~(125)I—蚯蚓溶纤素在小鼠体内的分布和排泄研究

本文研究~(125)I—蚯蚓溶纤素在小白鼠体内的吸收、分布和排泄。尾静脉给药、血药浓度—时间曲线呈三室模型,t~(1/2)(π)、t~(1/2)(?)、t~(1/2)(β)分别为0.022、1.121和131.079小时;给药后1小时各组织中放射性强度最高,以后逐渐下降,高峰时各组织中的比放射性强度依次为肝>肾>胃>肺>脾>小肠>骨>睾丸>心>肌肉>脑。值得注意的是48小时心、肝、脾、肾、肌肉和脑放射性强度较24小时高,而脑组织中放射性强度消除较慢。96小时粪尿排泄给药总量的72％,尚有小部分未能排除。     

安福隆肝内注射治疗乙型肝炎疗效观察

干扰素对于病毒性肝炎仍为首选药物,但不是最理想的药物,据笔者分析这与给药途径有关。因为按传统的方法通过肌肉注射给药后,干扰素的脏器浓度为局部>肾>脾>肺>生殖系>肝>心>脑>脂肪,肝脏的干扰素浓度仅为第六位,如改变给药途径,或许能提高肝脏内的药物浓度,进而提高其疗效。笔者曾以肝内直接注射安福隆(干扰素α-2b)的方式给药,自1997年4月～1998年7月搜集资料完整的病例共100例,兹小结于后供参考。     

血卟啉衍生物~3H-LF-019的吸收、分布和排泄研究

正常小白鼠尾静脉注射国产血卟啉衍生物~3H—LF—019扣血中放射性快速降低。快、慢两时项生物半衰期分别为0.02178小时(1.3分钟)和11.98917小时。药物注射后1小时小鼠体内分布到达高峰(肺在3小时达到高峰)以后逐渐下降,高峰时各组织的比放射性依次为肾>肝>小肠>脾>皮>肺>睾丸>骨>肌肉>心>胃>脑。药物能够通过血脑屏障进入脑组织.粪尿为排泄的主要途径。     

蒿甲醚对日本血吸虫及其虫卵的作用

感染日本血吸虫小鼠口服蒿甲醚300mg/kg 1剂后12小时,有36.8％两性虫肝移;24小时为80.3％.服2剂后1天,肝移率达93.5％,其中雌虫几乎全部肝移;3天后为95.2％。给药后6～8天,残留的雄虫开始返回肠系膜静脉;11天后,在肠系膜静脉内查见返回的少量残存雌虫。给药后11～17天,大部分     

吲哚氰绿代谢试验在肝脏病变中的应用及进展

<正>目前肝脏良恶性肿瘤临床治疗方法依然是手术切除病灶,术后发生肝衰竭风险的预测主要依赖术前肝储备和残余肝体积。吲哚氰绿通过静脉给药后快速与蛋白质结合,不被肝脏以外脏器的组织吸收,精准的评估肝脏储备功能。综合应用ICG代谢试验、Child-Pugh分级与MELD评分于肝脏,为评估手术的风险、选择手术方式、辅助术中精准切除病灶,都有一定的帮助。从而提高病人术后生活质量和延长术后生存时间。本文     

人胎肝匀桨T_4-5′脱碘酶的初步研究

为阐明人胎脏器T_4-5’脱碘作用的酶促本质及其在胎儿发育期间的活性变化,我们测定了正常人胎肝匀浆中T_4-5’脱碘作用。胎肝以Tris-HCl缓冲液为介质匀浆,取2,000×g离心之上清与非放射性T_4,13mM二巯基来苏糖醇一起保温,保温物以乙醇提取并用放射免疫法测定T_3的生成量。结果证实了人胎肝T_4-5’脱碘作用的酶促本质。该酶活性依赖于保温时间、温     

硝硫氰胺亚治愈剂量引起的曼氏血吸虫体表变化

本文报道了给感染小鼠口服一次硝硫氰胺的亚治愈剂量后,其体内曼氏血吸虫成虫体表结构的变化及其恢复情况。实验动物为5～7周龄经尾部感染波多黎各株曼氏血吸虫尾蚴50条的CD-1雌性小鼠。于感染后8～9周,给一次硝硫氰胺4或2.5mg/kg灌胃治疗。并在给药后1、3、21及24小时;2、5、62、76、98及102天剖杀动物取虫,另用感染后8周及4(1/2)个月的不治疗     

