成都市儿童青少年富含蛋白质食物摄入与体成分关系

目的探讨成都市儿童青少年富含蛋白质食物摄入与体成分的关系。方法采用整群抽样法选取成都市2029名7~15岁儿童青少年作为研究对象,采用食物频率问卷收集富含蛋白质食物摄入信息,利用现场测量了解体成分状况并计算体成分指标[体脂百分含量(BF%)、脂肪体质指数(FMI)及去脂体质指数(FFMI)],通过秩和检验进行组间比较分析二者关系。结果成都市男生红肉低摄入量组BF%最高(P<0.05);红肉、白肉高摄入量组FFMI最高,蛋类及奶类则为低摄入量组FFMI最高(P<0.05)。女生豆类、水产品、蛋类及奶类均为低摄入量组BF%及FMI最高(P<0.05);FFMI随红肉摄入量升高而增加,蛋类及奶类则为低摄入量组FFMI最高(P<0.05)。结论成都市儿童青少年红肉摄入较多者身体非脂肪组织较多;女孩豆类、水产品、蛋类及奶类摄入较多者身体脂肪组织较少;性别差异有待进一步研究。     

成都市儿童青少年谷、薯类摄入情况与青春期发育关系

目的分析成都市儿童青少年谷、薯类食物摄入情况与青春期发育的关系。方法采用分层整群随机抽样法选取成都市1902名7~18岁儿童青少年作为研究对象,分别采用食物频率调查表和现场观测收集膳食和青春期发育的数据。结果被调查男生发生初遗的平均年龄为12.8岁,女生发生初潮的平均年龄为12.3岁。已发生初遗男生比未发生初遗者谷类的摄入量高(P<0.0001),而已发生初潮女生较未发生初潮者谷类的摄入量低(P<0.01)。男生的谷类摄入量随青春期发育程度升高而逐渐增加(P<0.0001);发育早期组女生谷类的摄入量最高,女生的薯类摄入量随青春期发育程度升高而逐渐降低(P<0.05)。结论成都市儿童青少年谷、薯类食物的摄入可能与青春期发育相关,且存在性别差异。     

成都市儿童青少年青春期发育及相关家庭因素分析

调查成都市7 ~16岁儿童青少年青春期发育现状并分析影响其发育的相关家庭因素,为了解其生长发育长期趋势及影响因素提供科学依据.方法 采用整群抽样法选取成都市1 810名7~ 16岁儿童青少年作为研究对象,采用现场观测和问卷调查的方法收集其青春期发育状况及相关家庭因素信息.结果 成都市男孩睾丸发育启动中位年龄为11.90岁,阴毛发育为12.80岁,初次遗精(以下简称“初遗”)中位年龄为13.00岁;女孩乳房发育启动中位年龄为10.74岁,阴毛发育为11.60岁,初潮中位年龄为12.23岁.相比已初遗组男孩,未初遗组男孩父母亲受教育水平较低,父母亲职业为务农者所占比例较大(x2值分别为16.30,29.65,P值均<0.05);女孩初潮情况与父母亲受教育水平及职业的关系与男孩初遗情况相似(P值均<0.05);相反,乳房发育程度较高的女孩父母亲受教育水平较低,父母亲职业为务农者所占比例较高(x2值分别为31.81,43.02,P值均<0.05).综合青春期不同阶段指标,男女生中均发现,相比未发育组及发育早期组儿童,发育晚期组儿童父母亲受教育水平较低(男孩父母低受教育水平的比例分别为18.58%和24.26%,女孩分别为23.21%和27.05%),父母亲职业为务农者所占比例较大(男孩分别为16.84%和19.78%,女孩分别为23.97%和26.45%)(P值均<0.05).结论 相比我国东、中部城市和欧美国家,成都市儿童青少年睾丸、乳房开始发育较晚,发生初遗初潮较早.影响其青春期发育的主要家庭因素为父母亲的受教育水平及职业.     

