Müller细胞反应性胶质化在急性高眼压致大鼠视网膜损伤中作用

 目的 观察Müller细胞反应性胶质化在急性高眼压(AOH)大鼠视网膜中变化及其抑制对视网膜损伤的影响。方法 建立大鼠AOH青光眼模型,分为正常对照(Ctrl)、AOH和AOH+玻璃体内注射胶质毒素α-氨基己二酸(AAA)后再灌注1、3和5d组,以及单纯AAA和AOH+PBS对照组。TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡,GFAP免疫荧光染色反应Müller细胞反应性胶质化程度,Thy-1染色标记视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)。结果 AOH可致大鼠视网膜内丛状层和内核层明显变薄、神经节细胞层内细胞排列紊乱和数量减少,并诱发Müller细胞反应性胶质化(GFAP表达增加)。同时,AAA抑制Müller细胞反应性胶质化可明显缓解AOH所致RGCs丢失和凋亡发生。结论 Müller细胞反应性胶质化参与AOH所致视网膜损伤,抑制其反应性胶质化可能是改善高眼压性青光眼视网膜病变的一种有效治疗方法。     

新生小鼠吸入高氧视网膜的血管发育与胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的变化

目的:研究新生小鼠吸入高氧视网膜病(ROP)过程中胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的变化规律,探讨Müller细胞与血管发育的关系。方法:实验用生后7 d(P7)C57BL/6J小鼠。ROP模型组在75%氧环境中饲养。在P9、P12、P14、P17和P21等不同时间取眼球,分别用ADP酶组织化学染色方法显示视网膜血管发育及免疫组织化学方法标记视网膜GFAP的表达。结果:小鼠视网膜血管生后开始发育,P21基本成熟;吸高氧后从P14开始出现新生血管,在P17~P21达到高峰。模型鼠视网膜Müller细胞从P14起内侧突起开始表达GFAP,到P21已遍布细胞全层。结论:高氧可导致视网膜发育晚期大量血管新生,且与GFAP表达的变化规律相一致,提示Müller细胞与视网膜血管发育关系密切。     

黄芪甲苷对糖尿病大鼠视网膜Müller细胞的影响

目的探讨黄芪甲苷(AS)对糖尿病大鼠视网膜氧化应激的影响及其对Müller细胞的保护作用。方法利用链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠模型。实验分为对照组、糖尿病组及AS治疗组,3个月后试剂盒检测视网膜丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,免疫组化及Western blot检测视网膜神经胶质酸性蛋白(GFAP)变化,Western blot检测Müller细胞功能性蛋白酶——谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)表达变化。结果与对照组相比,糖尿病组视网膜MDA含量增加,GSH含量减少,GFAP表达增加,GS表达减少(均0.01),AS治疗组视网膜MDA及GSH含量、GFAP及GS表达较糖尿病组均无明显变化(均0.05)。结论 AS抑制糖尿病大鼠视网膜氧化应激反应,恢复视网膜Müller细胞功能性蛋白酶GS的表达。     

大鼠Mlüler细胞的体外培养及免疫组织化学鉴定

Müller细胞是视网膜中一种非常重要的胶质细胞。成熟的Müller细胞发出很多分支包围、分隔神经元的胞体和突起[1]。研究表明Müller细胞在外伤或光损伤后可表达多种生长因子,这些生长因子除对神经元具有保护作用外[2],对细胞外环境也具有调控作用[3]。因此,Müller细胞在视网膜中的作用正日益受到人们的重视。而Müller细胞的培养方法主要有组织块贴壁培养法和酶解法。本实验应用酶解法成功分离了大鼠视网膜的Müller细胞,并进行体外培养、免疫组化鉴定,为进一步研究胶质细胞在中枢神经系统的作用提供实验基础。1材料和方法1.1实验动物…     

ERK与TrkB在大鼠星形胶质细胞的表达(英文)

本文探讨了ERK(extracellular signal-regulated kinase)和TrkB(tyrosine kinase receptor B)在星形胶质细胞的表达。生后2~3d的SD大鼠在无菌条件下取脑,以胰蛋白酶消化制备细胞悬液。用GFAP免疫细胞化学方法鉴定星形细胞,通过免疫细胞化学与蛋白印迹方法检测TrkB,ERK1和ERK2在星形胶质细胞的表达。结果显示,星形胶质细胞的纯度达95%以上,在星形胶质细胞的细胞质观察到ERK1免疫阳性染色;TrkB免疫阳性染色位于细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核。化学发光法检测后ERK1和ERK2两条蛋白条带清晰可见。以上结果提示大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞表达TrkB,ERK1和ERK2,TrKB/ERK通路可能与星形胶质细胞增殖有关。     

