Survey of hypoglossal canal and its adjacent structures and their clinical significances

目的:研究舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的位置关系,为临床手术提供解剖学依据.方法:取成人头颅干骨标本60例(120侧),观察和测量舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的距离,并对双侧距离差别作统计学分析.结果:舌下神经管长度左(11.22±1.67)mn,右(11.28±1.79)mm;其长轴与矢状面的夹角左45.19°±1.51°、右45.30°±1.33°;其长轴与枕髁长轴的夹角左62.44°±3.62°、右62.32°±3.64°;枕髁后缘到达舌下神经管内口、外口的距离左(9.38±1.67)mm、(16.18±1.97)mm,右(9.35±1.70)mm、(16.13±1.94)mm.颈静脉结节上表面到达舌下神经管内口的距离左(6.17±1.34)mm、右(6.22±1.36)mm;髁管的出现率为65％,2侧均含有双髁管1.67％.舌下神经管内口有骨性突起分隔者8.33％,内口分为双管者18.33％、三管者6.67％、二分管1.67％.以上结果左、右侧差异没有统计学意义.结论:熟悉舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的解剖知识,有助于临床相关疾病的诊断和手术治疗方案的制定.     

骨性颈静脉孔区的显微解剖学研究

目的　研究骨性颈静脉孔区的显微解剖 ,为影像医学和手术入路的选择提供形态学资料。方法　肉眼和手术显微镜 (16倍 )下观测 3 1例 (62侧 )成人头颅干标本的颈静脉孔 (jugularforamen ,JF)及毗邻结构。结果　①JF位于颞、枕骨之间 ,左、右两侧无统计学显著性意义 ;②JF外口与星点、茎突根部的间距分别为 [(5 4 11± 4 4 0 ) (45 2 0～ 65 2 8) ]mm和 [(1 88±1 62 ) (0 0 0～ 7 2 4 ) ]mm ;③髁管出现率为 72 5 8% (45侧 ) ,分别开口于JF(73 3 3 % )、乙状窦 (17 78% )、舌下神经管 (2 2 2 % )及前 3个结构之间 (6 67% )。舌下神经管开口呈双管状 8 0 6% (5侧 )。结论　熟悉JF及其毗邻结构的解剖有利于该区域影像诊断和手术的顺利进行     

内窥镜下经口咽至中下斜坡入路的应用解剖研究

目的研究内窥镜下经口咽入路至中、下斜坡局部解剖学并测量相关解剖数据,为临床手术提供形态学依据。方法交替使用手术显微镜和0°、30°硬质内窥镜研究10例成人尸头,测量与入路相关的60具成人颅骨标本数据。结果斜坡常规开窗20 mm×30 mm,对应脑干侧前方的解剖结构为:口咽→咽后壁软组织→骨性标志(枕骨大孔前缘→下斜坡→咽结节→中斜坡)→硬脑膜→非骨性标志(VI~X II颅神经、椎基底动脉及其分支,以及其之间解剖毗邻关系);切牙孔、前鼻棘、后鼻棘、卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至咽结节及后四项至中线的距离分别为:71.0±4.1、78.3±4.3、33.7±4.3、27.2±2.1、13.2±2.0、25.7±2.3、19.7±1.3、23.3±2.1、10.5±2.0、25.2±3.7、17.2±2.7 mm。结论应用内窥镜经口咽入路可完成中下斜坡脑干腹侧部位病变的手术治疗,以处理椎基底动脉瘤及体积较小且血供一般的病变为佳。     

远外侧经枕髁手术入路防止椎动脉损伤的应用解剖

目的:为远外侧经枕髁入路手术保护椎动提供较详细的解剖资料。方法:应用20具(40侧)成人尸头湿标本进行显微解剖研究。结果:寰椎横突、第2颈神经前支、肩胛提肌、椎动脉周围静脉丛、头外侧直肌为确认第2、3段椎动脉的重要标志。寰、枢椎横突孔间距左侧为(15.3±1.6)mm,右侧(15.8±2.2)mm;枕骨大孔后缘中点距椎动脉入硬脑膜口处左侧(21.6±2.0)mm,右侧(21.5±2.0)mm;椎动脉于寰椎后弓上方向后呈弓形弯曲,其外侧跨度左侧(17.9±3.2)mm,右侧(17.7±3.2)mm;内侧跨度左侧(9.8±2.5)mm,右侧(9.8±2.2)mm;向后距椎板高左侧(7.4±2.3)mm,右侧(6.3±3.3)mm。结论:熟悉椎动脉第2、3、4段的毗邻关系及解剖标志,对保护椎动脉、安全地施行远外侧经枕髁入路手术至关重要。     

