腹膜后脓肿的诊断和治疗

目的探讨腹膜后脓肿的病因，诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析了1990—2004年诊断和治疗腹膜后脓肿33例的临床资料。结果急性坏死性胰腺炎后20例，胆囊切除胆总管探查术后4例，十二指肠损伤2例，阑尾穿孔3例．肾结石4例。超声检查确诊80％（20／25），CT检查确诊100％（22／22）。经腹部腹膜后脓肿切开置管引流25例，手术1～4次不等．后腰部切开引流8例。手术后并发应激性胃粘膜损伤致消化道出血7例，成人呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）5例，急性肾功能衰竭3例，死亡4例。治愈时间1～6个月．平均3．5个月。结论及时明确诊断，进行有效引流并加慢营养支持是治疗成功的关键。     

肛门直肠周围脓肿110例诊治分析

目的总结肛门直肠周围脓肿的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析肛门直肠周围脓肿110例,根据肛门直肠周围脓肿类型采用单纯切开引流术、切开引流加挂线术与一次性切开根治术治疗,其中单纯脓腔者分别为5例、5例、22例;多个脓腔者分别为3例、7例、50例,高位脓腔者分别为2例、4例和12例。结果术后各组恢复顺利,无严重并发症。单纯切开引流组、切开引流加挂线组及一次性切开根治术组的肛门瘘管形成率在单个脓腔患者中分别为20.0%(1/5),20.0%(1/5)和4.5%(1/22);在多个脓腔患者中的66.7%(2/3),28.6%(2/7)和2.0%(1/50);在高位脓腔组为100.0%(2/2),0和8.3%(1/12)。以上肛门瘘管形成者均进行了二次瘘管切除手术。均获随访,时间6~12个月。本组110例均无脓肿复发。肛门功能评价:单个脓肿和多个脓腔分别有1例和6例患者出现肛门畸形,肛周有便污,有排便感不易控制的情况。高位脓腔出现上述情况4例,出现肛门失禁1例。结论肛门直肠周围脓肿在切开引流术后肛瘘发生率高,尤其是高位脓肿,为减少肛门瘘管的发生,寻找潜在的内口是关键,同时要根据不同的肛门直肠周围脓肿类型选择相应手术方式,一次性切开根治术是可行的,可以减少二次手术的痛苦,同时也减轻患者的经济负担。     

腹膜后脓肿的诊断和治疗

目的探讨腹膜后脓肿的原因、诊断和治疗方法。方法对我院1993年～2007年收治的腹膜后脓肿38例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组38例均治愈出院。其中，发生应激性溃疡消化道出血4例，急性肾功能衰竭3例，均经药物治疗和／或血液透析治愈。平均住院时间为3．5个月。结论提高对腹膜后脓肿的警惕性、尽早明确诊断、采取及时有效的引流并加强营养支持是治疗成功的关键。     

236例阑尾周围脓肿治疗体会

目的探讨阑尾周围脓肿的治疗方法及效果。方法 2008-10—2015-10共收治阑尾周围脓肿236例,回顾分析患者的临床资料。结果本组非手术治愈48例,其中12例3个月后阑尾炎再次急性发作,经急诊阑尾切除术治愈。阑尾切除、脓肿引流治愈96例。单纯脓肿切开引流治愈92例,其中24例3个月后阑尾炎再次急性发作,经急诊阑尾切除术治愈。结论阑尾周围脓肿是急性阑尾炎常见的临床病理类型,若未及时诊断和处理,有可能发展成弥漫性腹膜炎、化脓性门静脉炎和感染性休克。应根据患者的临床表现及影像学检查结果选择个体化治疗方案。     

脓肿切开双腔管引流治疗高位肛管直肠周围服肿(摘要)(介绍一种高位肛管直肠周围脓肿的非挂线一次根治术)

高位肛管直肠周围脓肿的治疗目前仍是肛肠外科的难题。为寻找一种组织损伤少、疗程短、痛苦小、括约肌功能保护好的术式,作者自1996年1月至1997年12月,用脓肿切开,脓腔内双腔管引流法治疗高位脓肿20例。本组均为男性,年龄20~65岁,平均38岁。其中直肠后间隙脓肿5例(复发性1例),骨盆直肠间隙脓肿4例,高位肌间脓肿5例,高位后马蹄脓肿6例(复发性2例)。病程7d至5年。治愈时间10~51d,平均(24.9±9.98)d。随访3个月至2年未见复发,未发现排使节制功能障碍和其它并发症。本法适用于内口在齿线或内口不明显的各种高位肛周脓肿。根据脓肿的位置,在肛缘选择不同的切口切开排脓,切口时避开外括约肌,注意清除原发病灶、对脓腔搔刮冲洗后,在脓腔内安放双腔管引流,随着脓腔缩小变浅逐渐拔出引流条、引流管至脓腔愈合。手术避开外括约肌在肛缘切口,在清除原发病灶时只切开了内括约肌下缘,对内口以上高位脓腔或瘘管放置双腔管引流,不用挂线治疗,对组织损伤小、疗程短、痛苦小、能防止肛管畸形发生,不影响括约肌功能,是一种治疗高位瘘较好的方法。     

