Anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia among young adolescent girls from the peri urban coastal area of Indonesia

Anaemia due to iron deficiency is still a widespread problem. Among adolescent girls, it will bring negative consequences on growth, school performance, morbidity and reproductive performance. This cross sectional study aimed to identify the different nutritional and iron status characteristics of young adolescent girls 10-12 years old with iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia without iron deficiency in the rural coastal area of Indonesia. Anaemic girls (N =133) were recruited out of 1358 girls from 34 elementary schools. Haemoglobin, serum ferritin, serum transferrin receptor and zinc protophorphyrin were determined for iron status, whilst weight and height were measured for their nutritional status. General characteristics and dietary intake were assessed through interview. Out of 133 anaemic subjects, 29 (21.8%) suffered from iron deficiency anaemia, which was not significantly related to age and menarche. About 50% were underweight and stunted indicating the presence of acute and chronic malnutrition. The proportion of thinness was significantly higher (P < 0.05) among subjects who suffered from iron deficiency anaemia (51.7% vs. 29.8%). Furthermore, thin subjects had a 5 fold higher risk of suffering from iron deficiency anaemia (P< 0.05) than non-thin subjects (OR: 5.1; 95%CI 1.34-19.00). Further study was recommended to explore other factors associated with anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia, such as the thalassemia trait and vitamin A deficiency. The current iron-folate supplementation program for pregnant women should be expanded to adolescent girls.     

Low folic acid status and its association with anaemia in urban adolescent girls and women of childbearing age in Sri Lanka

Folic acid deficiency is implicated in the aetiology of nutritional anaemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes for the fetus. Data on folic acid status among adolescent girls and non-pregnant, non-lactating young women are limited. We assessed folic acid status in a random sample of 552 subjects (277 adolescent girls aged 15-18.9 years and 275 women aged 19-30 years) living in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The association of low folic acid status with anaemia was evaluated. Socio-economic, food intake and anthropometric data were obtained. Hb, serum folic acid, vitamin B12 and ferritin and plasma homocysteine concentrations were measured. Forty-three per cent of subjects studied had low serum folic acid concentrations (<3 ng/ml) and 47 % had low Fe stores (serum ferritin <20 microg/l). Overall prevalence of anaemia was 12.9 %, and 43.9 % of anaemic subjects had both low folic acid status and depleted Fe stores (serum ferritin <12 microg/l). Both low folate status and depleted Fe stores were significantly associated with anaemia (odds ratio = 2.32; 95 % CI 1.34, 4.01 and odds ratio = 5.98; 95 % CI 3.36, 10.63, respectively). Serum folic acid concentration was associated (r = 0.108, P = 0.015) with folate intake as indicated by a computed folate index. Folate index was associated inversely with household size and positively with economic status and education level. In this study population low folic acid status, besides depleted Fe stores, was associated with anaemia. The high prevalence of low folic acid status observed highlights the need for nutrition education to improve intakes of folate, Fe and other micronutrients among adolescent girls and young women.     

Iron Status of Adolescent Girls (10-15 years) Attending a Government School in Jaipur City, Rajasthan, India

Iron deficiency anaemia is widely prevalent amongst women and children in India. The present work was designed to be an intervention study with nutrient fortified biscuits to ameliorate the micronutrient status of adolescent girls from a low socio-economic background. The baseline data on iron status of 109 adolescent girls (10-15 years) studying in a government school in Jaipur city, India are presented here. The iron status of adolescent girls was determined through haemoglobin, serum iron and serum ferritin levels. The results revealed that 96.3% of the adolescent girls suffered from anaemia, 31.2% of whom had mild deficiency and 65.1% had moderate deficiency. Anaemia was more prevalent in the older age groups. About 31% of the subjects had normal levels while the rest (69%) had low levels of serum iron. Similarly, about 75% of the subjects had low serum ferritin levels. Conclusively, anaemia was highly prevalent in the studied population and the adolescent girls had low haemoglobin, serum iron and serum ferritin levels. It is recommended that the school system be used for micronutrient supplementation to improve their nutritional status as the students are more regimented here for distribution of nutrient fortified food products.     

