HEMA-胶原抗菌药物缓释膜促SD大鼠烧伤创面愈合的实验研究

观察甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)-胶原抗菌药物缓释膜对烧伤创面的促愈合作用。制备包裹有磺胺嘧啶银(SD-Ag)的HEMA-胶原抗菌药物缓释膜，观察测定其对SD大鼠深11度烧伤模型的作用。结果表明，实验组大鼠不同时间点的创面愈合率均高于对照组(P＜0．05)，愈合时间明显缩短(P＜0．05)。组织学观察表明实验组愈合创面上皮化程度好于对照组。HEMA-胶原抗菌药物缓释膜可有效地促进大鼠深Ⅱ度烧伤创面愈合，具有应用前景。     

光交联壳聚糖水凝胶膜治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤创面的临床研究

目的观察光交联壳聚糖水凝胶膜治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤创面的疗效。方法选择深Ⅱ度烧伤患者30例,取约10cm×10cm大小创面为治疗组用药创面,常规清创后创面用光交联壳聚糖水凝胶膜外敷;选择治疗组同侧或对侧相应部位、相等深度约10cm×10cm大小创面为对照组用药创面,常规清创后创面用磺胺嘧啶银冷霜外敷。分别观察患者用药后第1、3、5、7、14、21天6个时相点疼痛感、创周反应及创面愈合情况,评价两种治疗方法的疗效。结果与对照组比较,治疗组用药后患者疼痛症状明显降低,创面分泌物减少,创周红肿反应降轻,创面愈合率明显提高(P值均0.05)。结论光交联壳聚糖水凝胶膜对深Ⅱ度烧伤创面愈合具有促进作用,较传统磺胺嘧啶银冷霜外敷治疗更有效,为一种调控深度烧伤创面愈合的高效生物修复材料。     

整合素连接激酶(ILK)通过调控自噬影响深度烧伤创面愈合北大核心CSCD

目的:探讨整合素连接激酶(ILK)在大鼠深度烧伤创面的表达变化及其对创面愈合的影响和机制。方法:10只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组和实验组,每组5只,实验组大鼠建立背部皮肤深Ⅱ度烧伤模型,正常组大鼠不做任何处理,免疫组化染色和Western blot检测烧伤创面ILK表达;另取45只大鼠建立背部皮肤深Ⅱ度烧伤模型后随机分为对照组、阴性对照组和ILK组,每组15只,阴性对照组和ILK组大鼠创面分别注射pEGFP-C1慢病毒和pEGFP-C1-ILK慢病毒,对照组注射等量生理盐水;于1 d、7 d、10 d、14 d、21 d观察创面愈合情况,10 d时取创面组织,ELISA测定创面组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10表达;21 d时取创面组织,HE染色观察创面组织形态变化,免疫组化染色检测创面组织自噬标志蛋白轻链蛋白3(LC3)表达,Western blot检测自噬相关蛋白表达。结果:烧伤大鼠创面组织ILK表达较正常大鼠皮肤组织显著升高(P<0.05);ILK组大鼠创面愈合率在第7、14、21天时均显著高于对照组和阴性对照组(P<0.05);与对照组和阴性对照组比较,ILK组大鼠创面组织病变坏死程度明显降低,炎症细胞浸润减少,TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6含量均显著降低(P<0.05),IL-10含量显著升高(P<0.05),LC3阳性表达平均光密度值显著降低(P<0.05),LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ显著降低(P<0.05),Beclin-1蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.05),p62蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.05)。结论:ILK在深度烧伤大鼠创面组织表达增加,过表达ILK可减轻创面炎症反应,抑制自噬,促进烧伤创面愈合。     

