外周动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉病变Gensini评分的相关性

目的探讨颈动脉和足背动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变Gensini评分的相关性。方法对270例行冠脉造影的患者进行Gensini积分评分。所有患者同时行血管超声检查,检测颈动脉IMT、粥样斑块面积、Crouse积分以及足背动脉IMT、血管内径、峰值流速,并与冠状动脉Gensini积分行相关性分析。结果 (1)从Gensini积分0组到积分4组,颈动脉IMT、斑块面积、斑块Crouse积分和足背动脉IMT逐渐增高,足背动脉内径和峰值流速逐渐降低;(2)颈动脉IMT、斑块面积、斑块Crouse积分、足背动脉IMT与冠状动脉Gensini积分呈正相关(P<0.01),足背动脉内径与冠状动脉Gensini积分呈负相关(P<0.01);(3)颈动脉IMT、斑块面积、斑块Crouse积分、足背动脉IMT以及足背动脉内径均为冠状动脉病变程度的独立相关因子。结论血管超声检查颈动脉和足背动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变程度相关性较好,包括冠脉早期病变,通过外周血管超声检查可客观评估冠状动脉病变的进展情况,尤其可为早期冠状动脉粥样硬化病变人群的管理和干预提供可靠依据。     

运用血管内超声研究冠状动脉重构与粥样硬化斑块的类型[英]／Andrew L…／／Ultrasound Med Biol

冠状动脉重构是动脉壁对粥样硬化斑块的反应，主要有正性重构和负性重构。与冠状动脉造影比较，血管内超声技术能对人体血管腔的直径、冠脉重构的评价和斑块的性质提供更可靠的信息。该研究旨在应用血管内超声的反向散射技术检测冠状动脉粥样硬化的重构血管，研究其主要斑块的特征和类型。     

微生物感染致冠状动脉粥样硬化机制的研究进展

在临床上，有大约50％的冠状动脉粥样硬化形成与血浆中胆固醇浓度升高，血管壁大量脂质沉积有关。然而，虽然人们采取了积极的预防性干预措施，心血管病仍是人类死亡的主要原因。因此，动脉粥样斑块形成的机制除了单纯的脂质浸润以外，我们还必须从更广泛和深层次的角度加以理解。目前研究提示极似慢性炎性过程的动脉粥样硬化的病因可能包括感染。一些学者认为，冠状粥样斑块形成是一种自身免疫过程。本文就微生物感染在冠状动脉粥样硬化形成的作用中的相关问题进行综述。     

他汀类药物对高脂血症患者颈动脉斑块稳定性的影响

临床研究证明他汀类药物治疗可以显著降低脑血管意外的发病率，颈动脉粥样斑块不稳定是心脑血管事件发生率增高的一个非常重要的危险因素和独立预测因子，接受颈动脉内膜切除术的患者经过他汀类药物治疗以后动脉粥样斑块的炎症反应降低，从而增高动脉粥样斑块的稳定性。     

基质金属蛋白酶与急性冠状动脉综合征的研究进展

随着对冠心病病例生理机制认识的不断深入，人们提出了急性冠状动脉综合征（acute coronary syndrome ACS）的新概念。ACS包括不稳定性心绞痛、急性心肌梗死和心脏性猝死。研究证实，冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块由稳定转为不稳定，继而破裂导致血栓形成是ACS最主要的发病机制。上述事件的发生，多数是由于狭窄并不十分严重的动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂、继发血栓形成造成的，虽然通过冠状动脉血运重建可纠正严重狭窄，但并不能改变动脉粥样硬化的生物学过程，斑块不稳定的问题仍然存在。因此，研究动脉粥样斑块破裂的机理，及寻找稳定斑块的有效治疗措施具有重要的临床意义。本文仅就基质金属蛋白酶与急性冠状动脉综合征的发病机制做一综述。     

微生物感染致冠状动脉粥样硬化机制的研究进展

在临床上．有大约50％的冠状动脉粥样硬化形成与血浆中胆固醇浓度升高，血管壁大量脂质沉积有关．然而，虽然人们积极采取了积极的预防性干预措施．心血管病仍是人类死亡的主要原因。因此．动脉粥样斑块形成的机制除了单纯的脂质浸润以外．我们还必须从更广泛和深层次的角度加以理解。目前研究提示极似慢性炎性过程的动脉粥样硬化的病因可能包括感染日。一些学者认为，冠状粥样斑块形成是一种自身免疫过程。本文就微生物感染在冠状动脉粥样硬化形成作用中的相关问题进行综述。     

