淋巴瘤相关血栓的临床分析

  目的  本研究主要分析和总结淋巴瘤（Malignant lymphoma, ML）患者发生静脉血栓栓塞（venous thrombolism, VTE）的临床特点, 为预防和治疗ML相关VTE提供有效依据。  方法  回顾性分析天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院2000年1月至2009年12月收治的经病理证实的4 256例ML患者的临床资料, 病理诊断依据WHO的造血与淋巴组织肿瘤分类标准（第4版）。  结果  ML相关VTE的发病率为7.1%, NHL患者并发VTE的发病率为5.7%, HL患者并发VTE的发病率为1.3%;16.4%的患者在治疗前形成血栓, 75.8%的患者血栓发生在化疗的前3个周期。上肢和颈部静脉血栓事件共146次（48.4%）, 下肢静脉血栓事件共89次（29.5%）。  结论  ML相关VTE的发病率较高, 上肢和颈部静脉血栓发生率较下肢更常见, 在化疗的前3个周期中血栓的发生率最高。      

100例消化道恶性肿瘤患者血液流变学指标分析

比较100例消化道恶性肿瘤患者及100例非恶性肿瘤消化内科疾病患者（对照组）全血黏度、血浆黏度、血细胞比容、血沉、红细胞聚集指数、血小板计数、血小板聚集率。消化道恶性肿瘤患者全血黏度、血浆黏度、血沉、血小板计数、血小板聚集率等均显著高于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;红细胞聚集指数以非恶性肿瘤患者高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）：提示消化道恶性肿瘤患者血液流变学指标存在明显异常,具有血液高黏、高凝、高聚状态,通过血液流变学各指标的动态观察．对消化道恶性肿瘤患者诊断、治疗及预后判断有一定的临床价值．     

宫颈癌合并深静脉血栓30例临床分析

目的：静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）是恶性肿瘤患者常见并发症。本文结合文献分析我院住院病人宫颈癌患者静脉血栓的临床特征,分析VTE形成机制及诱发因素,探索最佳治疗方法。方法：对近5年我科收治的宫颈癌合并深静脉血栓30例患者的临床资料进行分析。结果：30例患者中17例VTE的发生和介入手术化疗有关。2例（6.7%）血栓栓塞发生在宫颈癌确诊之前,28例（93.3%）发生在宫颈癌确诊之后,单纯并发下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）27例,合并肺栓塞（PTE）2例,DVT合并PTE 1例。22例在栓塞前有化疗史。结论：血栓可能为肿瘤病人的首发表现,病人出现不能解释的血栓栓塞性疾病应考虑有肿瘤的可能。抗凝治疗对于血栓栓塞症疗效确切。及时诊断和治疗可以延长患者的生存期,降低患者的死亡率。口服避孕药、口服甲地孕酮、介入手术与VTE的发生几率可能有关。分期晚,远地转移的肿瘤患者易出现血栓栓塞。     

骨肉瘤继发静脉血栓栓塞的相关危险因素及药物治疗进展

骨肉瘤是最常见的骨原发恶性肿瘤之一,好发于青少年及60岁以上老年人,尽管近年来骨肉瘤的综合治疗已有了长足进步,但晚期患者的5年生存率仍较低。静脉血栓栓塞（VTE）包括深静脉血栓形成（DVT）和肺栓塞（PE）,是一种十分普遍和隐匿的致命性疾病。目前VTE已成为恶性肿瘤患者的第二大死亡原因,仅次于肿瘤本身,VTE可发生于各个年龄段的骨肉瘤患者,且以上肢DVT为主要发病类型。本文总结近年来国内外针对骨肉瘤继发VTE的各项研究,对骨肉瘤患者继发VTE的相关危险因素及其预防、治疗的研究进展进行综述,旨在为进一步的研究及临床诊治提供有力证据。     