马桑提取物促进大鼠烧伤创面愈合的作用和机制

 目的：探讨马桑提取物(CSME)对大鼠烧伤创面愈合的影响及机制。方法：随机将40只SD雄性大鼠分成生理盐水（NS）组、白凡士林（WPJ）组、磺胺嘧啶银（SSD）组和CSME组,每组10只。将大鼠麻醉后,制备背部深Ⅱ度皮肤烧伤创面。而后分别用NS敷料、WPJ敷料、SSD敷料和CSME敷料覆盖治疗21 d。在第1 d、3 d、7 d、14 d和21 d,观察动物的临床症状和创面状况（上皮化速率、结痂及被毛等）后,分别取出创面组织,用于组织学观察,检测丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,检测表皮生长因子（EGF）和碱性成纤维细胞因子（bFGF）蛋白水平及胶原mRNA表达。结果：CSME组新生上皮生长高度活跃,有大量新生被毛生长,创面上皮化速率明显高于其它各组 (P<0.05)。SSD组创面中央新生被毛稀疏而细小,而CSME组创面中央被毛密集,大部分被毛接近正常。CSME组镜下可见全部被多层上皮细胞覆盖,新生胶原纤维充分分化,排列整齐,组织结构明朗,皮脂腺和毛囊增生极其活跃等,显著优于其它各组。本研究显示,烧伤后从第1 d到21 d,CSME组早期EGF和bFGF水平显著高于其它各组,后期迅速下降,低于其它组（P<0.05或P<0.01）。SSD组Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达的比值显著高于其它各组和正常组织,CSME治疗组显著低于其它各组和正常组织(P<0. 05)。结论：本研究表明,CSME可诱导烧伤创面无瘢痕愈合。CSME的这种作用与其早期增强EGF和bFGF蛋白水平,后期抑制两者的水平有关,也可能与其抑制烧伤创面Ⅰ型胶原而增强Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达密切相关。     

特异性整合素连接激酶抑制剂QLT0267对大鼠烧伤创面愈合影响的初步研究

目的 观察局部注射特异性整合素连接激酶（ILK）抑制剂QLT0267对SD大鼠深Ⅱ度烧伤创面愈合影响,初步探讨ILK在创面愈合过程中的作用及机制.方法 选取45只雄性SD大鼠,采用恒温恒压烫伤仪在其背部皮肤制备深Ⅱ度烧伤创面,并随机分成实验组、对照组及二甲基亚砜（DMSO）组,每组15只.实验组创面每天注射浓度100 μM QLT0267液100 μL;对照组创面每天注射0.9％氯化钠溶液100 μL;DMSO组创面每天注射0.3％ DMSO液100 μL.测量各组大鼠创面愈合时间和愈合率;伤后14 d取材,各组随机选择5只大鼠,用SP法检测ILK、AKT、PAKT、α-SMA在创面组织中的表达,Western Blot检测各组ILK、AKT、PAKT蛋白含量;用Masson改良法检测创面胶原.结果 实验组大鼠创面平均愈合时间为（21.1±0.6）d,比对照组（17.1±0.6）d和DMSO组（17.7 ±0.6）d长;实验组创面愈合率也低于对照组和DMSO组,比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.Western Blot检测结果显示：各组ILK、AKT蛋白表达差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,实验组PAKT蛋白显著低于对照组和DMSO组.SP法结果各组ILK、AKT表达差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,实验组ILK活性被抑制,PAKT（0.406±0.008）表达较对照组（0.901 ±0.013）、DMSO组（0.966±0.011）降低,比较差异有统计学意义（F=11.27,P=0.04）;实验组α-SMA表达（0.201±0.003）较对照组（0.339 ±0.006）、DMSO组（0.351 ±0.005）也降低,比较差异有统计学意义（F=52.86,P=0.001）;实验组细胞外基质胶原排列较对照组、DMSO组明显稀疏、紊乱.结论 ILK活性被抑制时延迟大鼠皮肤创面愈合.ILK特异性抑制剂QLT0267通过抑制ILK活性PAKT合成减少,可能影响其下游信号的传导,导致肌成纤维细胞生成减少、胶原合成减少,影响创面愈合.     

重组人促红细胞生成素对大鼠皮肤深Ⅱ°烫伤创面愈合的影响

目的研究重组人促红细胞生成素(rHuEPO)对大鼠皮肤深Ⅱ°烫伤愈合的影响。方法健康SD大鼠随机分成低剂量组(50U/mL rHuEPO)、中剂量组(100U/mL rHuEPO)、高剂量组(200U/mL rHuEPO)和生理盐水(NS)对照组,建立深Ⅱ°烫伤动物模型,并于伤后3、5、7、14、21d取创面皮肤标本,HE染色和免疫组织化学方法染色分别检测创面愈合情况及微血管密度。结果与对照组相比,rHuEPO治疗组创面愈合时间缩短,同一时相内大鼠烫伤愈合率高于对照组,微血管密度明显增加。结论rHuEPO能促进深Ⅱ°烫伤创面微血管形成,加速创面愈合。     