血钙血磷水平与冠状动脉狭窄积分关系的探讨

冠状动脉粥样硬化的特点是受累动脉的病变从内膜开始,先后有多种病变合并存在,包括局部有脂质和复合糖类积聚、纤维组织增生和钙质沉着,并有动脉中层的逐渐退变,继发性病变尚有斑块内出血、斑块破裂及局部血栓形成。而冠状动脉粥样硬化是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）的基本病变。检出冠状动脉钙化即意味着粥样硬化的存在,对冠心病的确定有重大意义。     

体表超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化在冠心病中的临床应用

颈动脉粥样硬化(CAS)与冠状动脉粥样硬化(CAAS)有着共同的病理基础和危险因素，动脉粥样硬化最常涉及的部位有：主动脉、冠状动脉、颈动脉及脑动脉、肾动脉、下肢动脉，而主动脉、股动脉等动脉粥样硬化斑块不广泛，颈动脉斑块则广泛且表浅易被体表超声检测，是超声检测体表动脉粥样硬化最常采用的部位。以往的研究表明CAS与CAAS两者存在着明显的相关性，     

冠状动脉钙化临床研究与诊断

冠状动脉钙化是判断冠状动脉粥样硬化的可靠指标,所以对冠状动脉钙化的研究是对亚临床动脉粥样硬化的干预与研究的重要内容,本文对冠状动脉钙化与血管狭窄、斑块稳定性与心血管事件关系及其诊断和治疗进展等方面进行综述。     

他汀类药物与动脉粥样硬化斑块消退

根据Glagov’s模型,动脉粥样硬化形成可分为两个阶段:代偿阶段和失代偿阶段,前者的动脉壁已有轻、中度的动脉粥样硬化斑块形成,但动脉管腔直径没有改变;后者的动脉管腔出现程度不同的狭窄;斑块的稳定性与其脂质核心的大小和纤维帽的厚薄,以及斑块内炎症细胞的多寡有关,易损斑块的破裂、出血导致的血栓形成是急性冠脉综合征的主要病理基础;冠状动脉内超声检查(IVUS)是目前测定冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块总体积,评价斑块的结构和稳定性的最好方法。本文论述了动脉粥样硬化的进程,动脉粥样斑块的检测方法,替代终点(QCA、IMT,IVUS)研究的结果,即他汀类药物可延缓、阻断、逆转(消退)颈动脉和冠状动脉动脉粥样硬化病变的进展。     

Clinical imaging of the high-risk or vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque

The study of atherosclerotic disease during its natural history and after therapeutic intervention will enhance our understanding of disease progression and regression and aid in selecting appropriate treatments. Several invasive and noninvasive imaging techniques are available to assess atherosclerotic vessels. Most of the standard techniques identify luminal diameter, stenosis, wall thickness, and plaque volume; however, none can characterize plaque composition and therefore identify the high-risk plaques. We will present the different imaging modalities that have been used for the direct assessment of the carotid, aortic, and coronary atherosclerotic plaques. We will review in detail the use of high-resolution, multicontrast magnetic resonance for the noninvasive imaging of vulnerable plaques and the characterization of plaques in terms of their various components (ie, lipid, fibrous, calcium, or thrombus).     

Targeting the inflammatory component in atherosclerotic lesions vulnerable to rupture

Thrombosis of the coronary artery following plaque rupture is the commonest substrate of acute coronary events. The detection of atherosclerotic plaques prone to rupture would allow identifying patients at risk for acute coronary events and aggressive intervention. It has been assumed that the plaque morphology happens to be the major determinant for clinical outcome. The risk of plaque rupture depends upon the prevalence of plaques that have a large lipid core, a thin fibrous cap, and a dense inflammation of the fibrous cap. Evaluating monocytes and the lipid core and their proportions in the atherosclerotic lesion by novel radionuclide imaging strategies may predict a likelihood of an acute coronary event.     

Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in assessment of atherosclerotic plaque

The two most promising noninvasive imaging modalities for the study of atherosclerosis are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Both have been shown to be capable of imaging vessel wall structures and differentiating various stages of atherosclerotic wall changes. MRI has been applied in various in vivo human studies to image atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries, carotid arteries, and aorta. The latest generation of multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) systems allows for the noninvasive characterization of different plaque components in various vascular structures. MDCT allows evaluation of the whole arterial vasculature. In addition, MDCT has the ability to visualize the vessel wall and to give a quantitative measurement of calcified and noncalcified plaque. Using either technique, the repeatable, noninvasive study of atherosclerotic disease during its natural history and after therapeutic intervention will enhance our understanding of disease progression and regression. MDCT and MRI, therefore, may help in selecting appropriate treatments.     

微观结构在易损斑块进展中的作用

急性冠状动脉综合征常常导致严重的心血管事件,而冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂是绝大多数急性冠状动脉综合征发生的原因,因此检测高破裂风险的易损斑块,对筛选和干预急性冠状动脉综合征具有重要意义。随着研究的不断进展,易损斑块内的一些微观结构如斑块内新生血管、微小钙化、胆固醇结晶,在易损斑块的进展中起到重要的作用。因此,本文以易损斑块内最常见的3种微观结构为重点,综述斑块内微观结构在易损斑块进展中的作用。     

Laser angioplasty and laser-induced thrombolysis in revascularization of anomalous coronary arteries

Acute coronary syndromes such as unstable angina and myocardial infarction are attributed to a pathophysiologic process that involves rupture of atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombosis. Percutaneous intervention of anomalous coronary arteries in patients who present with acute coronary syndromes impose unique technical challenges related to the specific anatomic course and morphology of these vessels. Selection of appropriate guiding catheter configuration, choice of supportive guidewire, and proper delivery and activation of debulking devices and stents are important steps toward achieving adequate results. Excimer laser angioplasty is a debulking technology for removal of atherosclerotic plaque and associated thrombi. To date, application of laser angioplasty in anomalous coronary arteries is unreported. We herein present clinical data and discuss technical aspects related to performance of excimer laser angioplasty in three symptomatic patients with acute coronary syndrome, two having an anomalous right coronary artery and one with an anomalous circumflex artery. The delivery of laser energy in these cases resulted in rapid thrombolysis of an occlusive thrombus, successful debulking of the underlying atherosclerotic plaque, facilitation of adjunct balloon angioplasty and stenting, and ultimately, improved clinical condition.     

Comparison of levels of serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with acute myocardial infarction versus unstable angina pectoris versus stable angina pectoris

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important for resorption of extracellular matrixes and may degrade the fibrous cap of an atherosclerotic plaque, thus contributing to coronary plaque rupture. Histologic studies have shown MMP expression in lesions of acute coronary syndrome. In this study, we evaluated the relation between plaque morphology as obtained by intravascular ultrasound before percutaneous coronary intervention and serum MMP levels in patients who had coronary artery disease. We enrolled consecutive 47 patients who had acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 23 who had unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and 19 who had stable effort angina pectoris and underwent intravascular ultrasound before percutaneous coronary intervention followed by successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Peripheral blood was obtained from all patients before angiography and serum levels of MMP-1,-2, and -9 were analyzed. Serum levels of MMP-9 in the AMI and UAP groups were significantly higher than that in the stable effort angina pectoris group (p = 0.007 and 0.04, respectively). From the intravascular ultrasound findings before percutaneous coronary intervention, plaque rupture was detected in 26 patients (55%) in the AMI group and in 11 patients (48%) in the UAP group. In these 2 groups, patients with plaque rupture had significantly higher levels of MMP-9 than patients who did not have plaque rupture (p = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that MMP-9 was the only independent predictor of plaque rupture (p = 0.004). In conclusion, high levels of MMP-9 in patients who have AMI and UAP are related to the presence of plaque rupture in the culprit lesion.     

Pathophysiology and clinical significance of atherosclerotic plaque rupture.

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and resulting intracoronary thrombosis are thought to account for most acute coronary syndromes. These syndromes include unstable angina, non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) and Q-wave MI. In addition, many cases of sudden cardiac death may be attributable to atherosclerotic plaque disruption and its immediate complications. Our understanding of the atherosclerotic process and the pathophysiology of plaque disruption has advanced remarkably. Despite these advances, event rates after acute coronary syndromes remain unacceptably high. This review will focus on the pathophysiology underlying atherosclerotic plaque development, the sequellae of coronary plaque rupture, and current therapies designed to treat the acute coronary syndromes. It is hoped that as our understanding of the atherosclerotic plaque improves, treatment strategies for the acute coronary syndromes will advance.     