胃癌化疗前后血液流变学变化及意义

目的 探讨胃癌患者血液流变学情况与临床分期的关系及其对化疗的影响。方法 检测31例健康志愿者和46例胃癌患者化疗前后的血液流变学有关指标。结果 胃癌患者血液流变学全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞压积、血沉、血沉方程K值、红细胞聚集指数等有关八项指标均高于对照组（P＜0．05、P＜0．01）;不同期别患者之间比例Ⅲ期患者全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数等指标高于Ⅱ,Ⅳ期患者（P＜0．05）;化疗后观察组上述指标除全血低切黏度、红细胞压积外均有明显降低,与化疗前比较统计学差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论 胃癌患者血液处于高凝状态;不同临床分期的患者血液流变学指标存在差异（P＜0．05）;化疗可能有改善肿瘤患者血液流变学指标,并可改善血液的高凝状态。     

Caprini和Rogers血栓风险评估模型在胸外科肺癌患者围手术期应用的验证研究

目的：对Caprini和Rogers血栓风险评估模型在胸外科肺癌患者围术期筛查静脉血栓栓塞症（Venous Thromboembolism, VTE）高风险的适用性进行分析,以验证其有效性。方法：根据入排标准纳入2015年3月至2017年3月在四川省肿瘤医院胸外科接受手术治疗的肺癌患者,术后未预防性抗凝处理。所有患者围术期行双下肢血管彩超检查,怀疑肺血管栓塞者行胸CT检查,前瞻性收集临床和实验室相关指标。以Caprini和Rogers血栓风险评估量表对所有患者进行血栓风险评分。分别分析Caprini和Rogers评分不同层级组之间术后VTE发生率、危险因素、实验室指标的差异。结果：152例肺癌患者入选本研究,术后深静脉血栓（Deep Vein Thrombosis, DVT）发生率25%（38/152）,无肺栓塞发生。全组患者Caprini评分为8～15分,均至少为VTE高风险层级,其中高危组（5-8分）66例,极高危组（＞9分）86例;两组DVT发生率为26.6% vs.21.3%（P=0.46）,差异无统计学意义。全组Rogers评分9-18分,其中低危组（7-10分）67例,中高危组（＞10分）85例;低危组与中高危组DVT发生率为25.4% vs.22.1%（p=0.64）,差异无统计学意义。Caprini评分高危组与极高危组之间和Rogers评分低危组与中高危组之间在DVT危险因素吸烟指数、血型构成、合并COPD病史、组织学类型、VATS、手术时间、术后卧床时间、病理学分期的差异均无统计学意义（p＞0.05）;在围术期各时点的凝血指标及NLR（中性-淋巴细胞比值）的差异亦无统计学意义。结论：Caprini血栓风险评估模型评价胸外科肺癌手术患者易评为VTE高风险人群,对预防VTE具有积极的指导意义,但Caprini和Rogers血栓风险评估模型对胸外科肺癌患者围术期VTE风险层级评估的有效性尚不确切,应探索建立符合我国肺癌人群特质的胸外科血栓风险评估量表体系。     