Prevalence and risk factors for anaemia in pregnant women of eastern Sudan

The prevalence and possible risk factors for anaemia were investigated in 744 pregnant Sudanese women attending the antenatal clinic of New Halfa teaching hospital, eastern Sudan between October 2003 and April 2004. Of those, 466 (62.6%) had anaemia (haemoglobin [Hb]: <11 gm/dl); 52.4% had mild anaemia (Hb: 9.0-10.9 gm/dl); 8.1% had moderate anaemia (Hb: 7.0-8.9 gm/dl); and 2.2% had severe anaemia (Hb: <7 gm/dl), respectively. The prevalence of anaemia (73.2%) was significantly high in grandmultigravidae. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that age and parity were not significantly associated with anaemia. Malaria (OR = 4.5, 95% CI 2.5-8.1; P < 0.0001) and pica (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.05-2.6; P = 0.03) were the risk factors for anaemia. Thus, preventive measures against malaria (chemoprophylaxis and insecticide-treated bednets) may be needed for all pregnant women irrespective of their age or parity.     

Anaemia during pregnancy in Burkina Faso, west Africa, 1995-96: prevalence and associated factors. DITRAME Study Group

We report the results of a cross-sectional study carried out in 1995-96 on anaemia in pregnant women who were attending two antenatal clinics in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, as part of a research programme including a clinical trial of zidovudine (ZDV) in pregnancy (ANRS 049 Clinical Trial). For women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Africa, anaemia is of particular concern when considering the use of ZDV to decrease mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for maternal anaemia in the study population, and the effect of HIV infection on the severity of maternal anaemia. HIV counselling and testing were offered to all women, and haemograms were determined for those women who consented to serological testing. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels were available for 2308 of the 2667 women who accepted HIV testing. The prevalence of HIV infection was 9.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.6-10.8%). The overall prevalence of anaemia during pregnancy (Hb level < 11 g/dl) was 66% (95% CI: 64-68%). The prevalence of mild (10 g/dl < or = Hb < 11 g/dl), moderate (7 g/dl < or = Hb < 10 g/dl) and severe (Hb < 7 g/dl) anaemia was 30.8%, 33.5% and 1.7%, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia was 78.4% in HIV-infected women versus 64.7% in HIV-seronegative women (P < 0.001). Although the relative risk of HIV-seropositivity increased with the severity of anaemia, no significant association was found between degree of anaemia and HIV serostatus among the study women with anaemia. Logistic regression analysis showed that anaemia was significantly and independently related to HIV infection, advanced gestational age, and low socioeconomic status. This study confirms the high prevalence of anaemia during pregnancy in Burkina Faso. Antenatal care in this population must include iron supplementation. Although HIV-infected women had a higher prevalence of anaemia, severe anaemia was infrequent, possibly because few women were in the advanced stage of HIV disease. A short course regimen of ZDV should be well tolerated in this population.     

Prevalence and associated factors of anemia among adolescent girls attending high schools in Dembia District,Northwest Ethiopia, 2017

Introduction

Anemia is a global public health problem affecting both developing and developed countries. In Ethiopia, Adolescent girls are more vulnerable to anemia because of gender norms can leave girls disproportionately impacted by food insecurity, increased iron requirements related to their rapid growth, and menstrual loss. However, evidence on the problem is scarce because it has not been given due attention in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of anemia among late adolescent girls attending high schools in Dembia District, northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

A school based cross-sectional study was conducted in Dembia District from March 1 to April 30/ 2017. Out of the randomly selected three high schools, 462 adolescents were included using the simple random sampling technique. A Standardized structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Capillary blood samples were drawn from adolescents using a portable Hb201+ instrument to measure hemoglobin. A bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with anemia. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a corresponding 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was computed to show the strength of associations.

