高转移胃癌细胞株的建立及其肿瘤干细胞的生物学特征

目的:建立高转移胃癌细胞株并研究其肿瘤干细胞生物学特征.方法:将胃癌细胞株SNU-5接种至裸鼠皮下成瘤后,取肺部转移灶,通过机械分离法并反复接种裸鼠,获取细胞株SNU-5-V12,采用无血清悬浮培养及PKH26染色确定SNU-5-V12细胞中存在肿瘤干细胞.流式细胞术分析SNU-5和SNU-5-V12细胞中CD44肿瘤干细胞标志物表达情况,分选SNU-5和SNU-5-V12细胞中CD44+细胞并进行体外生物学特征研究及裸鼠致瘤实验.结果:建立高转移SNU-5-V12细胞株,SNU-5-V12细胞无血清悬浮培养11d后形成的细胞球体中存在单个PKH26阳性细胞.流式分析显示高转移SNU-5-V12细胞中干细胞标志物CD44比例显著高于SNU-5细胞[(72.9±1.5)％ vs (8.96±1.2)％],且SNU-5-V12的CD44+细胞比SNU-5的CD44+细胞具有更强的自我更新能力[成球率(27.8±1.7)％ vs (20.4±1.0)％,P＜0.01],转移细胞数增加1.64倍[(329.5±7.5) vs (200±2.0)个,P＜0.01],耐药能力也显著增强[IC50:(0.286 vs 0.196)μ∥ml,P＜0.01],裸鼠皮下接种2×102个CD44+ SNU-5-V12细胞2个月2/6裸鼠可致瘤,而CD44+ SNU-5细胞需要接种2×104个细胞2个月时仅1/6裸鼠致瘤.结论:获得高转移胃癌细胞株SNU-5-V12,其CD44+细胞体内外功能显著增强,为胃癌干细胞的靶向治疗提供有价值的细胞模型.     

胃癌干细胞单克隆抗体联合顺铂靶向治疗胃癌的实验研究

目的:探讨靶向胃癌干细胞单克隆抗体的生物学特征及其联合顺铂治疗胃癌的疗效.方法:采用无血清悬浮培养法和PKH26染色法确定胃癌SNU-5细胞中存在肿瘤干细胞.细胞免疫荧光法检测单克隆抗体21A3识别的抗原蛋白与PKH26+细胞及特异性抗原(CD90)在SNU-5细胞中的表达情况.无血清悬浮培养法检测流式细胞术分选出的21A3+细胞的自我更新能力以及21A3对SNU-5细胞自我更新能力的影响.CCK8法检测21A3对细胞顺铂耐药能力的影响.裸鼠体内治疗实验分析21A3联合顺铂对SNU-5移植瘤生长的抑制作用.结果:SNU-5细胞无血清悬浮培养11d后形成的细胞球体中存在单个PKH26+细胞.细胞免疫荧光显示,单克隆抗体21A3识别的抗原分子能与PKH26和CD90在SNU-5细胞上共定位.21A3+细胞体外成球率高于21A3-细胞.21A3+细胞具有更高的耐药性,21A3+细胞和21A3-细胞的IC 50分别为0.104μmol/L和0.025μmol/L.单克隆抗体21A3能够显著抑制SNU-5细胞的无血清成球,抑制率为37.5%.经21A3处理后的SNU-5细胞,耐药能力下降,其IC 50为0.001μg/ml,而对照组的IC 50为0.003μg/ml.抗体体内治疗实验结果显示,10、5、2.5mg/kg的21 A3组的肿瘤生长抑制率分别为80.6%、69.6%和59.2%,10mg/kg 21A3+顺铂组的肿瘤生长抑制率为90.6%,顺铂组的肿瘤生长抑制率为55.8%.结论:单克隆抗体21A3是抗胃癌干细胞的功能性单克隆抗体.     