肿瘤并发静脉血栓形成196例临床分析

背景与目的：静脉血栓形成(venous thromboembolism,VTE)是恶性肿瘤患者的第二常见死亡原因。通过了解复旦大学附属肿瘤医院5年间收治的患者VTE的发病情况,分析VTE的相关特点,以提高肿瘤合并VTE的诊断和防治意识,改善患者预后。方法：对复旦大学附属肿瘤医院2009年7月-2014年6月收治的196例肿瘤并发VTE的患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。分析肿瘤并发VTE的临床特点及发病情况,了解相关因素对VTE发病的影响,了解VTE首发情况。结果：复旦大学附属肿瘤医院5年间共收治肿瘤患者207 514例,其中VTE患者196例,肿瘤并发VTE发生率为0.94‰。腺癌在妇科肿瘤(56.5%)、胃肠道肿瘤(91.7%)、肺癌(71.4%)和胰腺癌(80%)中所占比例较高。单变量Logistic回归分析显示,腺癌为肿瘤患者并发肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)的高危险因素(OR=0.36,95%CI：0.146~0.885,P=0.026)。化疗大于2次者明显比化疗小于等于2次者VTE的发生率更高(χ²=10.976,P=0.001)。手术组VTE发生率高于非手术组。妇科肿瘤中有大量腹水者的非手术患者并发VTE者(>2 000 mL)更多(34.1% vs 10.7%,P=0.015)。术后和放化疗期间78%~88%的患者因出现深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)症状发现VTE,而术前检查期间主要是在下肢静脉加压超声(compression venous ultrasonography,CUS)检查发现(59.1%)。复旦大学附属肿瘤医院术后进行物理性预防血栓措施者为15例(13.9%)。结论：复旦大学附属肿瘤医院的肿瘤相关性VTE发生率较其他流行病学调查发生率低。肿瘤患者术后并发VTE的风险明显高于非手术者。腺癌更易并发PE。对于临床无VTE症状的肿瘤患者和大量腹水的妇科肿瘤患者应积极进行VTE的相关检查,术后应更积极采取物理抗栓措施。     

宫颈癌合并深静脉血栓30例临床分析

目的:静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)是恶性肿瘤患者常见并发症。本文结合文献分析我院住院病人宫颈癌患者静脉血栓的临床特征,分析VTE形成机制及诱发因素,探索最佳治疗方法。方法:对近5年我科收治的宫颈癌合并深静脉血栓30例患者的临床资料进行分析。结果:30例患者中17例VTE的发生和介入手术化疗有关。2例(6.7%)血栓栓塞发生在宫颈癌确诊之前,28例(93.3%)发生在宫颈癌确诊之后,单纯并发下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)27例,合并肺栓塞(PTE)2例,DVT合并PTE 1例。22例在栓塞前有化疗史。结论:血栓可能为肿瘤病人的首发表现,病人出现不能解释的血栓栓塞性疾病应考虑有肿瘤的可能。抗凝治疗对于血栓栓塞症疗效确切。及时诊断和治疗可以延长患者的生存期,降低患者的死亡率。口服避孕药、口服甲地孕酮、介入手术与VTE的发生几率可能有关。分期晚,远地转移的肿瘤患者易出现血栓栓塞。     

中国普通外科围手术期血栓预防与管理指南

随着人口老龄化不断进展和心血管疾病发病率上升，血栓栓塞性疾病的防治和处理逐渐受到各学科关注和重视。静脉血栓栓塞症（venous thromboembolism，VTE）包括肺血栓栓塞症（pulmonary embolism，PE）和深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis，DVT），PE和DVT是同一疾病不同阶段和不同部位的两种临床表现，二者统称为VTE。     

低位直肠癌前切除术后深静脉血栓形成的预防和护理

直肠癌根治术后，约15％-20％的患者发生下肢深静脉血栓（DVT），5％-2％发生致命性肺栓塞（PE），因此选择有效的方法预防术后DVT的形成十分重要。本科2000年至2006年共行低位直肠癌前切除术406例，术后发生DVT24例，其中血栓脱落并发肺栓塞（PE）死亡1例，经确诊后积极治疗，于1周后症状消失22例，并发DVT后综合征1例。     

