控制旋毛虫病暴发的综合性干预措施研究

目的 为控制云南省旋毛虫病的暴发提供可行性的干预措施。方法 1997－2000年，在两现场实施人群干预措施（群体健康教育、不良饮食行为的监督、培训乡村医生）及传染源干预措施（加强生猪改进宰检疫及市场肉类检疫、开展猪旋毛虫病的防治、大力提倡灭鼠）。结果 两研究现场3年多未发生过旋毛虫病的暴发，人群个人行为及对旋毛虫病的认识发生了明显的改变，食生肉者从干预前的72．74％降至47．43％（P＜0．01），具备旋毛虫病常识者从干预前的15．47％增至73．62％（P＜0．01）。干预前后旋毛虫血清抗体阳性率；人群分别为1．91％，1．07％（P＞0．05），猪分别为8．66％、0（P＜0．01）。生猪检疫13409头，未检出旋毛虫病猪。结论 在旋毛虫病疫区实施人群及传染源的干预措施，可以有效地控制旋毛虫病的暴发。     

我国旋毛虫病的流行趋势

该文对我国旋毛虫病的流行趋势进行了分析.西南地区(云南、四川及西藏)是目前我国旋毛虫病的主要流行区,西部地区(青海、内蒙古等)有可能成为新的流行区.我国已发生输入性旋毛虫病的暴发,且在边境口岸入境肉类中已检出旋毛虫.旋毛虫病暴发主要发生在冬季,猪肉是主要的传染源,旋毛虫感染猪主要来自小养猪场和散养的猪,野生动物肉类也是重要的传染源.我国旋毛虫病防治工作的重点应放在西南地区.     

人群及猪旋毛虫病血清流行病学调查

目的 了解流行区和非流行区人群和(或)猪旋毛虫病血清的流行情况,为流行区制定旋毛虫病防治策略及措施提供依据.方法 从流行区云南洱源和勐海县抽取6个行政村,从非流行区上海市和吉林省延吉市各选1个居民小组,对人群和(或)猪旋毛虫病进行血清流行学调查,采用ELISA法检测人群、猪血清IgG抗体,压片镜检猪肌肉.对被采血人员进...     

云南省人体旋毛虫病暴发疫情回顾性调查分析

了解云南省人体旋毛虫病暴发疫情特征,为旋毛虫病的治疗和防控工作提供参考。 方法 从中国知网、维普网和万方数据等数据库检索 2000 年以来文献报道的历次云南省人体旋毛虫病暴发疫情资料,从流行病学分布、感染方式、临床诊治等方面进行分析。 结果 2000 年以来云南省共报道 21 起人体旋毛虫病暴发疫情,累计发病人数 2 256 人,死亡 3 人。 疫情暴发时间主要集中在冬春季,地区主要集中在滇西及滇西南的农村地区,人群以边疆少数民族为主,发病人群以青壮年居多。 感染原因主要是进食生猪肉或未煮熟的猪肉导致。 在明确症状记载的 1 976 例病例资料中,潜伏期最短为 12 h,最长达 25 d。 临床表现主要有肌肉疼痛( 1 655 例,83. 76%)、发热(1 612 例,81. 58%)、乏力(998 例,50. 51%)、颜面部及眼睑水肿(659 例,33. 35%)、腹痛腹泻等消化道症状( 509例,25. 76%)及咳嗽咳痰等呼吸系统症状(122 例,6. 17%)等。 有 4 起暴发疫情在早期被误诊为食物中毒、急性胃肠炎、结膜炎等疾病。 结论 旋毛虫病暴发是云南省重要的突发公共卫生事件,建议各级政府和卫生部门加强对旋毛虫病防治的宣传力度,提高人群防病意识,改变饮食习惯,降低感染风险。      

四川省人体旋毛虫病暴发疫情概况及因素分析

目的了解四川省人群旋毛虫病流行现状,分析发病因素,为今后防治工作提供科学依据。方法收集、整理、统计、总结我省历次暴发疫情资料,分析有关因素,提出防治依据与措施。结果1968-2002年,暴发疫情为散在、点状分布,且均为阿坝州、甘孜州两大藏区。发病原因均为人群生食或半生食熊肉、猪肉、野猪肉所致。发病无年龄、性别、季节之分,患者从2~69岁不等,发病率为49·20%,病死率为4·35%,位居全国第三位。结论四川省人群旋毛虫病暴发疫情集中于习惯生食与半生食动物肉类的藏区人群,与藏区人群的生活、饮食习惯、医疗条件密切相关。重视与加强四川省藏区人群的旋毛虫病健康教育与动物肉类的检疫工作,提高藏区基层医务人员对旋毛虫病的诊治水平,改善医疗条件是阻断我省人群旋毛虫病疫情发生的切实可行的措施。     