靶向胃癌干细胞单克隆抗体2C12的鉴定及功能研究

目的:研究胃癌干细胞的功能性单克隆抗体2C12体外功能实验,为胃癌干细胞的靶向治疗提供候选单抗药物。方法:以胃癌细胞系SNU-5为细胞模型,流式细胞术检测其亲本细胞和通过无血清悬浮培养的球体细胞中2C12+细胞的表达水平,双色细胞免疫荧光检测单抗2C12和CD90识别的抗原在SNU-5细胞中的表达情况。流式细胞术分选SNU-5细胞中2C12+和2C12-细胞,采用无血清悬浮培养成球实验和Transwell小室法分别检测其自我更新能力和侵袭能力。用单抗2C12处理SNU-5的球体细胞后,检测其对SNU-5的球体细胞自我更新能力和侵袭能力的影响。结果:2C12+细胞在SNU-5的球体细胞中的表达水平明显高于亲本细胞。免疫荧光结果显示单抗2C12识别的抗原分子能与CD90在SNU-5细胞上共定位。流式细胞术分选结果表明SNU-5细胞中2C12+细胞成球数明显高于2C12-细胞（103.3±9.07 vs 50.67±5.86）（P<0.01）,侵袭能力也明显较高（209.3±12.9 vs 99.0±3.61）（P<0.01）。对2C12单抗的体外功能研究发现,不同浓度的单抗2C12（0 μg/mL、20 μg/mL、40 μg/mL）能显著抑制SNU-5的球体细胞的成球能力（122.0±5.66、83.0±5.66、59.0±4.24）,抑制率达到31.97%和51.64%,同时侵袭能力也显著降低（178.0±8.49、106.5±5.0、78.0±2.83）,抑制率达到40.17%和56.18%。结论:单抗2C12是一株抗胃癌干细胞的功能性单抗,能够显著抑制胃癌干细胞的干性相关特征,为胃癌干细胞靶向治疗的候选抗体药物。     

一株胃癌干细胞功能性单克隆抗体的鉴定及功能研究

[目的]从抗人胃癌干细胞单克隆抗体杂交瘤库中筛选鉴定识别胃癌干细胞的单克隆抗体,并证明其具有抑制胃癌干细胞自我更新能力和侵袭功能的功能性单抗,为靶向人胃癌干细胞治疗胃癌提供有治疗潜能的单抗候选药物。[方法]采用无血清培养、PKH26染色及流式细胞术等方法确定人胃癌细胞系SNU-5中存在肿瘤干细胞,可作为研究抗人胃癌干细胞单抗的细胞模型。应用双色免疫荧光、流式细胞分选等技术分析鉴定单克隆抗体25G5是识别胃癌干细胞的单克隆抗体。用肿瘤干细胞的成球生长实验、Transwell侵袭实验及耐药性实验研究分析25G5单抗对胃癌干细胞功能的影响。[结果]SNU-5细胞在无血清培养基中存活并增殖成球形生长,SNU-5球体细胞中表达胃癌干细胞标志物CD44~+和CD90~+的细胞比例分别为72.4%和8.55%,较亲本细胞分别提高了21.3倍和2.4倍,表明SNU-5中存在有CD44~+、CD90~+的胃癌干细胞。细胞免疫荧光结果显示25G5单抗识别的抗原分子与CD44、CD90胃癌干细胞标志物共染表达于胃癌干细胞膜上。流式细胞术分选的25G5~+细胞的成球率为(21.4±0.3)%,显著高于25G5-细胞(12.3±0.7)%和亲本细胞(16.1±1.0)%。Transwell侵袭实验、细胞耐药性实验和动物体内致瘤实验结果显示25G5~+细胞的侵袭能力和耐药能力也显著高于25G5-细胞和亲本细胞,表明25G5单抗识别的细胞是具有自我更新、高侵袭、高耐药性特征的肿瘤干细胞。体外功能研究发现,单抗25G5能显著抑制SNU-5胃癌细胞在无血清培养液中的成球生长,抑制率可达46.4%,也能显著地抑制SNU-5成球细胞(Sphere细胞)的侵袭,抑制率达58.4%。单抗25G5是一株能显著抑制SNU-5中肿瘤干细胞自我更新和侵袭能力的功能性抗人胃癌干细胞单抗。[结论]单克隆抗体25G5是一株抗胃癌干细胞的功能性单抗,为胃癌干细胞靶向治疗的候选抗体药物。     