成都市儿童青少年饮食行为现状及其与青春期发育的关系

了解成都市7~16岁儿童青少年的饮食行为现状及其与青春期发育的关系,为分析影响儿童青少年青春期发育的膳食行为因素提供初步线索.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样法,抽取成都市1 656名7~16岁儿童青少年为研究对象,分别采用问卷调查和现场观测的方法调查饮食行为和青春期发育状况.结果 已首次遗精(简称首遗)的男生摄入零食和含糖饮料的频率分别为2.70和1.46次/d,高于未首遗男生的2.00和0.87次/d(H值分别为5.58,5.61,P值均<0.01);已月经初潮(简称初潮)的女生摄入油炸食品、零食和含糖饮料的频率分别为1.53,2.89和1.29次/d,高于未初潮女生的1.24,2.44和0.86次/d(H值分别为2.62,3.66,5.77,P值均<0.01).男、女生中,未发育组经常吃早餐的所占比例均高于发育早期组和发育晚期组(x2值分别为7.83,26.66,P值均<0.05);随青春期发育程度的升高,零食和含糖饮料的摄入频率逐渐增高(男生H值分别为43.97,44.27,女生H值分别为29.47,42.90,P值均<0.01).结论 儿童青少年的饮食行为习惯可能与青春期发育相关,但仍需进一步确证.     

成都市儿童青少年总体膳食质量与青春期发育关系

目的分析总体膳食质量与青春期发育的关系。方法采用分层整群抽样法抽取1549名成都市7~15岁儿童青少年作为调查对象,通过食物频率法收集调查对象过去一年各类食物摄入及饮食行为情况,按照儿童青少年膳食指数评分体系评价其总体膳食质量。同时采用现场观测和询问法收集调查对象的青春期发育情况。结果被调查人群男、女生膳食指数的平均得分分别为57.57±11.32分和59.73±11.50分。在男生中,高膳食质量组的初遗和变声的发生率最低;在女生中,高膳食质量组乳房发育处于B1期的人数所占比例最高,初潮发生率最低;发育程度越高,男、女生的膳食指数得分越低。结论儿童青少年的膳食总体质量与青春期发育存在一定程度的负相关,且膳食质量对女孩青春期发育的影响作用可能更大。     

不同城市化水平社区儿童青少年膳食结构变化趋势

目的研究不同城市化水平社区7~17岁儿童青少年膳食结构的变化趋势。方法以"中国健康与营养调查"(CHNS)1991~2011年调查数据为基础,选择有连续3 d 24 h完整膳食数据的7~17岁儿童青少年作为研究对象,描述该儿童青少年人群平均每天各类食物的摄入量及消费率,比较不同城市化水平下食物摄入量与消费率的变化趋势,并与《中国居民膳食指南》食物推荐摄入量进行比较。结果在同一城市化水平社区,1991~2011年20年间,男孩和女孩谷薯类食物与蔬菜类食物摄入量均呈现下降趋势(P0.05),而畜禽肉类及水产品类、蛋类和奶类食物摄入量呈现上升趋势(P0.05);水果、畜禽肉类及水产品类、蛋类和奶类消费率呈上升趋势。在同一调查年间,随着社区城市化水平的提高,男孩和女孩谷薯类食物与蔬菜类食物摄入量呈现下降趋势(P0.05),畜禽肉类及水产品类、蛋类和奶类食物摄入量呈现上升趋势(P0.05);水果、蛋类和奶类消费率呈上升趋势,畜禽肉类及水产品类消费率基本稳定。结论随着城市化水平的提高,儿童青少年膳食结构有了很大改善,水果、蛋类、畜禽肉和水产品类食物和奶类摄入量更接近推荐摄入量,但是蔬菜、水果、禽类及水产品类和奶类摄入量依然偏低,水果、蛋类和奶类消费率偏低,应提高水果、蛋类和奶类消费率,增加蔬菜、水果、禽类及水产品和奶类食物的摄入量,使膳食结构更加合理。     

青少年发育状况及塑料制品使用习惯现状的研究

【目的】 了解初中生体格发育水平、遗精/月经状况及塑料制品使用习惯;探讨体格发育对初中男生初遗/女生初潮年龄的影响;首次尝试了解塑料制品使用习惯对初中男生初遗/女生初潮年龄的影响。 【方法】 以体质指数(体重/身高²)作为评价体格发育的指标;逐一询问男生遗精、女生月经是否已发生,并记录初遗/初潮发生年龄;通过问卷调查了解初中生塑料制品使用习惯并计算得分;分析不同体格发育水平初遗/初潮年龄间的差异;了解塑料制品使用习惯与初遗/初潮年龄的关系。 【结果】 本组调查学生中超重率和肥胖率远超过低体重率,且男生超重与肥胖率高于女生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。调查学生中普遍存在不合理的塑料制品使用习惯。不同体格发育水平男生初遗年龄差异无统计学意义。而不同体格发育水平女生初潮年龄差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。塑料制品使用习惯得分与初遗/初潮年龄相关性无统计学意义。 【结论】 控制体重对青少年青春期发育至关重要;塑料制品使用安全知识应得到普及;应有选择性地开展青春期性教育课程。     