Optimal strategy of gamma knife radiosurgery for craniopharyngiomas

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), frequently complicates the postoperative course of primary malignant brain tumor patients. Thromboprophylactic anticoagulation is commonly used to prevent VTE at the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). We extracted all patients who underwent craniotomy for a primary malignant brain tumor from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) registry (2005–2015) to perform a time-to-event analysis and identify relevant predictors of DVT, PE, and ICH within 30 days after surgery. Among the 7376 identified patients, the complication rates were 2.6, 1.5, and 1.3% for DVT, PE, and ICH, respectively. VTE was the second-most common major complication and third-most common reason for readmission. ICH was the most common reason for reoperation. The increased risk of VTE extends beyond the period of hospitalization, especially for PE, whereas ICH occurred predominantly within the first days after surgery. Older age and higher BMI were overall predictors of VTE. Dependent functional status and longer operative times were predictive for VTE during hospitalization, but not for post-discharge events. Admission two or more days before surgery was predictive for DVT, but not for PE. Preoperative steroid usage and male gender were predictive for post-discharge DVT and PE, respectively. ICH was associated with various comorbidities and longer operative times. This multicenter study demonstrates distinct critical time periods for the development of thrombotic and hemorrhagic events after craniotomy. Furthermore, the VTE risk profile depends on the type of VTE (DVT vs. PE) and clinical setting (hospitalized vs. post-discharge patients).     

Low venous thromboembolic risk with bortezomib in multiple myeloma and potential protective effect with thalidomide/lenalidomide-based therapy: review of data from phase 3 trials and studies of novel combination regimens

Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) are at elevated risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), specifically deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). VTE risk in MM is increased by various patient- and disease-related factors. The type of anti-MM therapy represents a key factor, with a substantially elevated VTE risk in patients treated with the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide or lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone and/or chemotherapy; VTE risk with lenalidomide-dexamethasone is further increased with concomitant erythropoietin. By contrast, treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, alone or in combination, does not increase VTE risk; rates of DVT/PE do not appear affected by the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Bortezomib has shown antihemostatic effects in patients with relapsed or refractory MM, which supports that it exerts antithrombotic actions and thus potentially provides a protective effect in combination with regimens with an elevated VTE risk. Herein, we review data from phase 3 trials of bortezomib- and/or IMiD-based therapy in frontline MM, together with other studies of novel combination regimens. Despite the confounding effect of variable VTE prophylaxis, bortezomib-based regimens were typically associated with DVT/PE rates of ≤5%, similar to those seen with melphalan-prednisone and dexamethasone, whereas IMiD-based bortezomib-free regimens were generally associated with higher rates. Direct comparisons of regimens of thrombogenic potential with or without bortezomib demonstrated lower VTE risk with bortezomib. Between-study comparisons of VTE risk support these findings. Taken together, these data confirm the low VTE risk associated with bortezomib and support a potential protective effect of bortezomib in combination with IMiD-based regimens associated with elevated VTE risk.     

The Prevalence and Associated Variables of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Patients with Advanced Cancer

The prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients has been estimated as up to 15% antemortem, and higher (over 50% in pancreatic tumours) postmortem owing to the asymptomatic nature of many episodes of VTE. We investigated the prevalence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in a population of 298 hospice inpatients with advanced cancer. They were screened for the presence of DVT using light reflection rheography; 258 (86.6%) patients were evaluable for DVT, which was found in 135 (52%; 95% confidence interval 46–58). Factors associated (multivariate analysis) with the presence of DVT were: poor mobility, reduced serum albumin level and higher serum urea. A DVT risk assessment index was calculated using these variables. The three highest categories all had significant rates of DVT and, although the lowest category had a low rate of DVT, it accounted for less than 10% of all patients tested.DVT is common in patients with advanced cancer. It was found to be significantly associated with the above variables, but a combined index was of limited clinical application. In view of the number of patients identified with DVT, repeated small pulmonary emboli may be responsible for more symptoms than previously recognized in cancer patients.     