小白菊内酯体内杀伤小鼠乳腺癌肿瘤干细胞

目的： 探讨小白菊内酯（parthenolide,PTL）对小鼠乳腺癌肿瘤干细胞（cancer stem cell,CSC）的杀伤作用,为临床应用PTL治疗乳腺癌提供实验依据。 方法： 采用5-氟尿嘧啶（5-fluorouracil, 5-FU）化疗法制备富含CSC的小鼠4T1细胞乳腺癌模型,随机分为对照组、5-FU组、PTL组。4周后脱颈处死小鼠,检测各组小鼠肿瘤的体积和重量,流式细胞术检测小鼠肿瘤组织中CD44+CD24-/low细胞比例,Hoechst33342染色法检测侧群（side population,SP）细胞的比例,免疫组化法检测CD55和乙醛脱氢酶1（aldehyde dehydrogenase1,ALDH1）蛋白的表达,倒置显微镜观察乳腺癌细胞微球体的形成。 结果： 成功制备富含CSC的小鼠乳腺癌细胞移植瘤模型,PTL可下调小鼠肿瘤组织中CD44+CD24-/low细胞的比例\[（42.5±3.7）% vs （68.7±32）%,P<0.05\],有效降低荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织中SP细胞的比例\[（39.2±1.8）% vs （61.3±2.6）%,P<0.05\],下调小鼠移植瘤组织中CD55和ALDH1蛋白的表达\[（18.9±1.5）% vs （30.1±1.3）%,（8.1±2.3）% vs （18.0±1.4）%;均P<0.05\],抑制小鼠肿瘤细胞在无血清培养条件下形成微球体,并可抑制小鼠移植瘤的体积和重量\[（0.625±0.159）cm3 vs （1.715±0184）cm3,（1.467±0.373）g vs （3.367±0.398）g;均P<0.05\]。 结论： PTL在荷瘤小鼠体内可以明显降低肿瘤组织CSC含量,提示PTL可用来靶向杀伤乳腺癌CSC。     

肝癌Huh7干细胞样细胞的富集培养及鉴定

目的：建立一种体外有效富集、培养和鉴定具有肝癌干细胞特征的细胞亚群的方法。方法：采用成球培养法利用肿瘤干细胞样细胞（cancer stem cell, CSC）分化培养基对肝癌Huh7细胞进行富集培养,获得的干细胞样细胞于体外进一步扩增获得肝癌干细胞球。流式细胞术检测Huh7干细胞样细胞表面肿瘤干细胞标志物EpCAM、CD90和CD133的表达,平板克隆集落形成实验和裸鼠成瘤实验分别检测Huh7细胞和Huh7干细胞样细胞的克隆集落形成能力、体内成瘤能力。结果：Huh7细胞成球培养3~7 d后即可形成肝癌干细胞样细胞球,获得的干细胞样细胞具有自我更新和增殖能力,其EpCAM阳性细胞比例较Huh7细胞明显增加\[（99.6%±0.31）% vs（0.12%±0.05）%,P<0.01\],但两种细胞CD90\[(0.11%±0.06)% vs (0.09%±0.07)%, P>0.05\]和CD133\[(0.17%±0.08)% vs (0.15%±0.05)%, P>0.05]表达差异无统计学意义。Huh7干细胞样细胞克隆集落形成数量明显多于Huh7细胞\[（188.67±12.5）vs （79±16.7）个,P<0.01\];当接种量为5×104个细胞时,与接种Huh7细胞的对照裸鼠相比,接种Huh7干细胞样细胞的裸鼠成瘤时间更短（11 vs 30 d）,成瘤率更高（100% vs 16.67%）;接种5×105数量级的细胞时,实验组成瘤体积\[（171.90±10.94）vs（86.39±11.21）mm3, P<0.01\]和瘤体质量\[（2.98±0.82）vs（0.32±0.17）g, P<0.01\]均明显大于对照组。结论：利用成球培养法能够从Huh7肝癌细胞系中富集培养获得Huh7肝癌干细胞,其具有比Huh7细胞更强的成瘤能力。     

