Wistar大鼠脑和脊髓微血管周细胞的分离、培养、鉴定及其功能差异的比较

探讨Wistar大鼠脑微血管周细胞（brain microvascular pericyte,BMP）和脊髓微血管周细胞（spinal cord microvascular pericyte,SCMP）之间的差异。运用超高速离心法获取脑和脊髓微血管,再用周细胞培养基培养,使周细胞爬出,然后用NG2和PDGFRβ鉴定周细胞,用鬼笔环肽着染F-actin,用流式细胞仪测定细胞周期,用免疫印记分析实验测定周细胞功能蛋白。结果表明：两种周细胞的形态有明显差异,BMP表达的F-actin显著多于SCMP,两种周细胞的细胞周期无显著差异,BMP相比于SCMP表达更多量的α-SMA、NG2和PDGFRβ。更多的了解两种周细胞的异同点,为研究其在中枢神经系统生理和病理状态下的作用奠定基础。     

角质细胞无血清培养基促进大鼠毛囊干细胞的增殖

背景：以往研究培养毛囊干细胞多使用DMEM/F12+体积分数10%胎牛血清培养基,而进年来开发出的角质细胞无血清培养基也可应用于毛囊干细胞的培养。 目的：观察3种不同培养基对大鼠毛囊干细胞增殖情况及干细胞纯度的影响。 方法：取大鼠触须部皮肤组织,体式显微镜下分离出毛囊组织,中性蛋白酶Ⅱ与胰蛋白酶和乙二胺四乙酸混合液“两步酶法”消化。所得细胞悬液按细胞数平均分为3份,分别使用角质细胞无血清培养基、DMEM/F12+体积分数10%胎牛血清及角质细胞无血清培养基+体积分数10%胎牛血清共3种培养基培养,Ⅳ型胶原差速贴壁法筛选毛囊干细胞,进行传代培养。 结果与结论：培养毛囊干细胞传至第3代,锥虫蓝染色计数法检测结果显示,此3组间细胞活率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。CCK8比色法检测细胞生长曲线显示,培养前2 d,此3组细胞生长均较缓慢;培养4 d,细胞生长进入对数生长期,3种培养基培养的细胞增殖活性：角质细胞无血清培养基+10%胎牛血清组>DMEM/F12+10%胎牛血清>角质细胞无血清培养基(P < 0.05)。流式细胞仪检测显示,角质细胞无血清培养基组CD34的表达高于角质细胞无血清培养基+10%胎牛血清组(P < 0.05)。DMEM/F12+10%胎牛血清组中CD34、β1-整合素(CD29)及CK15标记物的表达低于其他2组(P < 0.05)。结果表明,角质细胞无血清培养基较DMEM/F12+体积分数10%胎牛血清能培养出纯度更高的毛囊干细胞,并且在此培养基培养的基础上加入血清,能够促进毛囊干细胞的增殖。     

不同血清微环境对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外培养的影响

背景:骨髓间充质干细胞在培养过程中,常在基础培养基中添加一定的血清,最常见的是小牛血清和胎牛血清,但这存在着一定的生物安全性隐患。目的:观察不同血清微环境对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外培养的影响。方法:自成年大鼠骨髓中分离骨髓间充质干细胞,采用全骨髓贴壁法培养。分别以下列血清微环境培养:自身血清组:分离细胞后原代用含大鼠自身血清的培养基培养,传代后换用含胎牛血清的培养基培养;同种异体血清组:分离细胞后原代用含同种异体血清的培养基培养,以后用胎牛血清培养基培养;胎牛血清组:分离后用含胎牛血清培养基培养,以后一直用含胎牛血清培养基培养;DMEM组:分离细胞后原代用不含血清的DMEM培养基培养,传代后换用含胎牛血清的培养基培养。在倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞的形态;细胞的贴比率;生长曲线;流式细胞仪观测细胞表面CD11b、CD45和CD90表达。结果与结论:大鼠自身血清微环境及同种异体血清微环境细胞形态均一性、在融合度均高于其他组;首次传代天数低于其他组。24,48,72h贴比率自身血清组、同种异体血清组和胎牛血清组均高于DMEM组(P0.01)。在细胞生长曲线中大鼠自身血清组倍增速率最快,其次为同种异体血清组,再者为胎牛血清组,而DMEM组细胞未见明显倍增现象。流式细胞仪检测含血清培养基培养条件下各组第3代细胞CD11b和CD45阳性细胞率均达到98%以上,CD90阳性率小于2%,可以得到纯度较高的骨髓间充质干细胞。但是在无血清微环境条件下,CD11b的阳性率为95.83%、CD90阳性率达2.07%,而CD45阳性率仅为64.79%,可见无血清环境下培养的骨髓间充质干细胞纯度明显低于含血清微环境。提示大鼠自身血清微环境下更有利于骨髓间充质干细胞的贴壁、生长及纯化。     

