盆底功能障碍性疾病患者盆底肌训练依从性评估的研究进展

介绍了依从性概念、盆底肌训练依从性判断标准,以及对国内外盆底功能障碍性疾病患者盆底肌训练依从性的评估方法,包括主观评估方法、客观评估方法,并对主观评估工具和客观评估工具进行比较分析,以期为医护人员选择合适的评估方法和干预依从性不佳行为提供参考。     

Clinical relevance of transperineal ultrasound compared with evacuation proctography for the evaluation of patients with obstructed defaecation

Aim Dynamic evacuation proctography (DEP) is still considered the gold standard diagnostic procedure for posterior compartment pelvic disorders. The study aimed to assess the value of dynamic transperineal ultrasound (DTPU) compared with DEP in patients with obstructed defaecation syndrome (ODS). Method In a prospective observational study, 54 consecutive female patients referred with symptoms of ODS between January and June 2009 were studied by clinical evaluation (including Wexner score), perineal ultrasound and defaecography. The tests were analysed by two experienced investigators unaware of the opinion of the other. Results DEP revealed a rectocoele in 35 (64%), intussusception in 27 (50%) and enterocoele in 10 (18.5%) patients. DTPU revealed a rectocoele in 32 (59%), intussusception in 23 (42%) and enterocoele in 11 (20%) patients. The degree of agreement of the two techniques calculated using the Cohen kappa method was 0.69 for rectocoele, 0.74 for intussusception and 0.86 for enterocoele. In patients with grade 2–3 rectocoele, the agreement was 0.88. There was no significant difference between the two techniques in the measurement of the anorectal angle or in the detection of dyssynergic contraction of the puborectalis. DTPU was better at identifying multiple diagnoses and associated pelvic floor alterations. Conclusion The degree of concordance between the two techniques is good. DTPU is accurate for asymptomatic patients with ODS and can be considered an alternative to DEP in the assessment of such patients.     

The evaluation of pelvic floor muscle strength in women with pelvic floor dysfunction: A reliability and correlation study

Aims

The purposes of this study were: (i) to evaluate the reliability of vaginal palpation, vaginal manometry, vaginal dynamometry; and surface (transperineal) electromyography (sEMG), when evaluating pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength and/or activation; and (ii) to determine the associations among PFM strength measured using these assessments.

Methods

One hundred and fifty women with pelvic floor disorders participated on one occasion, and 20 women returned for the same investigations by two different raters on 3 different days. At each session, PFM strength was assessed using palpation (both the modified Oxford Grading Scale and the Levator ani testing), manometry, and dynamometry; and PFM activation was assessed using sEMG.

Results

The interrater reliability of manometry, dynamometry, and sEMG (both root‐mean‐square [RMS] and integral average) was high (Lin's Concordance Correlation Coefficient [CCC] = 0.95, 0.93, 0.91, 0.86, respectively), whereas the interrater reliability of both palpation grading scales was low (Cohen's Kappa [k] = 0.27‐0.38). The intrarater reliability of manometry (CCC = 0.96), and dynamometry (CCC = 0.96) were high, whereas intrarater reliability of both palpation scales (k = 0.78 for both), and of sEMG (CCC = 0.79 vs 0.80 for RMS vs integral average) was moderate. The Bland‐Altman plot showed good inter and intrarater agreement, with little random variability for all instruments. The correlations among palpation, manometry, and dynamometry were moderate (coefficient of determination [r²] ranged from 0.52 to 0.75), however, transperineal sEMG amplitude was only weakly correlated with all measures of strength (r² = 0.23‐0.30).

Conclusions

Manometry and dynamometry are more reliable tools than vaginal palpation for the assessment of PFM strength in women with pelvic floor disorders, especially when different raters are involved. The different PFM strength measures used clinically are moderately correlated; whereas, PFM activation recorded using transperineal sEMG is only weakly correlated with PFM strength. Results from perineal sEMG should not be interpreted in the context of reporting PFM strength.     

超声成像参数对初产妇产后初期盆底功能障碍的意义

目的 探讨初产妇产后盆底超声参数对盆底功能障碍（PFD）的提示意义。方法 分析280例产妇的一般资料及盆腔超声检查参数,按照生产方式将其分为自然分娩组（153例）和剖宫产组（127例）,根据产后1年内是否出现PFD再分为PFD亚组和对照亚组。比较新生儿体质量、头径和产后盆腔超声参数：膀胱尿道后角（PUA）、膀胱颈移动度（BND）、尿道旋转角（URA）、逼尿肌厚度（DWT）及肛提肌裂口面积（LHA）等,绘制各参数诊断PFD的ROC曲线,计算AUC,评价其诊断效能,选取诊断效能较高的参数进行Logistic回归分析,观察其与PFD的相关性。结果 不同生产方式下,PFD亚组和对照亚组BND、URA、静息及瓦式动作下LHA差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。自然分娩组及剖宫产组中,PFD发病独立危险因素分别为新生儿体质量、BND、URA、LHA及BND、URA、LHA,而产后盆底康复为其保护因素（P均<0.05）。结论 初产妇产后初期超声参数可作为PFD发病的提示指标。     