肾皮质脓肿的诊断与治疗—附13例报道

目的 提高肾皮质脓肿的诊断与治疗。方法 对1991年3月．2004年6月收治的13例肾皮质脓肿病例的诊断与治疗进行回顾性分析。结果 抗炎治愈1例，经皮肾脓肿穿刺1例因引流不畅改行脓肿切开引流后痊愈。9例行脓肿切开引流后痊愈。误诊2例，均行根治性肾切除术。结论 肾皮质脓肿的诊断需结合临床表现：实验室检查、影像学检查综合分析，脓肿切开引流是主要的治疗方法。     

胰腺结石25例临床分析

目的探讨胰腺结石的临床特点及诊治方法。方法回顾性分析我院1993年5月至2011年5月期间收治的25例胰腺结石患者的临床资料。结果本组25例中经手术及EST确诊为胰腺真性结石(胰管结石)5例,胰腺假性结石(胰实质内钙化)20例。X线、B超、CT、ERCP及MRCP诊断符合率分别为40.0%(10/25)、88.0%(22/25)、84.2%(16/19)、88.9%(8/9)和100%(2/2)。手术治疗18例,无手术死亡病例,术后患者腹痛症状均明显减轻或消失,术后3 d 1例发生胆漏,经充分引流治愈;非手术治疗7例,1例行EST后发生出血,经保守治疗治愈。所有患者均获随访,随访时间9个月～10年,平均5.2年,其中2例合并胰腺癌患者分别于术后9个月和11个月因肿瘤复发和转移死亡,18例手术治疗患者3年内胰管结石复发2例(11.1%),7例非手术治疗患者3年内胰管结石复发2例(28.6%),4例复发患者均经非手术治疗好转。结论胰腺结石大多继发于慢性胰腺炎,B超为首选诊断方法;手术仍是最有效的治疗手段,手术和内镜十二指肠乳头内切开取石为主的各种治疗方法的联合应用,能提高胰腺结石的疗效。     

婴幼儿肛旁脓肿肛瘘手术治疗（附22例报告）

1993～1997年我院采用一次肛旁脓肿切开引流、肛瘘切开挂线治疗婴幼儿肛旁脓肿、肛瘘22例,取得满意疗效,报告如下。 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料:本组22例,均为男性;年龄最小7d,最大3岁;病程最短3d,最长2个月;位于肛门左侧10例,右侧5例,后位3例,双侧4例。 1.2 治疗方法:氯胺酮解离麻醉后,患儿取侧卧位,常规消毒、铺单。再次消毒后术野作局部麻醉,然后用0.1％新洁尔灭消毒肛管。单例肛旁脓肿作脓肿切开引流,探查清楚瘘     

经侧腹路腹膜后切开引流术治疗重症急性胰腺炎的体会

目的:探讨经侧腹路腹膜后切开引流术治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）合并腹腔感染的可行性。方法:笔者对4例SAP合并腹腔感染患者在超声定位下经侧腹壁切开进行腹膜后坏死组织及脓肿清除、引流术。结果:4例均治愈出院。合并结肠瘘1例，持续引流治愈;合并腹腔出血1例，消化道出血1例，均采用非手术治疗痊愈。结论:笔者体会经侧腹路腹膜后切开引流治疗SAP合并腹腔感染是一种操作简便、创伤小、确实有效的手术方法。     