会宁县高一学生膳食营养摄入状况评价

目的了解会宁县高一学生的膳食摄入状况和膳食模式,为进一步改善和提高学生的膳食营养状况提供基础资料。方法采用24h回顾调查法结合称重法、记账法,收集被调查者连续7d的膳食摄入情况;采用膳食频率法结合称重法,收集312名被调查对象连续1年的食物消费资料。结果调查对象膳食结构以谷薯类为主,杂粮摄入量占谷薯类总量的5左右;谷薯类、水果类、豆类、奶类、蛋类食物的日平均摄入量均高于2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查水平;男、女生在精米面、杂粮、谷薯类、肉类摄入量上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。男生铁的摄入量基本满足需求;有80以上的学生锌、钙、维生素A、维生素B2摄入量未达到AI或者RNI。三大产能营养素供能及一日三餐能量分配不合理,膳食蛋白质、钙、铁80以上来源于植物性食物,14左右的脂肪酸来源于多不饱和脂肪酸。结论应增加会宁县高一学生蔬菜水果、动物瘦肉、奶类、豆类等食物的摄入量,提高优质蛋白质、钙、铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B2的摄入量。     

食物及营养素摄入水平与幽门螺旋杆菌感染风险分析

目的探讨各类食物及营养素摄入水平与幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacterpylori,Hp)感染风险的关系,为Hp感染的膳食预防提供理论指导。方法采用1:1匹配病例对照研究的方法,随机选择山东滨州地区某医院Hp感染者441例和正常对照人群441名,利用食物频率表收集其过去6月内的食物摄入种类及平均每次的食物消费水平,并将其折算成21种营养素的日均摄入量。根据肉及水产品类、蔬菜水果类、奶类、蛋类及各类营养素摄入量的不同,采用四分位数法对其进行分组。采用条件Logistic回归法分析各类食物和营养素的摄入水平与Hp感染的关系。结果 Hp感染者肉及水产品类、蛋类、奶类和蔬菜水果类的摄入量均显著低于对照组;经多因素条件logistic回归分析,与最低摄入量组比较,肉及水产品类(≥45.35 g/d)和奶类(≥21.53 g/d)的摄入均与Hp感染呈负相关(均P <0.05),蔬菜水果类的摄入量超过509.45g/d时,与Hp感染呈负相关(OR=0.69,95%CI:0.52-0.93,P=0.015);当蛋类的摄入量控制在50.00~68.98 g/d时,可能为Hp感染的保护因素(OR=0.41,95%CI:0.29-0.57,P<0.001)。膳食营养素中,Hp感染组能量和碳水化合物的摄入量均显著高于对照组,而维生素B1、维生素B2、尼克酸、维生素C、Ca、Mg、K、Mn和Se的平均摄入水平均明显低于对照组的摄入水平;经多因素条件Logistic回归分析,与最低摄入量相比,碳水化合物(≥216.82 g/d)的摄入与Hp感染呈正相关(P<0.05);而中、较高和最高水平的膳食纤维、维生素B1、维生素B2、尼克酸和Ca的摄入可能为Hp感染的保护因素(P均<0.05);当维生素C的摄入量达到74.51mg/d以上或K的摄入量每天超过1676.02 mg时,与Hp感染呈负相关(P=0.039和P<0.001)。结论滨州地区人群肉及水产品类、奶类、蛋类和蔬菜水果类的增加,富含膳食纤维、水溶性维生素、Ca和K等营养素食物摄入的增加,碳水化合物摄入量的减少,可减少该地区Hp感染的发生。[营养学报,2020,42(2):140-148]     

新疆某高校医学生膳食钙摄入状况

了解大学生膳食钙的摄入水平,为合理指导学生膳食营养提供参考.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取新疆某高校医学生530名,通过自行设计的半定量食物频率问卷对研究对象食物摄入量进行调查,并评价钙摄入水平.结果 男生谷薯类、蔬菜、禽畜类、蛋类摄入量高于女生,女生水果类摄入量高于男生,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).学生钙平均摄入量为601 mg/d,占DRIs的75.1%,未达到膳食营养素参考摄入量标准,其中男生为605 mg/d,女生为598 mg/d,差异无统计学意义(t=0.440,P>0.05);学生膳食钙主要来自植物性食物(67.82%),奶及其制品来源的钙占25.61%.结论 学生膳食钙摄入不足,建议增加富含钙的食物摄入量.     