Australian pelvic floor questionnaire: a validated interviewer-administered pelvic floor questionnaire for routine clinic and research

The aim of this study was to design and validate an interviewer-administered pelvic floor questionnaire that integrates bladder, bowel and sexual function, pelvic organ prolapse, severity, bothersomeness and condition-specific quality of life. Validation testing of the questionnaire was performed using data from 106 urogynaecological patients and a separately sampled community cohort of 49 women. Missing data did not exceed 2% for any question. It distinguished community and urogynaecological populations regarding pelvic floor dysfunction. The bladder domain correlated with the short version of the Urogenital Distress Inventory, bowel function with an established bowel questionnaire and prolapse symptoms with the International Continence Society prolapse quantification. Sexual function assessment reflected scores on the McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire. Cronbach’s α coefficients were acceptable in all domains. Kappa coefficients of agreement for the test–retest analyses varied from 0.5 to 1.0. The interviewer-administered pelvic floor questionnaire assessed pelvic floor function in a reproducible and valid fashion in a typical urogynaecological clinic. The validation of the interviewer-administered pelvic floor questionnaire was presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society in 2004, Paris (podium presentation; extended abstract): A validated female pelvic floor questionnaire for clinicians and researchers, Baessler K, O’Neill S, Maher C, Battistutta D, Neurourol Urodynam 2004; 23: 398–399.     

Anorexia nervosa and pelvic floor dysfunction

Pelvic floor dysfunction in women with eating disorders is an underexplored area. We present a case of pelvic floor dysfunction in a nulliparous woman with anorexia nervosa.     

Interactive computer games for treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction

PURPOSE: We reviewed our experience with a conservative medical program and computer game assisted pelvic floor muscle retraining in patients with voiding dysfunction to substantiate our previous findings that demonstrated improvement and/or cure in a majority of patients, and identify factors that may be associated with unsuccessful treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients presenting with symptoms of dysfunctional voiding enrolled in our pelvic floor muscle retraining were examined. Cases were subjectively evaluated for improvement of nocturnal enuresis, diurnal enuresis, constipation, encopresis and incidence of break through urinary tract infection. Patients in whom our initial conservative approach that included our biofeedback program failed were further treated with medication, and outcomes were reviewed as well. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis to identify factors that may predict failure with our program. RESULTS: During the last 2 years 134 girls and 34 boys were enrolled in the pelvic floor muscle retraining program. Of the patients 160 (95%) were compliant with the program. Mean patient age was 7.6 years (range 4 to 18). The average number of hourly treatment sessions was 4.9 (range 2 to 13). Uroflowmetry and electromyography demonstrated a flattened flow pattern with increased post-void residual volume in 32% of patients, flattened flow pattern with normal post-void residual 47%, staccato flow pattern with increased post-void residual 11% and staccato flow pattern with normal post-void residual 10%. Subjective improvement was demonstrated in 87% (146) of patients, while 13% (22) had no improvement. Statistically significant predictors of failure included bladder capacity less than 60% of predicted volume (p <0.03) and patient noncompliance (p <0.04). Twelve patients who had no improvement with biofeedback were treated with medication and 10 (83%) improved. Multichannel urodynamics or spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained in only 7 (4%) of our patients with no neurological lesion identified by spinal MRI. CONCLUSIONS: A conservative program combined with computer game assisted pelvic floor muscle retraining improves symptoms in most patients with voiding dysfunction. A majority of patients can be treated without medication. However, in a select population of patients with a small capacity bladder in whom biofeedback fails, anticholinergic medication appears to alleviate symptoms. In our experience almost all patients presenting with symptoms of voiding dysfunction can be treated without multichannel urodynamics, spinal MRI or medication.     

产妇对产后盆底功能与性功能障碍认知现状调查

目的了解产妇对产后盆底功能与性功能障碍及相关影响因素的认知,探索降低产后女性盆底功能障碍性疾病发生的干预措施。方法对150名产后回院随访的产妇进行产后盆底功能知识问卷调查,并选择其中11名进行半结构式访谈,了解产妇对产后盆底功能与性功能障碍相关认知、问题及影响因素。结果产妇对盆底功能知识总得分为(64.61±10.73)分。得分最高的3个条目为性功能障碍的表现形式、粪失禁会影响患者身心健康、脱垂后有下坠感休息后减轻;得分最低的3个条目为增加腹压来排尿属于女性盆底功能障碍性疾病、排尿不尽感为下尿路功能障碍、疾病锻炼方法。访谈中产妇认为盆底相关知识健康教育来源仅限于孕妇学校及产后出院宣教;对产后性功能关注较少,不了解盆底功能与性功能的相关性。结论产妇对产后性功能障碍、盆底功能及锻炼认知不足;对产后盆底锻炼及产后性生活需求不高,主要受到自身认知、产后哺乳、家庭支持系统及专业指导的影响。护理工作者应对产妇采用多元化盆底功能健康教育,落实效果评价,指导产妇建立产后性生活与盆底功能的正确观念。     