外科治疗肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎32例疗效分析

目的探讨肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(granulomatous lobular mastitis,GLM)的临床表现、诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院2014年1月~2015年12月收治的32例经病理证实的GLM患者的临床资料。32例患者均为女性,其中31已育并有哺乳史,1例未育无哺乳史,均为单侧发病,年龄23~51岁,平均年龄31.8岁,治疗前有3例因外院行局部切除而行病理学检查;22例入院后行空芯针穿刺活检,空芯针进针后沿不同方向取4条组织送病理,均诊断为肉芽肿性乳腺炎;7例形成脓肿者行脓肿切开引流并取脓液做细菌培养加药敏试验,同时取组织病理学检查确诊。均经7 d地塞米松、广谱抗菌素治疗后手术治疗,18例行肿块局部扩大切除,13例行乳腺区段切除,1例因病变广泛行乳腺皮下腺体切除;乳头内陷加做乳头乳晕成形术。创面放置双套管以便术后冲洗引流,术后上述应用抗菌素2~3 d,3~7 d拔除引流管。结果术后随访10~21个月,31例无复发,1例复发,再次扩大手术治疗后未复发。2例乳房明显变形,其中1例因行保留乳头乳晕皮下腺体全切除而变形,另一例因切除下象限腺体而变形。结论 GLM临床表现缺乏特异性,影像学特征不典型,容易误诊,确诊必须依靠组织病理学检查;经短程地塞米松治疗后手术治疗是肉芽肿性乳腺炎的有效治疗方法。     

Retroperitoneal abscesses--analysis of a series of 66 cases

OBJECTIVE: To analyze our experience with the management of retroperitoneal abscesses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was made of 66 patients with retroperitoneal abscesses treated at our hospital from January 1975 to July 2001 for the purpose of analyzing the diagnosis and treatment of these rare infections. In each case, we analyzed patient characteristics, abscess location and origin, predisposing factors, clinical presentation, microbiology, radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: In our series, the most frequent type of abscess was perinephric (45.4%), and the most frequent origin was the kidney (72.7%), generally renal lithiasis or previous urological surgery. Gram-negative bacilli were the microorganisms most often involved as causal agents of abscesses. CT had the best diagnostic performance (95%). Percutaneous drainage resolved the abscess in 86.3% of the patients in which it was used, compared with 87.5% for traditional surgical drainage. In 4 cases, the only treatment was administration of antibiotics. In all these cases the abscesses were smaller than 3 cm and patients were in good general condition. The mortality rate was excellent (1.5%), probably due to the low rate of comorbidity in our patients. CONCLUSIONS: Gram-negative bacilli were the most frequent microorganisms in our retroperitoneal abscesses. CT was the imaging technique that produced the most reliable and rapid diagnosis. Radiographically-guided percutaneous drainage was a safe and effective therapeutic alternative when used as definitive treatment or preoperatively.     

Renal and Perinephric Abscesses: Analysis of 65 Consecutive Cases

Objective The objective was to describe the last 10 years’ experience of the diagnosis and treatment of renal, perinephric, and mixed abscesses in an academic reference center. Patients and Methods The medical records of 65 patients with renal, perinephric, and mixed abscesses treated at our hospital from January 1992 to December 2002 were reviewed. The data collected included predisposing factors, symptoms, physical examination, initial diagnosis, laboratory and radiologic evaluation, treatment, and clinical outcome. Results Perinephric abscesses were found in 33 (50.8%) patients, renal abscesses were found in 16 (24.6%), and 16 (24.6%) had mixed abscesses. Urolithiasis (28%) and diabetes mellitus (28%) were the most common predisposing conditions. The duration of symptoms before hospital admission ranged from 2 to 180 days (mean 20 days). Urine culture was positive in 43% of patients and blood culture was positive in 40% of patients. Most of the perinephric abscesses received an interventional treatment: surgical drainage (24%), percutaneous drainage (42%) or nephrectomy (24%). Most patients were cured (73.3%) on discharge from hospital. Mixed (renal and perinephric) abscess treatment was similar: percutaneous drainage (37.5%), surgical drainage (18.75%) or nephrectomy (37.5%). Most patients were cured (60%) on discharge from hospital. Renal abscesses, however, were treated medically in 69% of patients and 73% were cured on discharge from hospital. Conclusions Perinephric and mixed abscesses are successfully managed by interventional treatment. Renal abscesses can be managed by medical treatment only, reserving interventional treatment for large collections or patients with clinical impairment. Early diagnosis is an important factor in the outcome of renal and perinephric abscesses.     