一起急性旋毛虫病暴发流行的诊治与护理

本文对一起急性旋毛虫病暴发流行的诊治及护理进行了报道。患者一旦被确诊为旋毛虫病，应立即使用抗虫药物丙硫咪唑，病情严重者应增用地塞米松。大理地区旋毛虫病未得到有效控制，应该加强健康教育、严格肉类卫生检疫、提倡圈养猪。     

大山区家畜交易与血吸虫病传播的关系

[目的 ]为探讨家畜交易与血吸虫病传播的关系 ,并为大山区制订血吸虫病防治策略和措施提供依据。 [方法 ]收集和分析云南省巍山县近 10年 (1980～ 1991)每年的人畜血吸虫病感染情况、家畜 (牛、马、驴、骡及猪等 )数量、家畜交易情况 ,并进行统计分析。 [结果 ]居民感染率同家畜数量呈正相关 (R=0 .915 1P<0 .0 1)。 1980年至 1989年间 ,随着家畜数量的增加。居民的感染率逐渐上升。尤其是 1984年经济体制改革后 ,畜牧业的迅速发展加剧了血吸虫病的流行 ;1984年后 ,人、畜感染率呈显著相关 (R=0 .845 8P<0 .0 5 ) ,表明巍山县 1990～ 1992年卖出家畜黄牛、水牛、马、骡和猪血吸虫阳性率分别为9.5 4%、 2 9.39%、16 .38%、14.47%、2 5 .73%和 11.11%。 [结论 ]人与家畜血吸虫的感染呈平行发展 ,由于家畜交易的频繁 ,造成了血吸虫病传染源的严重扩散 ,病人与病畜互为传染源 ,从而加剧了血吸虫病的流行     

一起敬老院戊肝暴发疫情的流行病学调查

目的 了解一起敬老院戊型肝炎(HE)暴发疫情的可能传染源,明确该起疫情的病原特点。方法 对疫点和相关人员进行现场访谈和病例对照研究,并采集116人份标本进行抗-HEV IgM和抗-HEV-IgG检测,通过RT-PCR对病毒感染者和可疑传染源进行HEV RNA检测和序列分析。结果 本次疫情共发病19例,亚临床感染11人。病例对照研究显示是否使用公共餐具P=0.062,自带餐具者无感染;人源、水源、猪源HEV毒株均为HEV-4d亚型,水源和人源毒株同源性100%,人源毒株与猪源同源性93.7%-95.5%。该敬老院自养生猪和自种菜地并施粪肥;食堂操作不规范,可能导致携带HEV的猪粪或污水污染餐具,是引起本起疫情的原因。 结论 该起暴发疫情与当地生猪HEV病毒携带率高,疫点食堂卫生管理欠规范有关。     

四川省人体旋毛虫病发病情况与防治对策

目的了解旋毛虫病在四川省的流行状况及发病因素，掌握流行规律与趋势，提出防治措施，减少与避免暴发流行事件及死亡病例的发生。方法总结、分析四川省人群历次发病资料，提出防治对策与方法。结果1968—2006年在藏区8县共发病13起，发病223人，死亡11人。发病无年龄、性别、季节之分。结论四川省人体旋毛虫病发病均集中于有生食或半生食动物肉习惯的阿坝和甘孜藏区人群中。重视藏区人群旋毛虫病防治健康教育、严格动物肉类检疫、完善疫情上报制度、建立多部门的预防控制机制、加强基层专业人员的防治培训、及时处置暴发疫情事件，是控制与阻断四川省人群旋毛虫病疫情发生的重要措施。     

云南省旋毛虫病防治试点血清流行病学调查

云南地处边疆 ,民族众多 ,很多地区都有吃生肉的不良习惯 ,致使旋毛虫病在云南的流行较为严重 ,为控制旋毛虫病的暴发流行 ,为全省的防治规划提供科学依据 ,选择了旋毛虫病流行区保山市板桥镇及广南县者兔乡作为云南省旋毛虫病防治试点 ,于 1998年 11月在两地采集人、猪、鼠滤纸血进行了旋毛虫病血清流行病学调查。1　材料和方法1.1　标本　在保山市板桥镇及广南县者兔乡分别采集人群、猪、鼠滤纸血 ,干燥低温保存待检。1.2　方法　用 EL ISA法检测旋毛虫抗体。(人旋毛虫抗体检测试剂盒由深圳绿瀚生物技术有限公司提供 ;猪、鼠旋毛虫抗体…     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.