星形胶质细胞条件培养液促进新生大鼠海马神经干细胞分化

目的探讨星形胶质细胞条件培养液(ACM)对神经干细胞(NSCs)体外分化的影响。方法行新生大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞的纯化培养后收集ACM,将新生大鼠海马NSCs单克隆培养后行nestin免疫细胞荧光染色,诱导分化5d后行神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、半乳糖脑苷脂(GALC)免疫细胞荧光染色;将单克隆培养的NSCs分为对照组和实验组,对照组为单纯NSCs培养液,实验组根据NSCs培养液与ACM比的不同分3组:A组(2:1),B组(1:1),C组(1:2)。各组培养1周,采用NSE免疫细胞荧光检测方法标记神经元并计数和统计学分析。结果纯化的星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白抗体标记阳性率为96.5%;单克隆培养的海马NSCs呈nestin阳性,诱导后呈NSE、GFAP和GALC阳性表达。ACM培养的海马NSCs各组分化为神经元的比例明显高于对照组(<0.01),其中A组的比例最高。结论ACM可以促进新生大鼠海马NSCs向神经元分化。     

大鼠脊髓神经干细胞的鉴定及光镜和电镜观察

本研究应用无血清培养技术对分离的大鼠胚胎脊髓神经干细胞进行体外培养,在倒置显微镜和电镜下观察细胞形态,应用BrdU标记、免疫荧光染色检测细胞增殖、分化情况。免疫荧光显示nestin、MAP2、GFAP以及BrdU/nestin、BrdU/MAP2、Br-dU/GFAP均有阳性表达,说明从大鼠胚胎脊髓可成功分离出神经干细胞,它们分化后可以表达神经元、星形胶质细胞的特异性抗原。脊髓神经干细胞具有自我更新能力,能分化为神经元和星型胶质细胞。     

生后小鼠不同年龄阶段视网膜片层化及胶质细胞发育特点

目的:观察小鼠视网膜片层化过程中胶质细胞增殖及与双极细胞分化的关系。方法:各个年龄小鼠共计123只。应用免疫荧光和HE染色法对各个年龄的小鼠视网膜形态结构及胶质细胞的增殖、分化进行观察。结果:星形胶质细胞按照离心型的模式发育,P0时仅在视乳头和邻近周围区域出现幼稚的星形胶质细胞,尔后细胞突起相互缠绕形成的网状联系中出现中空"管样"结构,细胞形态呈现典型的星状外形,类似血管网的脉络。P6时小鼠视网膜Müller细胞零星的表达GS,双极细胞也开始表达少量的PKC-α,尔后Müller细胞GS阳性表达逐渐增加,而PKC-α阳性细胞伸向节细胞层的轴突更加密集,树突和胞体的数量也增多,P14时双极细胞的发育过程基本完成。同时,小鼠视网膜GS和PKC-α双标记,发现Müller细胞内、外突上发出许多细小的侧突与双极细胞的胞体相接触,提示Müller细胞在双极细胞的分化、迁移过程中伴着很重要的角色。结论:在小鼠视网膜片层化过程中,胶质细胞起着关键性作用,Müller细胞在双极细胞的分化、迁移过程中起重要作用。     

卡马西平对大鼠海马星形胶质细胞形态和GFAP表达的影响

目的观察治疗剂量卡马西平对SD大鼠海马星形胶质细胞形态和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响。方法治疗剂量卡马西平每24 h单次灌胃给药后,于不同时间点经心脏灌注,取脑;GFAP免疫组化染色测量海马GFAP阳性细胞数量及形态。结果1周组海马CA1区星形胶质细胞的形态及GFAP表达无变化,1个月组星形胶质细胞数量及GFAP表达量无明显增加,3个月组GFAP阳性细胞数显著增加,达对照组的1.74倍(P<0.05);并伴细胞体积增大,侧支增多。结论治疗剂量的卡马西平对星形胶质细胞形态和GFAP表达的影响呈时间依赖性。     

大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核内星形胶质细胞对疼痛刺激的反应及与神经元的关系

目的 研究大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核(Sp5C)星形胶质细胞对唇下注射福尔马林所致疼痛的反应及其与神经元的关系。方法 用免疫组织化学方法，显示注射后不同时间Sp5C星形胶质细胞与神经元内抗磷脂酶C(PLC)、抗Fos和抗胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫组织化学产物的表达和分布。结果 正常大鼠Sp5C无免疫组织化学阳性染色，唇下注射福尔马林后，Sp5C内的星形胶质细胞出现抗PLC、抗Fos和抗GFAP阳性染色，神经元出现抗PLC和抗Fos阳性染色，且有相同的亚核分布，关系密切。抗PLC和抗Fos免疫组织化学阳性先出现于星形胶质细胞，而后在神经元出现表达。结论 Sp5C内星形胶质细胞可能参与中枢神经系统对疼痛刺激的调节，并主动调节神经元的活动。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

类赖氨酰氧化酶2与肿瘤转移和发生

类赖氨酰氧化酶2(lysyl oxidase-like 2,LOXL2)是赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)基因家族的成员之一,其表达产物能促进胶原沉积.LOXL2的过表达能促进纤维化,并与肿瘤侵袭、转移及不良预后有关.目前大部分学者认为LOXL2是一种转移促进基因,也有实验支持其是一种肿瘤抑制基因.研究发现LOXL2可以通过激活Snail/Ecadherin通路或Src/FAK通路促进转移.LOXL2有望作为肿瘤生物标志物,用于预后判断,成为一个新的治疗靶点.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.