��Ĥ��ŧ��23���������

目的 总结23例腹膜后脓肿诊断和治疗的经验,认识其易致多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的重要性。方法 对1993－1999年诊治的23例腹膜后脓肿的临床资料进行回顾性总结。结果 经腹部腹膜后脓肿引流20例,手术1－6次不等,B超引导下经后腰部穿刺置管引流3例。术后合并应激性胃粘膜损害发生消化道出血6例,成人呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）5例,急性肾衰2例,腹腔内出血1例,小肠瘘3例,空肠结肠瘘1例,霉菌感染3例。全组平均住院72天。死亡4例,其中因ARDS、ARDS并应激性胃粘膜损害大出血、ARDS并腹腔内血管破裂出血分别死亡1例,应激性胃粘膜大出血并空肠结肠瘘死亡,结论 作为术后并发症,腹膜后脓肿常易致MODS,对其及时诊断,充分有效的引流是预防MODS的关键。     

Percutaneous catheter versus open surgical drainage in the treatment of abdominal abscesses

In the past 3 years, percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) was performed for 24 abdominal and retroperitoneal abscesses while open surgical drainage (OSD) was used for treatment of 24 similar abscesses at the affiliated hospitals of UMDNJ-Rutgers Medical School. Although the method of treatment was arbitrarily selected by the attending physician, the two groups were similar with respect to abscess location, underlying illnesses, and previous operations. In the PCD group, 17 of 24 abscesses developed after operations versus 16 of 24 in the OSD group. Location of abscesses were: PCD group: abdominal (9), renal (5), pelvic (4), subphrenic (3), hepatic (2), pancreatic (1); OSD group: abdominal (10), renal (4), subphrenic (4), pelvic (3), hepatic (2), pancreatic (1). With PCD, the abscesses were localized by ultrasound or computerized tomography scan; a 20- or 22-gauge needle passed into the cavity, followed by progressively larger guide wires, dilators, and catheters; the pus evacuated; and abscess cavity thoroughly irrigated with sterile saline. Percutaneous catheter drainage was successful in 22 of 24 cases. There were two inconsequential complications. The mean post-PCD hospital stay was 11.7 days. With OSD, five patients developed major complications, including three deaths from sepsis. The mean post-OSD stay for surviving patients was 21.2 days. The advantages of PCD versus OSD are: 1) precise noninvasive localization of abscesses, 2) avoidance of general anesthesia, 3) avoidance of major complications, and 4) shorter postdrainage hospital stay. Open surgical drainage should be reserved for cases where PCD fails to control sepsis, close fistulae, or when noninvasive scanning either fails to demonstrate a discrete abscess in the face of intra-abdominal sepsis or identifies an abscess that cannot be percutaneously drained without traversing the bowel.     

Liver abscess due to acute cholecystitis. Report of five cases

Acute cholecystitis is one of the most frequent causes of admissions to surgical departments. The development of liver abscesses is an uncommon and underrated complication of acute cholecystitis. In this study we report on our experience with the treatment of 5 cases of liver abscesses secondary to acute cholecystitis. All 5 cases were characterised by a lengthy period between the onset of acute cholecystitis symptoms and the subsequent diagnosis of a secondary liver abscess. In 4 out of 5 patients, admission for liver abscess occurred 12, 30, 50 and 120 days, respectively, after the acute cholecystitis episode. The liver abscesses were successfully treated with percutaneous drainage under US guidance (4 cases) and 4 patients underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy to treat the acute cholecystitis. After resolution of the acute phase, an elective cholecystectomy was performed in 4 out of 5 cases. Failure to diagnose acute cholecystitis at onset or inappropriate treatment of the condition could lead to the development of liver abscesses.     

Laparoscopic drainage of intraabdominal abscess after appendectomy: an alternative to laparotomy in cases not amenable to percutaneous drainage

Purpose

Postoperative abscesses after appendectomy occur in 3% to 20% of cases and are more common in cases of perforated appendicitis. Smaller abscesses are often amenable to antibiotic therapy, but surgical drainage remains the mainstay of treatment for larger collections. Surgical options generally include percutaneous drainage and open laparotomy. Laparoscopic drainage of these abscesses has not been well characterized in the pediatric population.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe our experience with laparoscopic drainage of postappendectomy abscesses that were not amenable to percutaneous drainage.

Methods

This study is a retrospective review of all pediatric patients who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis at a tertiary pediatric medical center during a 4-year period (2006-2009). The review focuses on patients who developed abscesses after appendectomy, were unable to undergo percutaneous drainage, and were treated with laparoscopic abscess drainage.

