老年髂动脉多发炎性动脉瘤的临床特点分析

目的了解髂动脉多发炎性腹主动脉瘤的临床特点,提高对本病诊断及药物治疗的认识。方法对1例发生于髂动脉的炎性腹主动脉瘤老年患者的临床资料进行分析,并复习有关文献。结果炎性腹主动脉瘤好发于70岁左右老年人,临床表现为突发腹痛或背痛,体重下降,C反应蛋白和红细胞沉降率升高,影像学检查可见动脉瘤壁增厚,炎症累及输尿管可引起肾盂积水,常规治疗需手术,早期经糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂联合治疗可避免或推迟手术。结论突发严重腹痛的腹主动脉瘤患者,应尽早行影像学检查,发现动脉瘤壁增厚及肾盂积水支持本病诊断。早期糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂治疗能显著缓解症状,并消除尿路梗阻。     

Multiple Myeloma Presenting as Recurrent Obstructive Uropathy

Summary: A 51-year-old patient who presented with a four-day history of abdominal pain was found to have unilateral ureteral obstruction and an intracalyceal radiolucent filling defect on radiological studies. Further investigation of this was refused by the patient but ten days later a repeat intravenous pyelogram showed persistence of the initial intracalyceal filling defect and ureteral obstruction in the contra-lateral kidney along with multiple intracalyceal radiolucent filling defects. Subsequent investigation led to a diagnosis of kappa light chain myeloma.
The diagnosis of multiple myeloma should be considered in patients presenting with unexplained radiolucent filling defects.     

Ureteral obstruction and Crohn's disease

Noncalculous ureteral obstructions in Crohn's disease are often asymptomatic and unidentified. Occurring in about 3% of patients, they occur on the right side in more than 70% of cases, because of frequently associated ileocecal disease. If they are associated with inflammation or fibrosis of retroperitoneal periureteral fat nephrectomy may become necessary. Conservative treatment should be considered first, with urine drainage (ureteral stent, or percutaneous nephrostomy), diet, and corticotherapy. However bowel resection is often necessary during follow up. If this fails to cure the ureteral obstruction, ureterolysis should be performed. We report the case of a 32 year old woman with noncalculous ureteral obstruction revealing Crohn's disease.     

Retroperitoneal disorders associated with IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis

Ig G4-related autoimmune pancreatitis is frequently accompanied by relevant lesions in the genitourinary tract and retroperitoneal organs, which cause various clinical problems, ranging from non-specific back pain or bladder outlet obstruction to renal failure. The diagnosis of Ig G4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis requires a multidisciplinary approach, including serological tests, histological examination, imaging analysis, and susceptibility to steroid therapy. Radiological examinations are helpful to diagnose this condition, but surgical resection is occasionally unavoidable to exclude malignancy, particularly for patients with isolated retroperitoneal involvement. Steroid therapy is the treatment of choice for this condition, the same as for other manifestationsof Ig G4-related disease.For patients with severe ureteral obstruction,additional ureteral stenting needs to be considered prior to steroid therapy to preserve the renal function.Some papers have suggested that Ig G4-related disease can affect male reproductive organs including the prostate and testis.Ig G4-related prostatitis usually causes lower urinary tract symptoms,such as dysuria and pollakisuria.Patients sometimes state that corticosteroids given for Ig G4-related disease at other sites relieve their lower urinary tract symptoms,which leads us to suspect prostatic involvement in this condition.Because of the limited number of publications available,further studies are warranted to better characterize Ig G4-related disease in male reproductive organs.     

Persistent chronic peri-aortitis ('inflammatory aneurysm') after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: systematic review of the literature