Results

The overall prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls was 25.5%, (95%CI, 21.4, and 29.2). Of the total anemic adolescents, 109(92.4%) had mild anaemia, while 7(5.9%) and 2(1.7%) were found with moderate and severe anaemia, respectively. Dietary diversity score ((AOR =4.2(95% CI;1.7, 10.5)), household food security status ((AOR?=?4.1(95% CI; 1.3, 13.2)), living status of adolescents with either of the two parents((AOR?=?2;(95%CI;1.14,3.6)) and guardians ((AOR?=?2.4;(95% CI;1.02,5.6)) showed statistically significant association with anemia.

Conclusion

Anemia is a moderate public health problem in Dembia District. Dietary diversity score, household food security status, and living status of adolescents were the key determinants of anemia. Therefore, the government should focus on preventing food insecurity with increasing productivity to improve dietary diversification of the adolescent girls.

Trial registration

Retrospectively registered.

     

Nutritional status of adolescent girls in a rural area of North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal

A community based, cross-sectional study was conducted during June to December 1999 in Amdanga block of North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. Among a sample of 143 adolescent girls (10-19 years), selected through multistage sampling procedure. Data was collected by interviewing the adolescent girls and their parent, whenever necessary using pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured schedule. Anthropometric measurements were recorded using standardized methodology as recommended by WHO and standard clinical examination procedures were followed. Standard operational definitions were used. Appropriate statistical tests like Chi-square test were applied as and when required. Overall prevalence of 'thinness' and 'stunting' were found to be 14.7% and 37.8% respectively. There was no significant association (p > 0.05) of thinness or stunting with per capita monthly family income and literacy status of parents. Common nutritional deficiency disorders were anaemia (44.8%), dental caries (25.9%), angular stomatitis (15.4%) etc.     

Anaemia in adolescent women: A priority for the nutrition agenda in Mexico. A comparison of data from the ENSANUT 2012 and 2018–2019 surveys

The risk of anaemia in adolescence increases due to accelerated growth. This study aims to: (1) estimate the prevalence of anaemia in 2012 and 2018–2019 (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutricion – ENSANUT [n = 5841 in 2012 and n = 2380 in 2018–2019]) in non-pregnant, Mexican adolescent women aged 12–19 years, and the changes in prevalence over this period according to sociodemographic, health and nutrition characteristics; (2) estimate the associations between anaemia and sociodemographic, health and nutrition characteristics in each year and overall, in non-pregnant Mexican adolescent women. Anaemia was defined as capillary haemoglobin <12 g/dL. The distribution of characteristics and their changes between 2012 and 2018–2019 were described. The covariate-adjusted prevalence of anaemia in 2012 and 2018–2019 and the changes over that period were estimated from a multiple log-binomial regression model and the factors associated with anaemia were assessed in each survey year and in both years combined. The prevalence of anaemia was 7.7% in 2012 and 13.1% in 2018–2019 (69% increase, Prevalence Ratio: PR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.35, 2.13). The covariate-adjusted prevalence of anaemia increased from 6.9% to 10.5% in the overall population (PR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.19, 1.96), and increased considerably in the age group 12–14 years (PR = 1.94, 95%CI: 1.36, 2.75), and in the northern region (PR = 3.68, 95%CI: 2.55, 5.32). Those receiving iron supplements or school breakfasts did not register a significant increase. A higher household wellbeing status and older age were associated with a lower prevalence of anaemia. Anaemia in non-pregnant adolescent women continues to be a public health problem. To improve the development and health of adolescent women in Mexico and to pave the way to a healthy pregnancy for the next generation, the causes of anaemia should be identified.     