ENO1在胃癌干细胞中表达及其与胃癌侵袭转移的相关性研究

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨ENO1在胃癌干细胞中的表达及其对胃癌侵袭转移的影响。［方法］ 以胃癌SNU-5模型,实时荧光定量PCR和双色细胞免疫荧光检测ENO1在其分选的CD44+细胞中的表达情况。运用慢病毒载体稳定干扰SUN-5中ENO1的表达,并用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检验干扰效率。流式细胞术分选稳定干扰ENO1的SNU-5中CD44+细胞后（shRNA-ENO1）,实时荧光定量PCR检测其Oct-4、Sox 2以及干性相关基因Nanog的表达,同时分别进行细胞成球实验、体外侵袭与体内致瘤的胃癌干细胞生物学特性研究,Western blot检测ENO1对胃癌干细胞侵袭转移影响的相关分子机制。［结果］ SNU-5的CD44+细胞中ENO1基因和蛋白表达明显高于CD44-细胞,并建立稳定干扰ENO1的SUN-5。shRNA-ENO1细胞中干性基因Oct-4、Sox 2和Nanog中mRNA的表达显著低于PLV-Ctr细胞（P<0.05）。与PLV-Ctr细胞相比较,shRNA-ENO1细胞的自我更新能力、侵袭能力和肿瘤重量显著降低。Western blot检测shRNA-ENO1细胞中Vimentin、Snail和N-cadherin下调表达,同时E-cadherin上调表达,并伴随AKT和PI3K的磷酸化水平降低,提示ENO1的作用可能通过PI3K/AKT信号通路激活。［结论］ ENO1在胃癌干细胞中高表达,其在调控胃癌侵袭转移能力中发挥重要作用。     

sTie2通过阻抑血管生成拟态抑制结肠癌HCT116细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭

目的：探讨可溶性Tie2（soluble Tie 2, sTie2）对结肠癌HCT116细胞血管生成拟态（vascular mimicry,VM）形成、增殖、迁移及侵袭能力的影响。方法：将重组质粒pBLAST49-hsTie2及对照质粒pBLAST49通过脂质体转染至HCT116细胞,分别形成hsTie2-HCT116细胞和Ctrl-HCT116细胞。通过3D模型培养、SRB法、细胞划痕实验及Transwell法分别检测HCT116细胞的VM形成、增殖、迁移及侵袭能力,采用Western blotting法检测HCT116细胞中VE-cadherin蛋白的表达。结果：pBLAST49-hsTie2重组质粒成功转染至结肠癌HCT116细胞。与Ctrl-HCT116细胞相比,hsTie2-HCT116细胞中VM的形成\[（0.75±0.45） vs （7.50±0.52）个/视野, P<0.01\]及VE-cadherin蛋白的表达\[（1.23±0.08） vs （1.73±0.02）, P<0.05\]显著降低;细胞增殖率也显著降低\[（32.57±4.57）% vs （88.24±21.94）%,P<0.01\];细胞迁移能力\[（0.37±0.07）vs（0.80±0.03）mm, P<0.01\]及侵袭能力\[（57.25±3.17） vs （127.25±6.25）个/视野, P<0.01\] 均显著减弱。结论：sTie2通过阻抑VM形成抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,有望成为既抗血管生成又抗VM形成的双靶向治疗结肠癌的药物。     