Recurrent urinary tract infections in women with symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction

Introduction and hypothesis  The prevalence and clinical associations of recurrent (two or more symptomatic and medically documented in the previous 12 months) urinary tract infections (UTIs) have not been subjected to comprehensive analysis in a large group of women with symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction. Methods  A prospective study was conducted involving 1,140 women presenting for their initial urogynecological assessment. Results  The overall prevalence of recurrent UTI was 19%. Significant positive associations of recurrent UTI were: (1) nulliparity with a 3.7× (up to 50 years) increase over the prevalence for parous women and 1.8× (over 50 years); and (2) women with an immediate postvoid residual (PVR) over 30 ml, which is significant in women over 50 years. Conclusions  The early age decline (18–45 years) in the prevalence of recurrent UTI might be related to increasing parity. The later increase (over 55 years) was probably due to the increasing PVR effect superimposed on the nulliparity effect.     

Effects of magnetic stimulation in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction

OBJECTIVE: To correlate, in a pilot study, the clinical results of extracorporeal magnetic innervation therapy (ExMI) of the pelvic floor muscles with functional changes in the pelvic floor musculature, urodynamics and quality of life. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 74 patients (65 women and nine men) with urge incontinence, urgency/frequency, stress incontinence, mixed incontinence and defecation problems were included in a prospective study of ExMI using a 'electromagnetic chair'. All patients were treated twice weekly for 8 weeks. Digital palpation and biofeedback with a vaginal or anal probe were used for registration of the pelvic floor musculature. A urodynamic evaluation, a voiding diary, a pad-test, the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) were completed by the patient at baseline and at the end of the study. RESULTS: In the group as a whole, there were no significant differences in the voiding diary, pad-test, quality of life, VAS score, biofeedback registration and urodynamics before and after treatment. Additional stratification was applied to the total patient group, related to the pretreatment rest tone of the pelvic floor, the basal amplitude registered on electromyography, to age and to previous treatments. However, there were no significant differences in the data before and after treatment within all subgroups (stress incontinence, urge incontinence, urgency/frequency, defecation problems, overactive pelvic floor, age, previous treatments), except for the KHQ domain of 'role limitations', where there was a significant improvement in all groups. CONCLUSION: ExMI did not change pelvic floor function in the present patients. The varying outcomes of several studies on ExMI stress the need for critical studies on the effect and the mode of action of electrostimulation and magnetic stimulation. In our opinion 'the chair' is suitable to train awareness of the location of the pelvic floor. However, active pelvic floor muscle exercises remain essential.     

盆底超声评估初次经阴道分娩与剖宫产产后盆底功能

目的观察盆底超声评估阴道分娩与剖宫产初次产后盆底功能的价值。方法选取176名产妇,根据初次分娩方式将其分为经阴道分娩组(n=100)和剖宫产组(n=76);对比2组静息态及最大瓦尔萨尔瓦动作下超声各参数,包括肛提肌裂孔左右径、前后径及面积,左、右侧耻骨直肠肌厚度及膀胱颈移动度,观察盆底超声评估初次产后盆底功能的价值。结果静息态及最大瓦尔萨尔瓦动作下,经阴道分娩组肛提肌裂孔左右径、前后径及面积均大于剖宫产组(P均<0.05),左、右侧耻骨直肠肌厚度均小于剖宫产组(P均<0.05);阴道分娩组膀胱颈移动度大于剖宫产组(t=2.177,P=0.031)。结论盆底超声对评估初次产后盆底功能具有一定价值;初次经阴道分娩对盆底功能的影响大于剖宫产;肛提肌裂孔面积增大、膀胱颈移动度增大及耻骨直肠肌厚度变薄可早期提示产后盆底功能障碍可能。     

Relations between pregnancy-related low back pain, pelvic floor activity and pelvic floor dysfunction

To assess the occurrence of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in pregnancy- related low back and pelvic pain (PLBP) patients, a cross-sectional study was performed, comprising 77 subjects. Each subject underwent physical assessment, and filled in the Urogenital Distress Inventory completed with gynaecological questions. Differences in the presence of PFD between PLBP patients and healthy controls as well as differences in pelvic floor muscle activity were tested for significance. Interaction by age and vaginal delivery were tested. PFD occurred in 52% of all PLBP patients, significantly more than in the healthy control group. In PLBP patients a significantly increased activity of the pelvic floor muscles could be demonstrated with respect to healthy controls. The occurrence of PFD and PLBP was influenced by a confounding effect of age. Clinicians should be aware of the relation between PLBP and PFD and hence address both problems at the same time.