纳米银与磺胺嘧啶银治疗烧伤创面疗效比较的Meta分析*

背景：国内外应用纳米银治疗烧伤创面较为广泛,但临床研究报道多为小样本随机对照研究,缺乏循证医学方面的依据和说服力。 目的：对纳米银与磺胺嘧啶银治疗烧伤创面疗效进行系统评价。 方法：计算机检索PubMed、Science direct(SD)数据库、重庆维普中文科技期刊全文数据库(VIP,1989/2010)和清华同方数据库(CNKI,1979/2010),收集有纳米银制剂治疗烧伤与磺胺嘧啶银治疗相比较的随机对照实验。评价纳入研究的方法学质量并进行资料提取后,采用RevMan 5.1软件进行Meta分析。 结果与结论：共纳入8个随机对照实验,包括513例Ⅱ度烧伤患者。Meta分析结果显示：创面愈合时间纳米银治疗组少于磺胺嘧啶银组(P < 0.001);第15天创面愈合率纳米治疗组与对照组差异无显著性意义,结果为(MD=7.10,95%CI=-2.29~16.50,P=0.14);纳米银治疗组和磺胺嘧啶银组相比,在减少烧伤创面疼痛方面两者差异有显著性意义(P < 0.000 01)。提示应用纳米银与应用磺胺嘧啶银相比能明显促进烧伤创面的愈合,对缓解创面疼痛程度优势明显,但尚需大样本高质量随机对照研究去进一步证实。      

冷宁康敷料对烧伤创面疼痛的治疗

目的探讨新型烧伤敷料治疗Ⅱ度烧伤、减少患者疼痛、促进创面愈合方面的效果。方法对45例Ⅱ度烧伤创面分两组，应用冷宁康和磺胺嘧啶银锌治疗，观察两组创面疼痛情况及愈合时间。结果使用冷宁康组0～Ⅰ级疼痛占95．5％（43／45），对照组中0～Ⅰ级疼痛占17．3％（8／45），两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。与对照组比较，治疗组浅Ⅱ度创面平均愈合时间缩短2．48d，深Ⅱ度创面平均愈合时间缩短4．61d（P〈0.05）。结论冷宁康不但能促进创面愈合，而且是一种对烧伤创面具有良好止痛作用的外用烧伤敷料。     

重组人促红细胞生成素对大鼠皮肤深Ⅱ&#176;烫伤创面愈合的影响

目的研究重组人促红细胞生成素(rHuEPO)对大鼠皮肤深Ⅱ&#176;烫伤愈合的影响。方法健康SD大鼠随机分成低剂量组(50U/mL rHuEPO)、中剂量组(100U/mL rHuEPO)、高剂量组(200U/mL rHuEPO)和生理盐水(NS)对照组,建立深Ⅱ&#176;烫伤动物模型,并于伤后3、5、7、14、21d取创面皮肤标本,HE染色和免疫组织化学方法染色分别检测创面愈合情况及微血管密度。结果与对照组相比,rHuEPO治疗组创面愈合时间缩短,同一时相内大鼠烫伤愈合率高于对照组,微血管密度明显增加。结论rHuEPO能促进深Ⅱ&#176;烫伤创面微血管形成,加速创面愈合。     

富林蜜与外用重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞刺激因子凝胶联合应用治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤临床观察

目的 观察富林蜜与外用重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞刺激因子（rhGM-CSF）凝胶联合应用治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤创面的临床疗效.方法 采用同体对照法,在56例患者身上分别选取两处面积相当的创面,随机分为两组,同步同法清创后,对照组部位涂抹安慰剂后用磺胺嘧啶银霜换药治疗,治疗组部位涂抹rhGM-CSF凝胶后用富林蜜换药治疗,观察比较两组创面的愈合时间、愈合百分率及细菌培养结果的差异,并检测受试者在用药期间有无化验检查结果异常及不良反应.结果 治疗组创面愈合时间（17.33±1.19）d较对照组（19.56±1.81）d缩短,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.用药后的第14、17和20天,治疗组创面愈合率均显著高于试验组,且差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.治疗组创面细菌培养阳性率为5.63%,对照组为3.57%,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.用药期间全部受试者的血象及肝肾功能相关指标的差异与药物应用无明显相关,绝大多数患者无明显不适主诉.结论 富林蜜与rhGM-CSF凝胶联合应用治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤,能有效缩短创面愈合时间,提高创面愈合百分率,其抑菌效果与深Ⅱ度烧伤创面经典外用药物磺胺嘧啶银霜相比,无明显差异,而且在用药过程中绝大多数受试者无明显不良反应.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.