Socio-economic status and puberty are the main factors determining anaemia in adolescent girls and boys in East Java, Indonesia

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence and contributing factors of anaemia in adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of anaemia prevalence, socio-economic status and puberty. SETTING: Schools in East Java, Indonesia. SUBJECTS: Male and female adolescent pupils (age 12-15 y; n=6486). RESULTS: Anaemia prevalence was 25.8% among girls (n=3486), 24.5% among pre-pubertal boys (n=821), and 12.1% among pubertal boys (n=2179). Socio-economic status, indicated by type of school attended, was an important factor determining the risk of anaemia. Girls had a higher risk when they attended a poor school (OR poorest school, 1.00; other schools, 0.67-0.87), had reached puberty (OR, 1.25), had lower retinol intake (OR 1st-4th quartiles-1.00, 0.97, 0.89, 0.77) and higher vitamin A intake from plant sources (OR 1st-4th quartiles-1.00, 1.10, 1.31, 1.04). Boys had a higher risk of anaemia when they attended a poor school (OR poorest school 1.00, other schools 0.54-0.63), were younger (OR per year=0.79), had not yet reached puberty (OR not yet, 1.00; already, 0.78), were shorter (OR per cm 0.95), had smaller mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) (OR per mm 0.99) and lower retinol intake (OR 1st-4th quartile 1.00, 0.67, 0.74, 0.68). CONCLUSIONS: Anaemia in adolescents should be reported separately for pre-pubertal and pubertal subjects and for different ages, and the population's socio-economic status should be specified. The results of this survey call for treatment of anaemia in adolescents. Given Indonesia's current situation, micronutrient intake of adolescents should be increased using supplements for all girls and for pre-pubertal boys. SPONSORSHIP: This survey was funded by USAID through the OMNI project.     

Survey of anaemia and Helicobacter pylori infection in adolescent girls in Suihua, China and enhancement of iron intervention effects by H. pylori eradication

In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of anaemia and Fe deficiency anaemia (IDA) and explored the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and IDA in adolescent girls. A total of 1037 adolescent girls from Suihua, China were enrolled. Hb, serum ferritin (SF), serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) and serum IgG antibodies to H. pylori were measured. Participants with IDA and co-existing H. pylori infection (n 80) who had an intake of >25 mg/d of Fe were assigned randomly to the intervention and control groups. Patients in the intervention group were administered a 12-week course of oral EDTA-Na-Fe (60 mg Fe/dose, three times a week) and a 2-week course of colloidal bismuth subcitrate, amoxicillin and metronidazole. Subjects in the control group were administered EDTA-Na-Fe alone. Hb, SF and sTfR were reassessed 3 months after the 12-week regimen ended. Prevalence of anaemia, Fe deficiency (defined as SF < 12·0 μg/l), IDA and H. pylori infection in the population of 1037 was 19.5, 40.4, 17.1 and 31.2 %, respectively. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in the IDA group was 46.9 %, while the non-anaemic group had 28.1 % prevalence. A significant increase in Hb and SF and a decrease in sTfR value were found in the intervention group and the H. pylori-negative group. Findings suggest that IDA is still one of the prominent problems in adolescent girls. There is an association between H. pylori infection and IDA. Treatment of H. pylori infection is associated with a more rapid response to oral Fe therapy.     

Adolescent smoking in pregnancy and birth outcomes

INTRODUCTION: Cigarette smoking amongst pregnant adolescents is a preventable risk factor associated with low birthweight (<2,500 g), preterm birth (<37 weeks) and infant mortality. The aim of this study was to compare birth outcomes of adolescents who smoke during pregnancy with those who do not and to construct their birthweight-for-gestational-age curves. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of 534 adolescents (10 cigarettes daily had babies with larger birthweight reduction (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Almost half of all adolescents smoked during their pregnancy. Birthweight-for-gestational-age curves of smoking adolescents showed a marked fall-off in weight from 36 weeks of gestation, and at least 10% of adolescent smokers showed fetal growth restriction from before 32 weeks of gestation.     