颅底外面枕骨基底部及周边骨性结构的测量和临床意义

目的为斜坡区肿瘤手术提供解剖资料。方法20例整颅,10例行水平切面,10例行正中矢状切面。测量切牙孔、前鼻棘、后鼻棘、枕骨大孔前端、枕髁前端、卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至咽结节的距离;测量卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至正中线的距离;测量枕骨基底部颅底外面的长径、枕骨大孔纵径(FML)、枕骨大孔前正中点与枕髁后缘连线垂直距离(AOCP)、枕髁轴径(OCA)、枕髁间距。结果切牙孔后缘、前鼻棘、后鼻棘、枕骨大孔前端、枕髁前端、卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至咽结节的距离分别为(mm):72.12±4.25、77.77±3.89、33.73±2.07、13.14±1.91、15.71±1.74、27.51±2.12、15.98±1.98、25.93±2.23、19.15±1.49。卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至中线的距离分别为:25.55±1.63、11.72±1.70、25.75±1.98、17.41±1.41。枕骨基底部颅底外面长径、FML、AOCP、OCA、枕髁间距分别为(mm):28.80±2.67、35.84±2.59、17.10±1.13、24.55±2.35、21.07±1.92。结论经口咽至斜坡区的手术入路中,开骨窗时安全范围是以咽结节为中心,以15mm为半径做斜坡磨除;也可以做矩形骨窗,即以咽结节为中心开一长(高)25mm×宽20mm的骨窗。     

经口入路至颈静脉孔区的显微外科解剖

目的:为经口入路至颈静脉孔区处理颈静脉孔区病变提供解剖学依据。方法:在显微镜下对经彩色乳胶灌注成人尸头湿标本的颈静脉孔区经口入路进行解剖,观察路径中组织结构的暴露情况和走行关系,定位相关解剖标志,记录测量数据。结果:尸头标本的颈静脉孔区颅外部分均显露良好,可暴露自颈动脉嵴内侧至枕骨髁后外侧缘和中线至茎突根部区域,磨除颈静脉孔前内侧骨质后,可观察到岩下窦、Ⅸ～Ⅺ神经在孔内走行和毗邻关系。测量相关参数,枕髁前缘距舌下神经管外口前缘(12.47±1.49)mm;舌下神经管外口上缘距颈动脉嵴内侧(9.90±1.40)mm等。结论:经口入路可较好的暴露颈静脉孔区前内侧,以枕髁和颈动脉嵴为解剖标志,有助于避免此入路处理颈静脉孔区病变时对重要血管和神经的损伤。     

枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤手术入路的应用解剖

目的:探讨枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤的最佳手术入路及其应用解剖学基础.方法:在5例共10侧正常人尸头标本上模拟枕下外侧经枕髁入路逐层解剖观测毗邻结构,到达枕骨大孔腹外侧区.结果:应用此入路切除部分枕髁可满意暴露枕骨大孔腹外侧区,而对重要的血管神经损伤最小.结论:枕下远外侧入路是枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤的最佳手术入路.     

枕下极外侧手术入路的解剖学研究

目的：为枕下极外侧手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法：10例成人尸体头湿标本按手术入路在手术显微镜下进行解剖和观测。结果：枕下三角是枕下极外侧入路中重要的解剖学标志，在分离移位椎动脉后，切除枕骨髁后部1／3以辨别和暴露舌下神经管，枕骨髁的磨除可显著扩大枕骨大孔前缘的暴露范围，磨除颈静脉结节对扩大斜坡中下部的暴露有重要的作用。椎动脉硬膜内段及其分支与后组脑神经有复杂的毗邻和穿行关系。结论：枕下极外侧入路尽管解剖复杂，但可在不牵拉延髓的基础上充分暴露颈延髓交界部腹侧面和外侧面的区域，达到充分暴露的枕骨髁磨除范围限于其后1／3即可.     

内镜辅助的乙状窦前-迷路后锁孔手术入路的解剖学研究

目的:研究内窥镜辅助下乙状窦前-迷路后锁孔手术入路的相关解剖,为临床应用提供参考。方法:取15具30侧经福尔马林固定成人头颅标本,模拟乙状窦前迷路后手术,内窥镜下观察颅内相关解剖,测量入路相关数据。结果:岩上窦-乙状窦交点至Meckel’s囊、Dorelle’s管、内耳门、舌咽神经、舌下神经、椎动脉的距离分别为(38.41±2.49)mm(31.18～45.14mm),(48.65±2.94)mm(44.78～56.78mm),(27.32±2.55)mm(23.76～33.00mm),(31.16±3.20)mm(22.38～36.90mm),(43.71±2.54)mm(39.64～49.46mm),(48.10±2.90)mm(42.20～54.56mm)。内窥镜经小脑外侧间隙可顺利到达桥小脑角和脑干腹侧前方,清晰显示颅神经及其附近走行的血管。结论:内窥镜在桥小脑角的应用可弥补手术显微镜的不足,对显微外科手术起到重要的辅助作用。     

内镜下经口入路至颈静脉孔区处理沟通型肿瘤的临床应用解剖

目的　研究内镜下经口入路至颈静脉孔区解剖,以期为临床上切除该区域的沟通型肿瘤提供解剖学依据。 方法　在内镜下对15具尸头模拟经口入路,观察颈静脉孔区颅内外的暴露情况,定位解剖标志并记录相关参数。 结果　内镜下经口入路可很好显露颈静脉孔区颅外段,尤其是其前内侧区域,在磨除舌下神经管外口至中线骨质后可获得颅内脑干腹侧中线区域的最佳暴露。枕髁、髁上槽、颈动脉嵴为重要的解剖标志。其中枕髁前缘距舌下神经管外口下缘(14.51±2.30) mm,枕髁前缘距颈动脉嵴(24.11±2.19) mm,枕髁前缘距颈静脉结节上端(21.26±2.26) mm。 结论　该入路有助于处理肿瘤主体偏于颈静脉孔内侧的沟通型肿瘤。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.