Results

Twelve patients (7 male and 5 female) underwent laparoscopic drainage of postappendectomy abscesses. The mean age was 8.5 years old (range, 3-14 years). A clinical diagnosis of postoperative abscess was made when fevers, pain, and leukocytosis persisted despite broad-spectrum antibiotics. Computed tomography was performed in all patients. Abscesses ranged between 3 and 11 cm in size. The mean length of time between initial appendectomy and drainage procedure was 10 days. There were no complications specifically related to the laparoscopic drainage procedure. The mean length of the drainage procedure was 77 minutes (range, 30-196 minutes). The mean hospital length of stay after laparoscopic drainage was 6.5 days (range, 3-13 days) with patients maintained on intravenous antibiotics until afebrile and without leukocytosis.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic drainage is a safe and effective alternative for intraabdominal abscesses that occur after laparoscopic appendectomy. We recommend it as an alternative to open laparotomy when percutaneous drainage is not an option.     

Retroperitoneal abscess: 7-year experience of 29 cases in a tertiary care center in Taiwan

ObjectiveRetroperitoneal abscess is a rare condition with an insidious onset and difficult diagnosis. It can occur from various origins. To analyze our experiences, we conducted a case series study of retroperitoneal abscess cases in our hospital.Materials and methodsTwenty-nine patients in whom retroperitoneal abscesses were diagnosed at our hospital were reviewed from January 2007 to January 2014 for the purpose of analyzing the presenting symptoms, diagnostic tools, microbiology, treatment methods, and mortality.ResultsOf the 29 patients reviewed, a genitourinary origin was the most common source and accounted for 51.7% of the patients, and perinephric abscess was the main type of abscess. Diabetes mellitus, previous surgery, and an immunocompromised condition were common factors. The common clinical manifestations were fever (65.5%), back pain (37.9%), and abdominal pain (20.7%). Escherichia coli was the most prevalent pathogen (31.3%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (25%). A polymicrobial pathogen accounted for 13.8% of infections. An anaerobic pathogen was only found in one case of gastrointestinal origin. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were found to be accurate diagnostic tools with sensitivities of 88.5% and 100%, respectively. Percutaneous drainage was commonly performed for abscesses of genitourinary origin, whereas surgical drainage was preferred in abscesses of gastrointestinal origin. The overall mortality rate was 3.4%, with one death reported.ConclusionRetroperitoneal abscesses exhibit an insignificant clinical manifestation and varied origin. Both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were shown to be reliable tools for early diagnosis. K. pneumoniae was found to be a prevalent pathogen in the Taiwanese patients, especially in cases of perinephric abscess. The treatment methods for retroperitoneal abscess varied according to the origin and presentation.     

特发性肾包膜下积液的临床研究(附11例报告)

目的:探讨特发性肾包膜下积液的病因、诊断及治疗方式。方法:回顾分析2010年3月至2013年9月收治的11例特发性肾包膜下积液患者的临床资料,其中女9例,男2例,平均(37.4±6.9)岁,单侧4例,双侧7例,均为初发,患者均于治疗前通过影像学检查排除肿瘤。结果:1例未做任何处理,予以密切随访;3例行后腹腔镜肾包膜切除术,余者行B超引导下穿刺引流术。10例患者手术顺利,围手术期无严重并发症发生。B超引导下引流的患者术后平均随访(30.6±11.7)个月2例复发,再行后腹腔镜手术。行后腹腔镜手术的患者无一例复发。结论:特发性肾包膜下积液为临床罕见疾病,目前病因不明,可通过B超、IVU及CT等影像学检查明确诊断,治疗首选肾包膜下穿刺引流术,如引流术效果不佳时,可考虑行后腹腔镜肾包膜切除术。     

Psoasabszesse

BACKGROUND: A psoas abscess is a rarely encountered entity with various etiologies and nonspecific clinical presentation, frequently resulting in delayed diagnosis, increased morbidity, and prolonged or recurrent hospitalization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1996 and January 2002 we treated ten patients (approximately 54.8, 5 males,5 females). These cases were analyzed retrospectively relative to a review of the literature. RESULTS: CT scanning was decisive in the final diagnosis of psoas abscess. Primary psoas abscess occurred in four cases and six patients had secondary abscesses. In all except one case, the psoas abscess was located on the right side. The causes of primary abscesses were retroperitoneal perforated appendicitis, paravertebral injections for lumboischialgia, Pott's disease, and repeated intravenous drug application in the groin. Five patients underwent retroperitoneal open drainage and four patients CT-guided drainage. One patient with retroperitoneal perforated appendicitis was treated by laparotomy. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides fragilis, and Escherichia coli were the most common infective agents. There was no postoperative mortality and no cases of abscess recurred. CONCLUSIONS: CT scan is a diagnostic "gold standard" for psoas abscess. CT-guided drainage is the method of first choice, but is not possible in all cases. Open retroperitoneal drainage is a standard method of treatment. Postoperative antibiotic therapy is obligatory and should be adapted individually.