Frequency, clinical pattern and outcome of thrombosis in cancer patients in Saudi Arabia

Objectives: Thrombotic risk is increased in patients with cancer and there are important implications forthose who suffer a venous thromboembolism (VTE). We undertook this study to determine the frequency, clinicalpatterns, and outcome of VTE in Saudi patients with cancer. Methods: Cancer (solid tumors and lymphoma)patients who developed VTE from January 2004 to January 2009 were studied retrospectively. Demographicsand clinical characteristics related to thrombosis and cancer were evaluated. Results: A total of 701 patientswith cancer were seen during the study period. VTE was diagnosed in 47 (6.7%) patients (median age 52, range18-80 years). Lower limb DVT was the most common type, seen in 47% patients, followed by PE in 19%, and19% patients had both DVT & PE. Thrombosis was symptomatic in 72% patients while it was an incidentalfinding on routine workup in 28% . Cancer and VTE were diagnosed at the same time in 38% of patients, and47% patients developed VTE during the course of disease after the cancer diagnosis. The majority of VTE postcancer diagnoses occurred during the first year (median 4 months, range 1-14). Additional risk factors for VTEwere present in 22 (47%) patients and 14 (30%) of these patients were receiving chemotherapy at the time ofthrombosis. Only 5 (10.6%) patients were receiving thrombo-prophylaxis at the time of VTE diagnosis. Mostcommon types of tumors associated with thrombosis were breast cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and lungcancer. The majority of the affected patients (79%) had advanced stage of cancer. After a median follow-up of13 (range 0.5-60) months, 38 (81%) patients had died. There was no difference in the mortality of patients withsymptomatic or asymptomatic thrombosis (82% vs 78.6%). Conclusions: Thrombotic complications can developin a significant number of patients with cancer, and almost half of the patients have additional risk factors forVTE. Thrombosis is usually associated with advanced disease and can be asymptomatic in more than a quarterof cases. Thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients is under-utilized. Community based studies are needed toaccurately define the extent of this problem and to develop effective prophylactic strategies.     

Association between Level of Tumor Markers and Development of VTE in Patients with Pancreatic,Colorectal and Ovarian Ca: Retrospective Case- Control Study in Two Community Hospitals

The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increased in patients with cancer. However, the role of tumor markers as potential indicators of increased risk of VTE is still undetermined. In this retrospective observational case control study, levels of the tumor markers CEA, CA 19–9 and CA 125 in patients with colorectal, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer respectively, who were admitted to two community hospitals between January 2001 and December 2011, were compared between patients who were VTE positive and those who were VTE negative. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether VTE positive cancer patients had higher tumor marker levels compared to VTE negative cancer patients. In our study, 66.7% (48/72) of patients who were positive for VTE had elevated tumor markers while 65.3% (66/101) of patients who were negative for VTE had low (normal) tumor markers, indicating an association of high tumor marker levels with the diagnosis of VTE. This was statistically significant with an odds ratio of 3.77 and p-value of <0.0001 (95% CI of 1.99–7.14). When the VTE group was further divided into DVT and PE groups, 70.2% (40/57) of patients in the DVT positive group had high tumor markers with a p value of <0.0001 and an odds ratio of 3.99 (95% CI of 2.02 to 7.89) while 57.9% (11/19) of patients in pulmonary embolism positive group had high tumor markers; this was, however, not statistically significant (p-value of 0.35 and a CI of 0.59 to 4.10). In this retrospective study of 173 individuals with a diagnosis of either colorectal, pancreatic, or ovarian Cancer, higher tumor marker levels (CEA, CA 19–9, and CA 125 respectively) were associated with an increased risk of VTE, either DVT or PE. However, when further divided into either DVT or PE groups, the association remained statistically significant only for DVT but not for PE.     

Prophylaxie primaire de la maladie thromboembolique veineuse chez les patients cancéreux ambulatoires traités par les antinéoplasiques

Patients treated with chemotherapy are at a high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolisms (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The evaluation of the risk of VTE is based on the Khorana risk score or the existence of a thrombogenic neoplasia or treatment. Clinical studies based on this prognostic score are expected. Clinical trials show a benefit of primary prophylaxy of venous thromboembolism with low-molecularweight heparins (LMWHs) for myeloma and advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancers, and it is therefore possible to offer it to patient with a low haemorrhagic risk. The place of primary prevention of VTE in patients with locaaly advanced or metastatic pulmonary cancer is still under debate. In other cases systematic primary prophylaxis is not recommended.     

Enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism associated with central vein catheter: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study in cancer patients.

PURPOSE: The extent of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with central vein catheters (CVC) in cancer patients remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin, in the prevention of VTE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a multicenter, double-blind study, consecutive cancer patients scheduled for CVC insertion were randomly assigned to receive either subcutaneous enoxaparin 40 mg once a day or placebo. Treatment was started 2 hours before CVC insertion and continued for 6 weeks. The primary end points of the study were deep vein thrombosis (DVT), confirmed by venography of the CVC limb performed 6 weeks after randomization, or clinically overt pulmonary embolism, confirmed by objective testing during the study drug administration. Patients were assessed for bleeding complications. RESULTS: Three hundred eighty-five patients were randomized, of which 321 (83.4%) underwent venography. A venography was adequate for adjudication in 155 patients in each treatment group. A DVT was observed in 22 patients (14.1%) treated with enoxaparin and in 28 patients (18.0%) treated with placebo, corresponding to a relative risk of 0.78 (95% CI, 0.47 to 1.31). No major bleeding occurred. Five patients (2.6%) in the enoxaparin group and two patients (1.0%) in the placebo group died during the treatment period. CONCLUSION: In this study, no difference in the rate of CVC-related VTE was detected between patients receiving enoxaparin and patients receiving placebo. The dose of enoxaparin used in this study proved to be safe. Clinical trials evaluating higher enoxaparin doses could optimize the efficacy of this agent for this indication.     

Risk factors for venous thromboembolic events in cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients of the Department of Internal Medicine (Cancer Research) of the Essen University Medical School (Tumor Clinics), Germany, were examined and questioned with the aim of identifying those who run a high risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 2002 and April 2003, cancer therapy and DVT risk factors of 507 cancer patients (53% males, 47% females, mean age 56+/-12 years) were documented. During a mean follow-up of 8+/-5 months, 60 patients (12%) suffered from new venous thromboembolic events (VTE): 28 at the lower limb, 25 at the upper limb and 13 pulmonary embolisms. RESULTS: The following factors were considered as predictive for an increased VTE risk: inpatient treatment (P<0.0001), prior DVT in medical history (P=0.0275), DVT in family (P=0.0598), chemotherapy (P=0.0080), fever (P=0.0093) and CRP (P<0.001). After combining factors in one variable (number of factors) the predicted VTE risk increased with the number of factors in both outpatients (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.18-2.88, P=0.0071) and inpatients (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.63-3.36, P相似文献   

Silent venous thromboembolism before treatment in endometrial cancer and the risk factors

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) often occurs after surgery and can even occur before surgery in patients with gynaecological malignancies. We investigated the incidence of VTE before treatment of endometrial cancer and associated risk factors. Plasma D-dimer (DD) levels before initial treatment were examined in 171 consecutive patients with endometrial cancer. Venous ultrasound imaging (VUI) of the lower extremities was performed in patients with DD >or=1.5 microg ml(-1), as the negative predictive value of DD for VTE is extremely high. For patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary scintigraphy was performed to ascertain the presence of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Risk factors for VTE were analysed using univariate and multivariate analyses for 171 patients. Of these, 37 patients (21.6%) showed DD >or=1.5 microg ml(-1), 17 (9.9%) displayed DVT by VUI and 8 (4.7%) showed PTE on pulmonary scintigraphy. All patients with VTE were asymptomatic. Univariate analysis for various risk factors revealed older age, non-endometrioid histology and several variables of advanced disease as significantly associated with VTE before treatment. Obesity, smoking and diabetes mellitus were not risk factors. Multivariate analysis confirmed extrauterine spread and non-endometrioid histology as independently and significantly associated with risk of VTE. These data suggest that silent or subclinical VTE occurs before treatment in at least around 10% of patients with endometrial cancer. Risk factors for VTE before treatment might not be identical to those after starting treatment.