兰州新区甘南藏族迁移与本地学生营养及视觉健康比较

  目的  了解藏族迁移学生营养、视力健康状况与兰州本地学生的差异,为学生营养干预及视力保护提供理论依据。  方法  采用整群取样法,于2020年9—12月选取自甘南藏族自治州迁移至兰州新区1所全封闭寄宿制中学2 434名学生及兰州市七里河区3所非寄宿制中学的3 291名学生进行身体形态测量及视力检查,分析不同性别、不同年龄组藏族迁移学生与本地学生营养、视力不良、近视情况的差异。  结果  藏族迁移男、女生超重(2.8%,5.7%)、肥胖(11.0%,8.3%)比例均低于同性别本地学生(5.6%,8.3%;24.9%,20.9%)(χ_超重2值分别为12.17,7.21;χ_肥胖2值分别为81.33,91.34,P值均 < 0.05);藏族迁移男生营养不良比例(9.9%)高于本地男生(7.2%)(χ2=6.65,P < 0.05)。藏族迁移学生视力不良检出率低于本地学生(χ2=3.93,P < 0.05),近视检出率低于本地学生(χ2=975.82,P < 0.01);藏族迁移男生色盲色弱检出率高于本地男生(χ2=8.38,P < 0.05);藏族迁移女生色盲色弱检出率低于本地女生(χ2=8.08,P < 0.05)。藏族迁移男生轻、中度视力不良与轻、中、重度近视检出率均低于本地男生(χ2值分别为3.88,8.32,13.72,55.96,338.50,P值均 < 0.05)。藏族迁移女生轻、中、重度近视检出率均低于本地女生(χ2值分别为7.62,37.79,424.00,P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  藏族迁移学生超重肥胖率低于本地学生,应关注藏族男生营养摄入,减少营养不良;藏族迁移学生近视检出率较低,但初中组藏族学生重度视力不良检出率较本地学生高,应关注藏族初中阶段学生视力健康。     

2017年涪陵区中小学生视力监测结果分析

目的了解重庆市涪陵区在校中小学生视力不良现状,为制定相应的干预措施提供依据和参考。方法按照分层随机抽样方法确定涪陵区35680名在校中小学生为调查对象,根据《学生健康检查技术规范》(GB/T26343-2010)的方法进行双眼视力检查,并判断视力不良的程度。结果视力不良检出率为52.68%,其中女生视力不良检出率(55.93%)明显高于男生(49.66%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);城区学生视力不良检出率(54.50%)明显高于农村学生(47.81%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);小学低年级组(1~3年级)、小学高年级组(4~6年级)、初中组、高中组视力不良检出率分别为25.63%、39.88%、67.09%、77.97%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);轻度、中度、重度视力不良构成比分别为24.46%、16.12%、59.42%,女生重度视力不良构成比高于男生,而轻度和中度视力不良的构成比低于男生(P<0.05);重点学校学生视力不良检出率高于非重点学校,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论涪陵区中小学生视力不良现状不容乐观,近视防控形势严峻,相关部门应加强联防联控工作力度,采取多种预防控制措施保护中小学生视力。     

Prevalence and public-health significance of HIV infection and anaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in south-eastern Nigeria

HIV infection and anaemia are major public-health problems in Africa and are important factors associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and anaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in southeastern Nigeria. To achieve this, a cross-sectional survey was conducted during July 2005-June 2006 using standard techniques. Of 815 pregnant women studied, 31 (3.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5-5.1) were HIV-positive. Maternal age and gestational age were not associated with HIV infection (p > 0.05). The prevalence of anaemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL) was 76.9%, and 15 (1.8%, 95% CI 0.9-2.7) had severe anaemia (Hb <7.0 g/dL). A significantly higher prevalence of anaemia was observed among individuals in their second pregnancy trimester (p < 0.05) and those infected with HIV (p < 0.05). Since HIV and anaemia are preventable, antenatal care services could serve as a pivotal entry point for simultaneous delivery of interventions for the prevention and control of HIV infection and anaemia in pregnant women.     