Cardiorespiratory fitness and dietary intake in European adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study

The present study investigated the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and dietary intake in European adolescents. The study comprised 1492 adolescents (770 females) from eight European cities participating in the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. CRF was assessed by the 20 m shuttle run test. Adolescents were grouped into low and high CRF levels according to the FITNESSGRAM Standards. Dietary intake was self-registered by the adolescents using a computer-based tool for 24 h dietary recalls (HELENA-Dietary Assessment Tool) on two non-consecutive days. Weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated. Higher CRF was associated with higher total energy intake in boys (P = 0·003). No association was found between CRF and macronutrient intake (as percentage of energy), yet some positive associations were found with daily intake of bread/cereals in boys and dairy products in both boys and girls (all P < 0·003), regardless of centre, age and BMI. CRF was inversely related to sweetened beverage consumption in girls. These findings were overall consistent when CRF was analysed according to the FITNESSGRAM categories (high/low CRF). A high CRF was not related to compliance with dietary recommendations, except for sweetened beverages in girls (P = 0·002). In conclusion, a high CRF is associated with a higher intake of dairy products and bread/cereals, and a lower consumption of sweetened beverages, regardless of centre, age and BMI. The present findings contribute to the understanding of the relationships between dietary factors and physiological health indicators such as CRF.     

Effects of usual nutrient intake and vitamin D status on markers of bone turnover in Swiss adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of nutrient intake and vitamin D status on markers of type I collagen formation and degradation in adolescent boys and girls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Canton of Vaud, West Switzerland. SUBJECTS: A total of 92 boys and 104 girls, aged 11-16 y. Data were collected on height, weight, pubertal status (self-assessment of Tanner stage), nutrient intake (3-day dietary record) and fasting serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), and markers of collagen formation (P1NP) and degradation (serum C-terminal telopeptides: S-CTX). RESULTS: Tanner stage was a significant determinant of P1NP in boys and girls and S-CTX in girls. Of the nutrients examined, only the ratio of calcium to phosphorus (Ca/P) was positively associated with P1NP in boys, after adjustment for pubertal status. 25OHD decreased significantly at each Tanner stage in boys. Overall, 15% of boys and 17% of girls were identified as being vitamin D insufficient (serum 25OHD <30 nmol/l), with the highest proportion of insufficiency at Tanner stage 4-5 (29%) in boys and at Tanner stage 3 (24%) in girls. A significant association was not found between 25OHD and either bone turnover marker, nor was 25OHD insufficiency associated with higher concentrations of the bone turnover markers. CONCLUSIONS: The marked effects of puberty on bone metabolism may have obscured any possible effects of diet and vitamin D status on markers of bone metabolism. The mechanistic basis for the positive association between dietary Ca/P ratio and P1NP in boys is not clear and may be attributable to a higher Ca intake per se, a critical balance between Ca and P intake or higher dairy product consumption. A higher incidence of vitamin D insufficiency in older adolescents may reflect a more sedentary lifestyle or increased utilisation of 25OHD, and suggests that further research is needed to define their requirements. SPONSORSHIP: Nestec Ltd and The Swiss Foundation for Research in Osteoporosis.     