CD11b在小鼠脾脏和淋巴结细胞中的差异表达及其功能

目的研究CD11b在小鼠脾脏和淋巴结细胞的差异表达及其生物学特性。方法流式细胞术分析CD11b在C57BL/6小鼠脾脏和淋巴结细胞、不同T细胞亚群的表达及其与T细胞活化的关系。结果 CD11b在脾脏细胞的表达(19.9±2.5)%略高于淋巴结的细胞(16.0±4.2)%(P=0.026)。脾脏中CD11b主要表达于CD3-细胞(14.93±0.94)%,淋巴结中CD11b主要表达于CD3+细胞(12.52±1.32)%;在脾脏和淋巴结T细胞亚群中,CD11b均主要表达于CD4+T细胞。进一步分析发现,CD4+CD11b+细胞高表达CD44和CD62L,且Freund完全佐剂(CFA)激活后的CD4+T细胞高表达CD11b。结论 CD11b主要表达于脾脏的非T细胞和淋巴结的T细胞。T细胞中CD11b主要表达于CD4+T亚群,且CD11b表达与T细胞活化有关。     

人脐带间充质干细胞定向诱导分化成类神经元的实验研究

目的:采用不同细胞因子定向诱导人脐带间充质干细胞分化成类神经元,为脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤提供理论依据。方法:采用Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法分离培养人脐带间充质干细胞,采用流式细胞术鉴定细胞。取第5代细胞随机分成A、B、C、D 4组,在A组基础培养基中加入b FGF,B组中加入b FGF和BDNF,C组中加入b FGF、BDNF和BHA诱导培养,D组为对照组,使用含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM-F12培养基培养。诱导2周后采用实时荧光定量PCR检测细胞的nestin、NEFH和GFAP mRNA表达情况,并通过原子力显微镜观察细胞超微结构的的变化。结果:Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法能成功分离人脐带间充质干细胞。通过流式细胞术检测第3代细胞发现,细胞均强表达CD29、CD44和CD105,而CD34、CD45和HLA-DR均未见表达。经定向诱导分化成类神经元后,原子力显微镜观察细胞表面突起增多,实时荧光定量PCR检测显示nestin在A、B、C组均呈阳性表达,NEFH在A、B组呈阳性表达,而GFAP在A、B、C、D 4组均不表达。A、B组n EFH和nestin表达具有显著差异(P﹤0.05)。结论:本实验成功分离培养人脐带间充质干细胞,所培养的细胞扩增迅速,生物学性状稳定;与b FGF单独处理相比,b FGF联合BDNF更能有效诱导人脐带间充质干细胞分化成类神经元。     

不同常规培养液对人肾小管上皮细胞的影响

目的： 通过4种常规培养液对人肾小管上皮细胞株（HKC）的培养及其细胞表型特征的观察,探讨目前肾小管上皮细胞体外培养存在的有关问题。方法： 采用DMEM（含10%新生牛血清）、DMEM/F12（含5%新生牛血清）、DMEM/F12（含5%胎牛血清）和keratinocyte-SFM（含rEGF和BPE）完全培养液分别进行HKC细胞的体外培养。应用细胞免疫荧光或Western blotting法分别检测传6代细胞cytoketatin-18、E-cadherin、α-SMA和vimentin的表达。结果： HKC细胞经过DMEM（10%新生牛血清）和DMEM/F12（含5%新生牛血清）完全培养液培养3代后,α-SMA和vimentin分别转为强阳性表达,而cytoketatin-18、E-cadherin则分别转为阴性或弱阳性;keratinocyte-SFM完全培养液则具有逆转HKC细胞的cytoketatin-18、E-cadherin阴性转化作用,与此相反,DMEM/F12（含5%胎牛血清）可使这种cytoketatin-18、E-cadherin阳性的HKC细胞发生cytoketatin-18阴性转化。结论： 不论是含血清还是无血清培养液培养的肾小管上皮细胞,均具有体外研究的局限性。     

人脐血间充质干细胞体外诱导分化为类雪旺细胞的初步研究

目的:体外定向诱导人脐血间充质干细胞(HUCBMSCs),分化为类雪旺细胞(SC-like).方法:(1)采用Ficoll密度梯度离心法分离健康产妇脐带血中单个核细胞进行体外培养,用流式细胞术检测细胞表达的表面抗原CD90,SH2,CD34和CD45.(2)第3次传代所得的HUCBMSCs,加入加有β-巯基乙醇(β-ME)、全反式黄酸(RA)、Forskolin、b-FGF、PDGF、HRG的含10%胎牛血清(FBS)的低糖DMEM培养基(L-DMEM)诱导,7 d后免疫组织化学染色法检测.结果:(1)HUCBMSCs在体外培养以梭形细胞为主;流式细胞仪检测显示,细胞高表达表面抗原CD90和SH2,低表达表面抗原CD34和CD45.(2)诱导7 d后,细胞免疫组化显示,GFAP阳性率为81.88%±2.43%.结论:在一定条件下,HUCBMSCs可以在体诱导分化为SC-like,组成人工神经,移植修复周围神经缺损.     