红景天提取物对Lewis肺癌小鼠移植瘤中CD4+CD25+Treg的抑制作用

目的： 观察红景天提取物（sachalin rhodiola rhizome extract,SRR）对Lewis肺癌小鼠移植瘤中CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞（regulatory T cell,Treg）的抑制作用,初步探讨其抑制肿瘤生长的机制。 方法： 建立小鼠Lewis肺癌移植瘤模型,随机分为3组：SRR组,紫杉醇（paclitaxel,PTX）阳性对照组和PBS组,记录各组小鼠移植瘤体积变化,计算抑瘤率并观察小鼠生存期。流式细胞术检测移植瘤组织中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg的比例,荧光定量PCR 检测移植瘤组织中 Foxp3 和TGF-β mRNA的表达水平。 结果： 在建模第20天,SRR组小鼠移植瘤体积明显小于PBS组\[（719.6±2.4） vs （1030.5±3.1）mm3,P<005\],但与阳性对照PTX组无显著差异（P>0.05）。SRR组小鼠生存期较PBS组显著延长\[（36.0±1.0） vs （22.0± 2.0）d,P<0.01\],而与PTX组无显著差异（P>0.05）。SRR治疗组小鼠移植瘤组织中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg占CD4+T细胞的比例显著低于PBS组\[（8.5±0.3）% vs （11.2±0.2）%,P<0.01\],但与PTX组无显著差异（P>0.05）。SRR组小鼠移植瘤组织中 Foxp3 mRNA \[（1.2±0.2) vs (2.1±0.2),P<0.05\]、TGF-β mRNA \[（1.2±0.1) vs (2.1±0.2),P<0.05\]表达均明显低于PBS组,而与PTX组无显著差异（P>0.05）。 结论： SRR可能通过下调肿瘤组织中CD4+CD25+Treg比例、 Foxp3 和TGF-β mRNA的表达,增强机体的抗肿瘤免疫应答。     

过表达 CD133 对脑胶质瘤U251细胞生物学行为的影响

目的： 构建稳定表达人 CD133 基因的脑胶质瘤U251细胞株,并探讨 CD133 对U251细胞生物学行为的影响。 方法： 将人 CD133 全长cDNA构建入逆转录病毒表达载体pEGZ-Term ,包装成逆转录病毒pEGZ-Term-CD133,进而感染脑胶质瘤U251细胞株。流式细胞术及Real-time PCR检测感染后U251细胞CD133分子的表达。细胞计数法、神经球形成实验观察CD133过表达对U251细胞体外的增殖和神经球形成的影响。裸鼠皮下成瘤法检测感染后U251细胞的体内致瘤性。 结果： 成功构建pEGZ-Term-CD133逆转录病毒表达载体,并获得稳定表达 CD133 的U251细胞。相比U251-mock、U251细胞,U251-CD133细胞高表达 CD133 mRNA \[（7 400.2±5 003.4) vs (2.0±1.1)、(1.0±2.2),均P=0.0007）和蛋白。感染pEGZ-Term-CD133对U251细胞的体外增殖并无影响（P＞0.05）;但在无血清神经干细胞培养条件下,U251-CD133细胞所形成的神经球数量显著高于U251-mock和U251细胞\[（34.0±7.5） vs（14.6±2.3）、（11.5±1.3）个,均P<0.01\]。接种量为1×105 个细胞时,U251-CD133细胞在裸鼠体内的成瘤时间（32 d）少于U251-mock细胞（38 d）、成瘤率更高（100% vs 30%）,在第41天时,肿瘤体积显著增大\[（180.3±146.8） vs （4.0±0.0）mm3,P=0.003\]。 结论： CD133分子不影响脑胶质瘤U251细胞的体外增殖,但可促进U251细胞神经球的形成和致瘤性。     

Metastatic breast cancer from gastric and ovarian cancer,mimicking inflammatory breast cancer: report of two cases

Breast metastases from extra-mammary malignancies, especially those mimicking primary inflammatory breast carcinoma, are extremely rare. We report here two cases of inflammatory breast metastases from gastric or ovarian cancer. Both patients, who had prior advanced malignant disease, presented with unilateral breast redness and swelling with peau d’orange sign, resembling primary inflammatory breast cancer or acute mastitis. Breast biopsy revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells or clear cell carcinoma in the lymphatic vessels and the parenchyma without an in situ lesion, similar to primary lesions of the stomach or ovary, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 was of value for correct diagnosis. Since breast metastasis is a sign of poor prognosis of the primary malignant disease, the possibility of breast metastasis should be considered in appropriate patients to preclude unnecessary major surgery.     