Risk of persistent cobalamin deficiency in adolescents fed a macrobiotic diet in early life

BACKGROUND: Cobalamin deficiency has been described in children consuming macrobiotic diets. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether moderate consumption of animal products is sufficient for achieving normal cobalamin function in 73 adolescents who had received a macrobiotic diet until 6 y of age and had then switched to a lactovegetarian, lactoovovegetarian, or omnivorous diet (macrobiotic adolescents). DESIGN: Hematologic indexes and serum concentrations of methylmalonic acid (MMA), total homocysteine (tHcy), and folate were measured. Current consumption frequency of animal products and cobalamin intake from dairy products were assessed by questionnaire. Data from 94 age-matched adolescents who received an omnivorous diet from birth were used as a reference. RESULTS: Serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly lower and concentrations of MMA and folate and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were significantly higher in macrobiotic adolescents than in control adolescents: of macrobiotic adolescents, 21% had abnormal MMA concentrations (>0.41 micromol/L), 37% had abnormal cobalamin concentrations (<218 pmol/L), 10% had abnormal tHcy concentrations (> 12.8 micromol/L), and 15% had abnormal MCV (> 89 fL). In macrobiotic adolescents, dairy products (200 g milk or yogurt and 22 g cheese/d) supplied on average 0.95 microg cobalamin/d; additionally, these adolescents consumed fish, meat, or chicken 2-3 times/wk. In girls, meat consumption contributed more to cobalamin status than the consumption of dairy products, whereas in boys these food groups were equally important. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of the formerly strict macrobiotic adolescents still had impaired cobalamin function. Thus, moderate consumption of animal products is not sufficient for restoring normal cobalamin status in subjects with inadequate cobalamin intake during the early years of life.     

成都市儿童青少年静态生活方式现状及其与体质指数和体脂百分比关系

目的了解成都市儿童青少年静态生活方式及体格现状。方法采用整群随机抽样法,抽取成都市2164名7~15岁儿童青少年进行身高、体重等的测量,同时使用自行设计体力活动问卷进行调查,了解儿童青少年的静态生活方式。结果男生看电视、使用电脑及做家庭作业时间均长于女生。分年龄组比较后发现,男生中,13~15岁年龄组看电视、使用电脑及做家庭作业三种静态生活方式的时间均长于10~12岁及7~9岁。女生中表现出相同趋势。体质指数z评分(BMI z-scores)和体脂百分比(BF%)均为女生大于男生。分年龄组比较后,男生BMI z评分表现为随年龄增加而降低,BF%为10~12岁年龄组最高。女生BF%则随年龄的增加而增加(P<0.0001)。将3种静态生活方式分别分组比较后发现,女生10~12岁组看电视和做家庭作业时间越长,其BF%值越高;13~15岁组中则表现为看电视时间越长其BMI z评分值越高(P=0.0459)。男生中不同静态生活方式组其体格情况差异无统计学意义。结论成都儿童青少年看电视、使用电脑及做家庭作业时间随着年龄的增加而增长。女生静态生活方式可能与体质指数和体脂百分比相关。     

Ultrasound bone measurement in children and adolescents. Correlation with nutrition,puberty, anthropometry,and physical activity

Ultrasound bone measurement in healthy Croatian children and adolescents has been evaluated. Relationships between pubertal status, anthropometry, nutrition, and physical activity with ultrasound bone parameter were analyzed. A total number of 501 children and adolescents of both sexes participated in the study. There were 244 prepubertal children (120 boys and 122 girls) and 259 postpubertal adolescents (112 boys and 147 girls). Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, percent of fat tissue, and body mass index. Quantitative ultrasound measurements of the heel (nondominant side) were performed using "Sahara" sonometer and included speed of sound (SOS), broad-band ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and calculated bone stiffness (QUI). Dietary data were assessed using specially designed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire calculations based on the daily intakes of calcium, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Quantitative ultrasound bone measurements (BUA, SOS, and QUI) were similar in prepubertal boys and girls. Adolescent boys had significantly higher BUA (P<.01) than girls. The percentage of children and adolescents who consumed more than 1,000 mg of calcium per day were 54.8% and 48.7%, respectively. Body weight and pubertal status and activity were significantly correlated with bone stiffness but not the calcium intake. In this study, bone stiffness in children and adolescents is determined by pubertal status and body weight, rather than by calcium intake.     