内蒙古自治区蒙古族小学生肥胖类型与运动能力的关联性

  目的  分析蒙古族小学生肥胖类型及运动能力的关联性,为制定促进学生体质健康策略提供依据。  方法  以2019年全国学生体质与健康调研内蒙古自治区现场调查采集数据为研究资料,纳入7 941名7~12岁蒙古族学生作为调查对象。依据《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》和腰高比,将肥胖分为一般性肥胖、中心型肥胖和复合型肥胖3种类型,探讨肥胖类型与各项运动能力及体能指数(PFI)的关联性。  结果  7~9岁男、女生的肥胖检出率分别为23.5%和28.2%,10~12岁分别为16.3%和16.5%,性别间比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。在肥胖类型中,两年龄组男女生的复合型肥胖检出率最高(15.6%,9.2%;18.4%,8.2%),男生复合型肥胖和中心性肥胖检出率均高于女生(P值均 < 0.05)。非肥胖组男生的立定跳远、仰卧起坐、50 m×8往返跑3项运动能力指标成绩均高于3类肥胖组;非肥胖组女生的50 m跑、立定跳远、仰卧起坐、50 m×8往返跑4项指标成绩均高于3类肥胖组(P值均 < 0.05)。7~9岁复合型肥胖组的立定跳远、50 m×8往返跑和10~12岁复合型肥胖组的50 m跑、50 m×8往返跑指标成绩均低于其他中心型和一般性肥胖组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。7~9、10~12岁两年龄组中男女生非肥胖、一般性肥胖、中心型肥胖和复合型肥胖PFI的中位数值差异均有统计学意义(男生: H值分别为79.23,241.42;女生: H值分别为61.94,74.38,P值均 < 0.01)。  结论  内蒙古自治区蒙古族小学生中复合型肥胖人群占比较大,且运动能力相对较低,需要采取针对性措施,做好青少年肥胖的控制和干预工作。     

Association of total body and visceral fat mass with iron deficiency in preadolescents: the Healthy Growth Study

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of obesity, percentage body fat and visceral fat mass with body Fe status in a representative sample of 1493 schoolchildren aged 9-13 years. Anthropometric, body composition, biochemical, clinical (Tanner stage, age of menarche) and dietary intake data were collected. Fe deficiency (ID) was defined as transferrin saturation (TS) < 16 %; and Fe-deficiency anaemia (IDA) as ID with Hb < 120 g/l. Obese boys and girls and those in the highest quartiles of percentage body fat mass had significantly higher levels of serum ferritin (P ≤ 0.05) compared to their normal-weight peers and those in the corresponding lowest quartiles. Similarly, obese boys and girls and those in the highest quartiles of percentage body fat and visceral fat mass had significantly lower levels of TS (P ≤ 0.05) compared to normal-weight children and those in the corresponding lowest quartiles. The prevalence of ID and IDA was significantly higher in boys and girls in the highest quartiles of percentage body fat than in peers in the lowest quartile. Higher quartiles of percentage body fat and visceral fat mass were the main significant predictors of ID in boys, after controlling for other important confounders, with OR of 2.48 (95 % CI, 1.26, 4.88) and 2.12 (95 % CI, 1.07, 4.19), respectively. Similar significant associations were observed for girls. In conclusion, percentage body fat and visceral fat mass were positively associated with ID in both sexes of preadolescents. These associations might be attributed to the chronic inflammation induced by excess adiposity.     

青少年网络成瘾与童年期虐待忽视的相关性研究

目的 了解青少年网络成瘾的流行状况,分析青少年网络成瘾与其童年期虐待忽视的关系。方法 整群抽取安徽省阜阳、铜陵、天长3市5 726名初一~高三学生,使用自编“安徽省青少年健康相关行为问卷”调查研究对象一般情况、网络成瘾、童年期虐待忽视等进行调查。结果 男生网络成瘾检出率为5.41%,女生为2.93%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=47.66,P<0.001)。男生躯体虐待、情感虐待、性虐待、躯体忽视检出率均高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。童年期情感虐待、性虐待和躯体虐待是青少年轻度网络成瘾的危险因素(P均<0.05),童年期性虐待是青少年重度网络成瘾的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 青少年网络成瘾与其童年期虐待忽视密切相关,在探讨青少年网络成瘾影响因素的同时,应关注童年期虐待忽视对网络成瘾的影响。     