Second primary cancer among 217702 colorectal cancer survivors: An analysis of national German cancer registry data

With improvements in survival after colorectal cancer (CRC), more survivors are at risk of developing a second cancer, particularly in younger populations where CRC incidence is increasing. We estimated the incidence of second primary cancer (SPC) in CRC survivors and its potential risk factors. We identified CRC cases diagnosed between 1990 and 2011 and SPCs until 2013 from nine German cancer registries. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and absolute excess risk (AER) per 10 000 person-years were calculated and were stratified by index site: colon cancer (CC) and rectal cancer (RC), age and sex. Cox regression assessed potential SPC risk factors, including primary tumor-related therapy considering death as a competing risk. We included 217 202 primary CRC cases. SPC occurred in 18 751 CRC survivors (8.6%; median age: 69 years). Risk of cancer was significantly higher in CRC survivors than in the general population (SIR males 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.17, AER = 24.7; SIR females 1.20, 95% CI 1.17-1.23, AER = 22.8). Increased risks of SPCs were observed for the digestive system, urinary system and female and male reproductive organs. CRC incidence increased in younger persons (<50 years) and SPC incidence was 4-fold in this group (SIR males 4.51, 95% CI 4.04-5.01, AER = 64.2; SIR females 4.03, 95% CI 3.62-4.48, AER = 77.0). Primary tumor-related factors associated with SPC risk were right-sided cancer and smaller primary tumor size. Treatment and risk of SPC differed for CC (no effect) and RC (lower risk after chemotherapy). CRC survivors have excess risk of developing SPC, with particular characteristics that could guide targeted surveillance.     

萝卜硫素在乳腺癌、卵巢癌及宫颈癌中的潜在作用

随着医学对硫代葡萄糖苷在植物中积累的遗传和环境因素的了解以及对这些化合物及其衍生物作用认识的增加，人们对硫代葡萄糖苷及其产物可能的作用研究也有了重大进展，作为饮食的一部分时，其可以降低肿瘤和心脏病的风险。研究发现，这些生物活性物质与传统的抗肿瘤治疗方法结合起来，可以提高抗肿瘤治疗的效果。萝卜硫素是一种同源异硫氰酸酯，主要存在于芸薹属蔬菜中，其摄入与乳腺癌、卵巢癌等肿瘤的发生呈显著负相关，可能是通过提高细胞的解毒能力和抗氧化能力外，萝卜硫素还可以调节细胞的生长，这对于肿瘤预防尤其重要。萝卜硫素的细胞抑制和细胞毒性作用机制包括诱导细胞凋亡、抑制细胞周期进程和抑制血管生成，靶向肿瘤细胞关键细胞信号通路的多个位点，发挥类似靶向药物的抗肿瘤作用。本篇综述通过介绍萝卜硫素在乳腺癌、卵巢癌及宫颈癌辅助化疗和放疗疗效的可能机制，为其在乳腺癌、卵巢癌及宫颈癌临床上的应用提供理论线索。     

Impact of radiotherapy in the risk of esophageal cancer as subsequent primary cancer after breast cancer

PURPOSE: To assess the risk of esophageal cancer as second cancer among breast-cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The records of the Finnish Cancer Registry from 1953 to 2000 were used to assess the risk of esophageal cancer as second cancer among 75,849 breast-cancer patients. Patients were treated with surgery (n = 33,672), radiotherapy (n = 35,057), chemotherapy and radiotherapy (n = 4673), or chemotherapy (n = 2,447). The risk of a new primary cancer was expressed as standardized incidence ratio (SIR), defined as the ratio of observed to expected cases. RESULTS: By the end of 2000, the number of observed cases esophageal cancers was 80 vs. 72 expected cases (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.1, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.9 to 1.5). Among patients followed for 15 years and treated with radiotherapy, the SIR for esophageal cancer was 2.3 (95% CI = 1.4 to 5.4). No increase in risk was seen for patients treated without radiotherapy. The risk of esophageal cancer was increased among patients diagnosed during 1953 to 1974, although age at the treatment did not have marked effect on the risk estimate. CONCLUSION: Increased risk of second cancer in the esophagus was observed for breast-cancer patients in Finland, especially among patients with over 15 years of follow-up and treated in the earliest period, which may relate to the type of radiotherapy.     