Mediterranean Diet Adherence in a Sample of Italian Adolescents Attending Secondary School—The “#facciamoComunicAzione” Project

Our aim was to assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a group of 726 secondary school students (336 girls, 390 boys) who completed the web-based Medi-Lite questionnaire simultaneously, during school hours, at the “Istituto Professionale per l’Enogastronomia e l’Ospitalità Alberghiera Marco Polo” in Genoa, Italy. The mean adherence score was 9.28 ± 2.29, with significantly (p = 0.017) higher values in girls (9.5 ± 2.2) than boys (9.1 ± 2.4). As to the individual food components of the Medi-Lite score, 84% of students reported non-optimal consumption (i.e., the choice that yielded ≤ 1 point) of meat and meat products, and over 50% reported non-optimal consumption of vegetables, legumes, dairy products, and fish. Significant differences between girls and boys were observed for fruit (p = 0.003), cereals (p < 0.001), meat and meat products (p < 0.001), and dairy products (p = 0.003). By conducting a principal component analysis, we observed that Medi-Lite items on the consumption of some animal products (meat and meat products and dairy products) and some plant products (fruit, vegetables, and legumes) generated contrasting patterns of responses, denoting excessive consumption in the first case and underconsumption in the second. This result suggests the need for effective actions to promote healthy eating habits in young people.     

Associations between microalbuminuria and animal foods, plant foods, and dietary patterns in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND: The balance between the intake of animal and the intake of plant foods may influence renal vascular integrity as reflected by urinary albumin excretion. OBJECTIVE: We assessed cross-sectional associations between urinary albumin excretion and dietary patterns and intake of plant and animal foods. DESIGN: At baseline, diet (food-frequency questionnaire) and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR; spot urine collection) were measured in 5042 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who were aged 45-84 y and were without clinical cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or macroalbuminuria (sex-adjusted ACR >or= 250). We derived dietary patterns by principal components analysis. We also summed food groups to characterize plant food intake (fruit, fruit juice, vegetables, nuts, legumes, whole grains, and refined grains), animal food intake (red meat, processed meat, poultry, fish, high-fat dairy, and low-fat dairy), and nondairy animal food intake. RESULTS: After adjustment for multiple demographic and lifestyle confounders, a dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of whole grains, fruit, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods was associated with 20% lower ACR across quintiles (P for trend = 0.004). Neither total animal nor total plant food intake was associated with ACR. However, greater low-fat dairy consumption was associated with 13% lower ACR across quartiles (P for trend = 0.03). Total nondairy animal food consumption was associated with 11% higher ACR across quintiles (P for trend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: A high intake of low-fat dairy foods and a dietary pattern rich in whole grains, fruit, and low-fat dairy foods were both associated with lower ACR. In contrast, collectively, nondairy animal food intake was positively associated with ACR.     

The relationship of weight-related perceptions, goals, and behaviors with fruit and vegetable consumption in young adolescents

BACKGROUND: The effect of dieting and weight-control perceptions, goals, and behaviors on food intake, including fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption, is not completely understood. We examined these associations in 1,755 young adolescents. METHODS: Data from the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School (TEENS) study were analyzed separately by gender using mixed linear modeling. Surveys completed at the beginning and end of 7th grade asked students to self-report fruit and vegetable consumption, weight-related perceptions, goals, and behaviors, and demographic variables. RESULTS: Underweight boys reported 0.8 fewer F&V servings per day than boys who reported their weight to be 'about right' (P = 0.002), while overweight girls reported 0.7 fewer F&V than girls who reported their weight to be 'about right' (P = 0.005). Boys with weight-related goals consumed significantly more F&V than did boys not wanting to do anything about their weight (P < 0.05). Girls engaging in weight-related behaviors reported 0.7 more F&V than girls who did not engage in weight-related behaviors (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Because F&V intake is low among all adolescents, population interventions should take place to increase F&V intake. These data support the inclusion of gender-specific intervention components related to weight-related perceptions, goals, and behaviors.     

Contents of calcium and phosphorus in the diet of youth from Warsaw elementary schools

The purpose of this study was an assessment average daily intake of calcium and phosphorus by prepubertal adolescents (aged 11 and 12) during monitoring their diets in last 10 years. In 1989-1999 years, it was investigated 767 randomly selected girls and 817 boys, aged 11 and 12 in Warsaw. Information on dietary intake was obtained by 24-hour recall method, always spring, having representation of weekdays and weekends. Among environmental factors, nutrition, and particularly calcium intake is assumed to influence whether the genetically determined maximal peak bone mass is reached. However, near half of examined prepubertal adolescents have intake less than 600 mg calcium per day. It was also observed low calcium to phosphorus ratio in diets and stated Ca:P < 0.25 among 10% diet in different groups of girls and boys. Consequently, due to consider the activity educational efforts directed to prepubertal adolescent with reference to means realization of calcium RDA in daily diet through increase milk and dairy products consumption.