Preintervention lesion remodelling affects operative mechanisms of balloon optimised directional coronary atherectomy procedures: a volumetric study with three dimensional intravascular ultrasound

AIMS: To classify atherosclerotic coronary lesions on the basis of adequate or inadequate compensatory vascular enlargement, and to examine changes in lumen, plaque, and vessel volumes during balloon optimised directional coronary atherectomy procedures in relation to the state of adaptive remodelling before the intervention. DESIGN: 29 lesion segments in 29 patients were examined with intravascular ultrasound before and after successful balloon optimised directional coronary atherectomy procedures, and a validated volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis was performed off-line to assess the atherosclerotic lesion remodelling and changes in plaque and vessel volumes that occurred during the intervention. Based on the intravascular ultrasound data, lesions were classified according to whether there was inadequate (group I) or adequate (group II) compensatory enlargement. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in patient and lesion characteristics between groups I and II (n = 10 and 19), including lesion length and details of the intervention. Quantitative coronary angiographic data were similar for both groups. However, plaque and vessel volumes were significantly smaller in group I than in II. In group I, 9 (4)% (mean (SD)) of the plaque volume was ablated, while in group II 16 (11)% was ablated (p = 0.01). This difference was reflected in a lower lumen volume gain in group I than in group II (46 (18) mm(3) v 80 (49) mm(3) (p < 0.02)). CONCLUSIONS: Preintervention lesion remodelling has an impact on the operative mechanisms of balloon optimised directional coronary atherectomy procedures. Plaque ablation was found to be particularly low in lesions with inadequate compensatory vascular enlargement.     

可溶性糖蛋白130与稳定型冠心病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度之间关系

目的: 评估稳定型冠状动脉疾病（stable coronary artery disease, CAD）患者血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、可溶性IL-6受体（sIL-6R）和可溶性糖蛋白130（sgp130）浓度及与冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度间的关系。方法：纳入2017年1月到2019年1月间于惠州市第六人民医院心内科具有动脉造影适应症疑似冠心病患者89例,根据冠状动脉造影结果将患者分成两组：存在冠状动脉粥样斑块CAD组,即粥样斑块组,共64例;不存在冠状动脉粥样斑块CAD组,即非粥样斑块组,共25例。采用ELISA法检测两组患者血清IL-6、sIL-6R和sgp130浓度,Spearman相关分析sgp130浓度与受累冠脉数目及Gensini评分的相关性,多因素logistic回归分析冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块病变的预测因子。结果： 粥样斑块组与非粥样斑块组在年龄、BMI、高血压、糖尿病、血脂参数上无统计学差异（P>0.05）, 粥样斑块组患者男性吸烟者居多（P<0.05）。粥样斑块组血清sgp130浓度显著低于非粥样斑块组（314.97±84.39 VS 399.08±79.99 ng/ml, P<0.001）,粥样斑块组血清IL-6浓度显著高于非粥样斑块组（P<0.05）, 粥样斑块组血清sIL-6R浓度和C-反应蛋白浓度(CRP)与非粥样斑块组比较差异无统计学意义。多因素logistic回归分析示血清sgp130浓度是冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块病变存在的预测因子（P=0.018）。血清sgp130浓度与受累冠状动脉数目间呈负相关（r=-0.310,P=0.007）,Gensini评分指数与血清sgp130浓度呈负相关（r=-0.410, P=0.001）,稳定型CAD患者sgp130浓度是Gensini评分指数独立危险因素。结论：稳定型CAD患者血清sgp130浓度与冠状动脉损伤严重程度呈负相关,血清sgp130水平是冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度血清标志物。     

Un cas une revue : syndromes coronariens aigus avec sus-décalage du segment ST à coronaire « coupable » angiographiquement saine

Acute coronary syndrome results in most cases of atherosclerotic plaque rupture. In a few cases, the physiopathological mechanism is different. This does not necessarily change the initial strategy but the subsequent treatments. We report three cases of clinical presentations of acute coronary syndrome whose pathophysiological mechanism is not or not mainly due to atherosclerotic lesions. Based on these cases and a review of the literature, two topics will be tackled: the diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in the management of Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathies and also acute coronary syndromes due to vasospastic angina.