Data on the outcome of aneurysmal chronic peri-aortitis ('inflammatory aneurysm') after open surgical aneurysm repair are few and contradictory. To what extent this inflammatory process is reversed after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is even more unclear. The objective of this review was to study the outcome of peri-aortic fibrosis (PAF) and ureteral obstruction in patients with aneurysmal chronic peri-aortitis treated with open surgery or EVAR. Medical literature was searched for pertinent articles on the outcome of PAF and ureteral obstruction after open surgery or EVAR from 1970 through October 2007. Studies were included if specific follow-up data were available on outcomes of interest. A total of 19 studies were included comprising 478 patients (open surgical, n = 426; EVAR, n = 52). Age, sex and percentage of patients with ureteral obstruction (31% vs 37%) did not differ between groups. Regression of PAF occurred more frequently after open surgery compared to EVAR (86% vs 60%; p < 0.0001). Complete regression of PAF was more frequent after open surgery compared to EVAR (52% vs 14%; p < 0.0001). After excluding patients in whom concurrent ureterolysis was performed, the frequency of persistent ureteral obstruction remained lower in patients treated surgically compared to patients treated with EVAR, albeit not statistically significant (32% vs 56%; p = 0.09). In conclusion, although open surgery is superior to EVAR in achieving regression of chronic peri-aortitis, the frequency of persistent PAF and/or ureteral obstruction is not negligible. Additional medical and/or urological treatment should be considered in selected cases of aneurysmal chronic peri-aortitis.     

Acute ureteral colic from an obstructing renal aspergilloma

Fungus balls of the renal collecting system are rarely of organisms other than Candida. A case of obstructing aspergilloma associated with acute ureteral colic is presented. The clinical features of this case are characteristic of renal aspergillomas in 10 additional cases described in the literature. Ten of the 11 patients were male. Each of the patients had an underlying disease that predisposed to fungal infection. Although all 11 patients were cured, diagnostic evaluation was often protracted as commoner causes of ureteral obstruction were excluded. Successful therapy required evacuation of the obstructing hyphal mass; open surgical procedures were necessary in five instances. Systemic amphotericin B should be reserved for patients with residual infection following removal of the fungus ball. This report emphasizes the need to consider aspergilloma in the differential diagnosis of acute ureteropelvic obstruction in the appropriate patient population.     

La fibrose rétropéritonéale idiopathique

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare disease characterized by the presence of fibro-inflammatory tissue around the aorta entrapping the adjacent structures. RPF can be idiopathic or secondary to many disorders. The physiopathology is unknown but can be part of the spectrum of IgG4 related diseases. Imaging studies and inflammatory markers are essential for initial evaluation and follow-up. Biopsy is usually not recommended. The first line of treatment is corticosteroids associated or not with immunosuppressive drugs. In case of ureteral obstruction with renal failure, ureteral stent placement or nephrostomies are recommended. Initial response to treatment is usually good but relapses are frequent.     

Surgical and interventional treatment of chronic pancreatitis.

The management of patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) remains a challenging problem. Main indications for surgery are intractable pain, suspicion of malignancy, and involvement of adjacent organs. The main goal of surgical treatment is improvement of patient quality of life. The surgical treatment approach usually involves proximal pancreatic resection, but lateral pancreaticojejunal drainage may be used for large-duct disease. The newer duodenum-preserving head resections of Beger and Frey provide good pain control and preservation of pancreatic function. Thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy and the endoscopic approach await confirmatory trials to confirm their efficiency in the management of CP. Common bile duct obstruction is addressed by distal Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy but when combined with dudodenal obstruction must be treated by pancreatic head resection. Pancreatic ascites due to disrupted pancreatic duct should be treated by internal drainage. The approach to CP is multidisciplinary, tailoring the various therapeutic options to meet each individual patient's needs.     

Perinephric abscess following extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

Since the introduction and widespread use of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL), various complications have been noted. Perinephric hematoma and ureteral obstruction may be anticipated by urologists as potential problems. We report the first case of perinephric abscess encountered after 17 895 SWL treatments at our institution. A 65 year old woman presented 4 months following a second SWL procedure with a perinephric abscess and was successfully treated with percutaneous drainage. A review of the English literature revealed only 3 other cases of perinephric abscess following SWL. This diagnosis should be considered in early and late presentations of flank pain following SWL.     

Urethral obstruction and bilateral ureteral hydronephroses secondary to fecal impaction

We present a case report of the first adult woman reported to suffer from both urethral obstruction and bilateral ureteral hydronephroses secondary to fecal impaction. The work-up suggested that hypothyroidism might be the cause for fecal impaction. Urinary tract obstruction caused by hypothyroidism-induced fecal impaction has never been reported. Fecal impaction should be considered as one of the causes for urinary tract obstruction.     