组织蛋白酶B在小鼠暴发性肝衰竭肝组织中的表达

目的研究组织蛋白酶B在暴发性肝衰竭小鼠肝组织中的表达。方法雄性昆明种小鼠腹腔同时注射脂多糖和D-氨基半乳糖,动态观察给药后2、4、6、8 h肝脏病理改变;以TUNEL法检测肝细胞凋亡;应用免疫组化和RT-PCR检测肝组织中组织蛋白酶B的表达。结果肝组织病理：给药后4 h出现凋亡细胞,6 h大量肝细胞凋亡,8 h以肝细胞坏死为主;TUNEL：给药后凋亡指数逐渐升高,6 h达到高峰,8 h有所降低;免疫组化：组织蛋白酶B表达2 h无明显变化（P〉0.05）,4 h逐渐增加,8 h达到高峰（P〈0.05）;RT-PCR：2 h组织蛋白酶B mRNA的表达量无明显变化（P〉0.05）,4 h表达略有升高,6 h表达最高,8 h表达有所降低（P〈0.05）。结论组织蛋白酶B在小鼠暴发性肝衰竭肝组织中表达明显增加,提示其可能通过促进肝细胞的凋亡而参与了暴发性肝衰竭的发病。     

β-雌二醇纳米粒的制备及其肝脏靶向性的动物实验

目的 制备β-雌二醇聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米粒(E2纳米粒),观察E2纳米粒在正常小鼠肝脏中的靶向性.方法 以聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(PBCA)为载体,优化制备条件,采用界面聚合法制备E2纳米粒,采用放射示踪技术,用125I标记雌二醇后,制备125I-E2纳米粒,分别经腹腔及静脉给药,于不同时间点处死120只小鼠,取其血、肺、肝、脾、肾和子宫,测其放射性,并与普通雌二醇(E2)比较E2纳米粒在不同组织的分布情况.数据行单因素方差分析.结果 制备E2纳米粒的最佳条件为800 r/min,E2 5 mg,PBCA 0.6 mL,丙酮45 mL,Pluronic F-68 0.75%.以此条件制备纳米粒主要分布在50～180 nm,平均粒径为115 nm,包封率为90.3%.125I-E2纳米粒和125I-E2的肝摄取在注射后15 min达高峰,与125I-E2比较,125I-E2纳米粒提高了肝脏、脾脏的放射性强度,其靶向指数分别为4.40±4.06和1.20±0.49,子宫及卵巢的放射性强度低.结论 E2以PBCA作为载体,制成纳米药物后具有明显的肝靶向性.     

腺病毒载体在小鼠肝脏的分布及其表达规律研究

目的研究腺病毒载体介导的β-半乳糖苷酶(LacZ)报告基因在小鼠肝脏的分布及表达情况,评价腺病毒载体作为基因治疗转导系统的有效性及安全性,为进一步的目的基因导入及表达奠定基础。方法将Balb/cJ小鼠随机分为正常组及暴发性肝炎组,给小鼠经尾静脉注射2×108PFU腺病毒,收集24h、48h、72h、96h、120h和第7天小鼠血清,检测谷丙转氨酶和总胆红素,同时取肝脏、肺脏、心脏、肾脏标本进行X-gal染色,以观察腺病毒载体在各脏器的表达情况。取MHV-3诱导的暴发性肝炎组小鼠24h、48h、72h、96h肝脏,检测腺病毒载体在肝脏的表达情况。结果腺病毒载体主要在小鼠肝脏表达,并于72小时表达最高,在正常小鼠及暴发性肝炎小鼠肝脏中表达效率分别约55.7%和25.7%,之后逐渐消减;正常组小鼠注射腺病毒载体后,肝功能无明显变化。结论腺病毒载体介导的报告基因可在肝脏高效表达且未见明显的肝损害,可作为基因治疗中安全有效的基因传递系统用于治疗肝脏疾病。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.