MiR-144对人脑胶质瘤干细胞的生物学行为的影响

目的研究mi R-144对人U87来源的胶质瘤干细胞(glioma stem cells,GSCs)生物学行为的影响。方法以干细培养液培养人U87胶质瘤细胞2周后,应用免疫荧光法检测细胞球的Nestin及CD133的表达,同时细胞球在含有10%胎牛血清培养基中分化培养2周,应用免疫荧光法检测GFAP和tubulin III的表达。过表达或抑制mi R-144的表达,应用CCK8法检测GSCs的细胞活力,应用FITC-PI双染色方法检测细胞凋亡,应用Transwell小室方法检测细胞迁移及侵袭能力。结果细胞球表达Nestin及CD133。细胞球分化培养2周后,细胞表达GFAP及tubulin III。与non-GSCs相比,在GSCs中mi R-144的表达明显降低。与阴性对照组相比,过表达mi R-144显著抑制了GSCs的细胞活力和细胞迁移及侵袭能力,诱导了GSCs的凋亡。而抑制mi R-144的表达显著提高了GSCs的细胞活力和细胞迁移及侵袭能力,抑制了GSCs的凋亡。结论 Mi R-144能够显著抑制人U87来源的GSCs的细胞活力及细胞迁移及侵袭能力,诱导GSCs的凋亡。     

星形细胞肿瘤微血管组织芯片的构建和微血管壁组成细胞研究

目的初步探讨人脑星形细胞肿瘤中新生微血管的管壁组成成分与微血管构筑异质性(tumor microvascular architecturphenotype heterogeneity,T-MAPH)之间的关系。方法收集45例人脑星形细胞肿瘤标本,选择其新生微血管形态不同的“热点区域”制备组织芯片;在此基础上采用免疫组织化学染色技术分别进行GFAP、CD34和α-SMA标记,观察微血管管壁组成细胞的免疫表型与其不同形态特征之间的关系。结果成功构建了含幼稚微血管、厚壁微血管、肾小球样微血管及薄壁、蛇行状微血管等各种形态特征的153点组织芯片;各种形态的微血管中均可检测到呈单层排列、位于微血管最内层的CD34阳性的内皮细胞;α-SMA阳性反应可见于内皮细胞外相当于周细胞处,其阳性表达范围及数目在不同形态的微血管中呈现多样性:幼稚微血管仅见少量表达,而在厚壁和“肾小球样”微血管中α-SMA阳性细胞多呈活跃增生的单层或多层。结论星形细胞瘤微血管形态构筑的多样性(异质性)是由内皮细胞和α-SMA阳性周细胞共同参与形成的,而后者的作用可能更为突出和重要。     

稳定内皮和周细胞微管改善脊髓损伤中微循环障碍的作用及其机制

目的 探讨稳定内皮细胞和周细胞微管改善脊髓损伤（SCI）中微循环障碍的作用及其机制。 方法 培养大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞和周细胞,建立糖氧剥夺（OGD）模型,采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力,采用免疫荧光和Western blotting分别检测α-微管蛋白（α-tubulin）表达;建立脊髓横断损伤模型(n=36),采用免疫荧光检测大鼠内皮细胞抗原1（RECA-1）及血小板衍生生长因子受体β（PDGFRβ）表达,采用Western blotting检测血管内皮生长因子A（VEGFA）、VEGF受体 2（VEGFR2）、血小板衍生生长因子B（PDGFB）、PDGFRβ、血管生成素1（Ang-1）、 特异性酪氨酸激酶受体2（Tie-2）等蛋白表达。 结果 OGD组细胞活性显著低于对照组,且具有时间依赖性;埃博霉素B（Epo B）组细胞活性显著高于OGD组;OGD致微管断裂,且随时间延长断裂愈加明显;Epo B组微管比OGD组趋于稳定,断裂减轻。SCI组RECA-1和PDGFRβ表达水平明显低于假手术组,Epo B治疗组RECA-1和PDGFRβ表达水平显著高于SCI组,VEGFA、VEGFR2、PDGFB、PDGFRβ、Ang-1表达水平明显高于SCI组。 结论 脊髓损伤可导致血管和周细胞减少及微循环障碍,这与细胞微管破坏相关;稳定微管治疗可保护周细胞和微血管,促进微循环重建,建立有利于脊髓损伤修复的微环境。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.