韧带, 有利于腕关节功能的恢复,是治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折-脱位的较好方法。     

延迟切开复位三柱固定治疗复杂胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效观察

[摘要]目的 评价延期切开复位三柱固定治疗复杂胫骨Pilon骨折疗效。方法 从2009年1月~2013年6月对13例根据Ruedi-AllgOwer分型为Ⅲ型复杂胫骨Pilon骨折采用延期切开复位三柱固定治疗。其中9例采用急诊腓骨骨折内固定+跨踝关节外固定支架固定，另4例采用跟骨牵引。伤后平均12.2天（9~17）根据相关三柱理论切开复位内固定。结果 所有病例得到随访，平均随访时间17.3月（13~24月），骨折均愈合，根据Mazur评分标准，优4例，良7例，可 2例。其中1例皮肤坏死，经VSD引流后植皮治愈，另1例表皮感染，经换药治愈。结论 延期切开复位三柱固定是治疗复杂Pilon骨折的有效方法。     

GRANDFIX可吸收螺钉治疗骨折的临床观察

目的观察日本GRANDFIX刚子可吸收螺钉在治疗骨折应用的疗效及适用范围。方法对23例骨折采用切开复位可吸收螺钉内固定结果进行随访。结果22例松质骨骨折术后一期骨性愈合,1例尺骨远段1/3斜形骨折术后骨折再错位行切开克斯针加可吸收线捆绑固定术骨折愈合,优良率95.7%。结论可吸收螺钉用于松质骨骨折内固定,特别是关节部位骨折,是理想的、可靠的材料;用于四肢长管骨骨折应慎重。     

可吸收螺钉治疗桡骨小头骨折19例分析

目的：研究可吸收螺钉内固定治疗桡骨小头骨折的治疗方法和结果。方法对19例桡骨小头MasonⅡ型骨折行切开复位可吸收螺钉固定并进行早期功能锻炼。结果术后随访9~13个月,按Steinberg的主观功能评定方法,优12例,良6例,差1例,优良率为94.7%,骨折平均愈合时间为23 w。结论用可吸收螺钉对桡骨小头骨折作固定,具有复位满意、固定可靠、方法简单,利于早期进行功能锻炼等优点,是治疗桡骨小头骨折的理想方法。     

全踝关节镜下骨折复位空心螺钉固定术治疗伴距骨脱位距骨颈骨折的疗效观察

目的 探讨全踝关节镜下骨折复位空心螺钉固定术治疗伴距骨脱位距骨颈骨折的临床效果。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2019年1月—2020年12月徐州市中心医院手足显微外科伴距骨脱位的距骨颈骨折患者23例23足,其中男15例、女8例,年龄18~56（29.4±10.2）岁;改良Hawkins分型Ⅱ型17例、Ⅲ型6例,左侧10例、右侧13例;受伤到手术时间2~9（4.1±2.6）d。所有患者在全踝关节镜下行骨折复位、经皮空心螺钉内固定术治疗。术后定期复查X线片,观察患者骨折复位、内固定情况,骨折愈合情况,距骨骨不连、畸形愈合、缺血性坏死以及创伤性关节炎等并发症。随访期间观察患者踝关节活动度、足部外观满意度、行走步态;对比术前与末次随访时患者踝关节疼痛视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分及美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝与后足评分系统评分,并采用末次随访时AOFAS评分评价患者踝关节功能。结果 本组23例患者手术均获成功,手术时间50~100（73.21±18.32）min、术中出血量5~10（7.10±1.31）mL、住院时间6~14（8.41±2.03）d,所有患者手术切口一期愈合,未出现血管、神经及肌腱损伤等并发症。本组23例患者均获得随访,随访时间12~20（15.71±4.63）个月。术后X线显示所有患者距骨得到解剖复位,未发现距骨骨不连、畸形愈合、缺血性坏死以及创伤性关节炎等并发症,骨折均于术后10~14（11.63±2.10）周愈合。末次随访时,除1例患者踝关节活动范围减小（背伸约5°、跖屈约30°）,其余患者踝关节活动良好、外观满意、行走步态无异常、切口局部皮肤无感觉过敏及瘢痕触痛。末次随访时,患者踝关节疼痛VAS评分为0~2（0.65±0.71）分、低于术前的3~9（6.08±1.47）分,AOFAS评分为88~99（94.34±2.53）分、高于术前的59~81（71.30±6.73）分,差异均有统计学意义（t=15.32、-16.72,P值均<0.05）。依据AOFAS评分,本组患者术后踝关节功能优20例、良3例,优良率100%。结论 全踝关节镜下骨折复位空心螺钉固定术治疗伴距骨脱位的距骨颈骨折效果较好,具有直视下精准复位、创伤小、对血供破坏小等优点,且避免了传统手术切口并发症的发生。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.