Palliative Subcutaneous Tunneled Nephrostomy Tube (PSTN): a simple and effective technique for management of malignant extrinsic ureteral obstruction

The establishment and maintenance of effective urinary tract drainage for patients with malignant extrinsic ureteric obstruction is a formidable challenge for the urologist. We have utilized an alternative method of urinary diversion, called Palliative Subcutaneous Tunneled Nephrostomy Tubes (PSTN), for long term urinary tract drainage when intracoropreal stenting has failed or is not tolerated. PSTN provides a simple and effective method of external urinary diversion and preservation of renal function. This technique should be an option in the armamentarium of urologists for management of malignant ureteral obstruction.     

Chronic renal failure secondary to uterine prolapse

Acute and chronic renal failure secondary to bilateral severe hydroureteronephrosis is a rare sequela of uterine prolapse. We report a case of neglected complete uterine prolapse in a 72-year-old patient resulting in bilateral hydroureter, hydronephrosis, and chronic renal failure. In an attempt to diminish the ureteral obstruction a vaginal pessary was used to reduce the uterine prolapse. Finally, surgical repair of prolapse by means of a vaginal hysterectomy was performed. In conclusion, all patients presenting with complete uterine prolapse should be screened to exclude urinary tract obstruction. If present, obstructive uropathy should be relieved by the reduction or repair of the prolapse before irreversible renal damage occurs.     

Unusual presentation of gallstones

Gallstones are usually asymptomatic in the majority of patients. Gallstones can migrate through a cholecysto-duodenal fistula and may cause an intestinal obstruction anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. The obstruction usually occurs at the level of the ileocecal valve. In most cases, the clinical presentation includes symptoms related to the intestinal obstruction including abdominal pain and vomiting. We report an unusual case of gallstones presented with acute prerenal azotemia as the major manifestation.     

Perianeurysmal retroperitoneal fibrosis: An unusual cause of renal failure

Retroperitoneal fibrosis causing ureteral obstruction in association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm has been reported infrequently. However, the clinical presentation of patients with this entity and the histopathologic findings at surgery are similar to those in patients with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. We describe a patient with perianeurysmal fibrosis and bilateral ureteral obstruction who presented with severe renal failure. The diagnosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm with perianeurysmal fibrosis was made only at the time of surgery to repair bilateral ureteral obstruction. Previous case reports of perianeurysmal fibrosis are reviewed, and possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. It is important to consider the presence of an occult abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients suspected of having retroperitoneal fibrosis because of the serious prognostic and therapeutic implications.     

Urological Aspects of Management

Renal colic describes the acute, severe, and paroxysmal pain caused by the obstruction, distension, and resultant increase in intraluminal pressure of the urinary tract. The treatment of renal colic is aimed at relief of symptoms, facilitating urinary drainage to preserve renal function and treat infection and ultimately removal or passage of the obstructing stone. The medical management of renal colic is directed at mitigating, through pharmacologic intervention, one or more of the complex processes contributing to the clinical sequelae of obstruction including pain, nausea, vomiting, and irritative voiding symptoms. Numerous medications and combinations of medications have been employed with varying degrees of clinical success. Urgent interventions are typically directed at bypassing ureteral obstruction in order to palliate the patient until such time as definitive treatment may be accomplished or facilitate drainage to further the treatment of urinary tract infection. Timing and mode of urgent intervention are dependent on clinical factors, clinician expertise, and preference and the availability of specialized equipment. Definitive management of ureteral stones is typically performed in an elective fashion and seeks to balance the risks of intervention with the clinical benefits of the various treatment modalities. Treatment approaches vary according to clinical indications, patient preference, clinician expertise, and the availability of facilities and equipment. This section covers current supporting evidence and rationale, indications and techniques for the medical management, urgent intervention, and definitive management of acute renal colic caused by ureteral stones.     