Nutritional status and dietary habits of adolescent girls in Oman

Weight, height, and dietary patterns were obtained from 683 adolescent girls aged 11 to 18 years in five geographical regions of the Sultanate of Oman. Using body mass index (Wt/Ht²) of NHANESI as a reference for adolescence, the prevalence of under‐weight among these girls was relatively high (24%). However the nutritional status improved with age. Twelve percent of these girls were overweight or obese. Breakfast was frequently skipped (21%) by adolescent girls compared to lunch (6%) and supper (9.5%). Older (15–18 years) as well as overweight girls were more likely to skip breakfast than younger (11–14 years), normal and underweight girls. Nutritional status and age of girls were significantly associated with some foods consumed at main meals and snacking time. The pattern of skipping breakfast and the snacking habits of Omani adolescents was similar to that of their counterparts in Western communities. This suggests a change in dietary habits toward those practiced in Western communities, a change that may explain in part the steady rise in diet‐related chronic diseases in this country. It is imperative that nutrition intervention programmes should therefore consider such alteration in food habits.     

Micronutrient Adequacy in the Diet of Reproductive-Aged Adolescent Girls and Adult Women in Rural Bangladesh

Micronutrient deficiencies remain a serious nutritional concern in Bangladesh, especially among rural women of reproductive age (WRA). This study assesses the diet quality of reproductive-aged adolescent girls and adult women (referred to together as WRA in this study), including socio-demographic factors associated with their diet quality. The diet quality of adolescent girls was compared with that of adult women to assess which group was most at risk. The diet quality was measured by calculating the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), using the preceding 24 h dietary recall method. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated as an overall measure of diet quality using the NAR. Nearly three quarters of WRA (adolescents: 73.1–88.5%; adult women: 72.9–86.4%) had an inadequate intake of calcium, vitamin A, folic acid, and vitamin B12. The prevalence of inadequate dietary intakes of calcium, zinc, and energy was significantly higher in adolescent girls (p < 0.001) than in adult women. Overall diet quality was significantly better in adult women (0.51 ± 0.21, p < 0.001) than in adolescent girls (0.49 ± 0.22). Age, marital status, educational level, and monthly household income were important factors associated with the diet quality of WRA. Micronutrient inadequacy is widely prevalent in the diets of WRA in Bangladesh, and adolescent girls with poor socio-economic status and lower educational levels are at higher risk.     

浙江德清农村社区已婚育龄女性饮茶与贫血的相关研究

目的了解中国浙江农村社区已婚育龄女性贫血状况及饮茶与其关系。方法采用流行病学现况研究设计,整群抽取浙江省德清县4个农村社区,面对面调查上述社区中20～49周岁的社区已婚育龄女性居民1425人。调查内容包括一般情况、健康状况、生活行为方式等。采用氰化高铁法测定血红蛋白。在SPSS11.0中进行数据分析,对于分类变量进行卡方检验;在二分类和多分类Logistic回归模型中检验饮茶与贫血的关联。结果在1425名调查对象中,平均血红蛋白(114.7±17.0)g/L,贫血患病率为63.3%,以轻中度贫血为主,20～30岁组、31～40岁组和41～49岁组的贫血患病率分别为63.5%、63.2%和63.4%,差异无显著性。饮茶者的平均血红蛋白水平高于非饮茶者(t=3.33,P=0.001);饮茶与贫血患病存在统计学关联,饮茶者贫血的校正OR=0.56(95%CI:0.45,0.70),进一步的分析中,饮茶对无论轻度、中度还是重度贫血均有不同程度的保护效应,其校正OR分别为0.57(95%CI:0.43,0.75)、0.57(95%CI:0.43,0.75)和0.28(95%CI:0.11,0.70)。结论转型期的浙江德清农村社区已婚育龄女性的贫血患病率依然较高,饮茶可能与其贫血有一定的关系。