Conundrums in screening for cancer

Screening for cancer has to be carefully organized for maximum effectiveness, and introduced in full understanding of the natural history of the disease. There are major potential harms as well as benefits from screening. The current state of art for breast, cervix and prostate cancer screening is reviewed, only for breast and cervix are policies of screening in the population justified.     

Screening for colorectal cancer

This review will comprise a general overview of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. We will cover the impact of CRC, CRC risk factors, screening modalities, and guideline recommendations for screening in average-risk and high-risk individuals. Based on this data, we will summarize our approach to CRC screening.     

单克隆抗体检测大便样品诊断大肠癌的研究

目的应用抗人大肠癌单克隆抗体对正常人群进行筛选和大肠癌诊断的研究.方法采用ELISA法对正常人群和病理切片确诊为大肠癌的患者以及大肠癌患者手术前后的大便样品进行对比研究.结果应用本抗人大肠癌单克隆抗体(Anti-colorectalcancerantibody,Anti-Cca)可以通过检测大便进行正常人群的筛查;对大肠癌患者手术前后的大便进行对比性研究发现,手术前大便的检测结果呈强阳性,手术后为阴性.对临床病理检查已经确诊为大肠癌的患者,再采用抗人大肠癌单克隆抗体检测大便诊断大肠癌,两者的吻合率为100%.结论本实验所使用的大肠癌单克隆抗体可用于从大便中检测大肠癌的脱落细胞,可用于正常人群的筛查和进行大肠癌的诊断研究.     

Underuse of colorectal cancer screening among men screened for prostate cancer

BACKGROUND:

Evidence suggests that colorectal cancer (CRC) screening reduces disease‐specific mortality, whereas the utility of prostate cancer screening remains uncertain. However, adherence rates for prostate cancer screening and CRC screening are very similar, with population‐based studies showing that approximately 50% of eligible US men are adherent to both tests. Among men scheduled to participate in a free prostate cancer screening program, the authors assessed the rates and correlates of CRC screening to determine the utility of this setting for addressing CRC screening nonadherence.

METHODS:

Participants (N = 331) were 50 to 70 years old with no history of prostate cancer or CRC. Men registered for free prostate cancer screening and completed a telephone interview 1 to 2 weeks before undergoing prostate cancer screening.

RESULTS:

One half of the participants who underwent free prostate cancer screening were eligible for but nonadherent to CRC screening. Importantly, 76% of the men who were nonadherent to CRC screening had a regular physician and/or health insurance, suggesting that CRC screening adherence was feasible in this group. Furthermore, multivariate analyses indicated that the only significant correlates of CRC screening adherence were having a regular physician, health insurance, and a history of prostate cancer screening.

CONCLUSIONS:

Free prostate cancer screening programs may provide a teachable moment to increase CRC screening among men who may not have the usual systemic barriers to CRC screening, at a time when they may be very receptive to cancer screening messages. In the United States, a large number of men participate in annual free prostate cancer screening programs and represent an easily accessible and untapped group that can benefit from interventions to increase CRC screening rates. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

The thrombophilic state in cancer part II: cancer outcomes, occult malignancy, and cancer suppression

The association between malignancy and thrombosis has long been appreciated but remains incompletely understood. This is the second of a two-part review of the complex, integral relationship between these two entities, and addresses the specifics of cancer outcomes, occult malignancy in the presence of thrombosis, and the possibilities of cancer suppression by modulating thrombogenesis.