慢性主动脉周围炎52例临床疗效分析

目的 通过评价药物治疗慢性主动脉周围炎的临床疗效,提高临床医生对其的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院收治的52例慢性主动脉周围炎患者的临床表现;观察药物治疗后临床症状、受累脏器功能、ESR、C反应蛋白(CRP)改善情况;采用4项CT影像学参数评估腹膜后纤维化包块治疗前后的变化.结果 52例患者以泌尿系统受累为主,尿路梗阻占76.92%,出现肾功能不全者占26.92%.药物治疗后95.35%的患者症状缓解.其中尿路梗阻患者放置输尿管D-J管后联合药物治疗,缓解率66.67%(10/15).进行性肾功能不全者治疗后血肌酐水平明显下降(P=0.002).ESR、CRP在治疗4周后降至正常范围.CT显示,治疗平均6个月包块缩小近75%,之后变化较小.结论 慢性主动脉周围炎是一种罕见病,临床表现多样,尿路梗阻是其常见的临床表现.糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂和(或)他莫昔芬治疗慢性主动脉周围炎疗效显著,且复发率相对较低.     

Urologic complications in 200 patients with Crohn disease

The main urological complications of Crohn's disease are: vesico-intestinal fistula, ureteral obstruction, formation of urinary calculi and amyloidosis of the kidney. 200 patients suffering from Crohn's disease who had been treated in- or outpatient between 1973 and 1982 have been examined concerning urological complications. The frequency of complications was 14,5 per cent. Twenty patients developed fistulae, eleven had ureteral obstructions, two patients suffered from calculi and two from amyloidosis of the kidney. Due to this frequency a special urological diagnostic program is mandatory. A sonogram of the kidney and an i.v. urography should be made in case of pathological sonogram. This is as necessary as the control of kidney function and diagnosis of the urine. These specific urological complications are demonstrated in symptoms, diagnosis and therapy.     

Case report and review of the literature: ureteral endometriosis

Endometriosis is a common disorder affecting women of all ages. Although urinary tract involvement is not uncommon, ureteral obstruction is an infrequent complication of endometriosis. A case is reported of acute renal failure caused by bilateral ureteral obstruction resulting from extensive pelvic endometriosis. All reported cases of ureteral endometriosis are reviewed with special emphasis on bilateral ureteral involvement. Physicians need to be aware of this reversible complication of endometriosis.     

Colonic endometriosis

Conclusion Endometriosis of the sigmoid flexure and rectosigmoidal area should be suspected in any woman who has symptoms of progressive colonic obstruction, pain on defecation, abdominal cramps and rectal bleeding associated with menstruation. Sigmoidoscopy should be performed in all these patients, but usually it will reveal no lesion. The only suggestive finding which might be found on sigmoidoscopy is a submucosal lesion covered by a puckered but intact mucosa. X-rays of the colon after barium enema may show a polypoid lesion but, more commonly, it will show a constricted area. Usually differentiation from carcinoma of the rectosigmoid is not possible by x-ray examination, but an intact mucosa in the narrowed area would favor a diagnosis of colonic endometriosis. Treatment should be determined according to the individual and should depend on the age of the patient and the severity of symptoms. Patients with minimal obstructive symptoms and moderate colonic involvement revealed by x-ray examination usually do not require a surgical operation. A patient in this category who is less than 40 years of age may show a remarkable response to suppressive hormonal therapy. Patients more than 40 years old may show dramatic relief of symptoms and regression of the colonic deformity after hysterectomy and oophorectomy. Surgical removal of the involved portion of the colon is indicated (1) in patients who have progressive or acute colonic obstruction associated with increasing pelvic discomfort, rectal bleeding and constipation associated with the menstrual cycle (2) to determine if the lesion is an adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid, and (3) when the x-ray examination shows a persistent constricted area in the rectosigmoid.     

Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm

A 58-years-old man, with no medical past history, was examined for abdominal pain and weight loss. An enlarged kidney could be palpated, and abdominal echography showed left hydronephrosis due to ureteral compression by abdominal aortic aneurysm. Laboratory data showed an inflammatory syndrome. CT scan suggested the diagnosis of inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm. The use of corticosteroids brought about the regression of the symptoms and the resolution of the ureteral obstruction, permitting aneurysmectomy and prosthesis replacement without ureterolysis. This report shows the interest of preoperative radiological diagnosis of the inflammatory character of abdominal aneurysm. For uncomplicated cases, preoperative treatment using corticosteroids could allow partial regression of the periaortic inflammation and easier surgical repair.