采用不含肝中静脉的右半肝行成人间活体肝移植

目的探讨采用不含肝中静脉的右半肝行成人间活体肝移植的可行性及安全性。方法2002年1月至2005年8月,我院施行了16例成人间右半肝活体肝移植,术中采用了不含肝中静脉的右半肝移植物,同时进行了一系列改良的手术技术包括肝右静脉的重建,右肝下静脉的重建,肝中静脉分支的搭桥等改进。结果全组供者无严重并发症及死亡。前2例受者中,1例发生肝静脉吻合口狭窄,1例因发生小肝综合征,死于肝功进行性恶化。后14例受者中发生并发症5例:急性排斥反应,肝动脉栓塞,胆漏,左膈下脓肿及肺部感染各1例;1例再移植术后肺部感染死于MODS。14例中除肝右静脉与下腔静脉(IVC)直接吻合外,其中5例加行右肝下静脉重建,另5例采用自体大隐静脉搭桥行肝中静脉分支与IVC重建,保证了右肝的流出道通畅。移植物与受者重量比(GRWR)为0.72%~1.15%,11例<1.0%,其中2例<0.8%,无小肝综合征发生。结论采用了改进的手术技术,特别是肝静脉流出道的充分重建可有效的避免小肝综合征,从而使采用不含肝中静脉的活体右半肝移植成为安全可靠的手术方式。     

改进成人间活体供肝移植的手术技术

目的研究并改进成人间活体供肝移植的手术技术。方法自2002年1月至2005年8月,施行了16例成人间活体右半供肝移植。手术中改进了技术,包括右肝静脉重建、肝中静脉分支搭桥、肝动脉搭桥及胆道吻合等。结果所有供者均无严重并发症及死亡。移植肝与受者重量比（GRWR）为0．72％～1．24％,其中9例〈1．0％,2例〈0．8％。手术除了采用移植肝的右肝静脉与受者下腔静脉（IVC）直接吻合外,5例加行右肝下静脉重建、5例取自体大隐静脉行肝中静脉分支与IVC间搭桥,保证了右肝流出道通畅。最早手术的2例受者中,1例发生肝静脉吻合口狭窄,另1例发生小肝综合征,最终导致死亡。后阶段手术的14例受者均未发生小肝综合征;发生并发症5例,分别为急性排斥反应、肝动脉栓塞、胆漏、左膈下脓肿及肺部感染;1例再次肝移植后因肺部感染,多器官功能衰竭（MOF）死亡。结论活体供肝移植中采用改进的手术技术,特别是肝静脉流出道重建的方法,可有效避免发生小肝综合征。     

Donor graft outflow venoplasty in living donor liver transplantation.

Hepatic venous outflow reconstruction is a key to successful living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) because its obstruction leads to graft dysfunction and eventual loss. Inclusion or reconstruction of most draining veins is ideal to ensure graft venous drainage and avoids acute congestion in the donor graft. We developed donor graft hepatic venoplasty techniques for multiple hepatic veins that can be used in either right- or left-lobe liver transplantation. In left-lobe grafts, venoplasty consisting of the left hepatic vein and adjacent veins such as the left superior vein, middle hepatic vein, or segment 3 vein is performed to create a single, wide orifice without compromising outflow for anastomosis with the recipient's vena cava. In right lobe graft where a right hepatic vein (RHV) is adjacent with a significantly-sized segment 8 vein, accessory RHV, and/or inferior RHV, venoplasty of the RHV with the accessory RHV, inferior RHV, and/or segment 8 vein is performed to create a single orifice for single outflow reconstruction with the recipient's RHV or vena cava. Of 35 venoplasties, 2 developed hepatic venous stenoses which were promptly managed with percutaneous interventional radiologic procedures. No graft was lost due to hepatic venous stenosis. In conclusion, these techniques avoid interposition grafts, are easily performed at the back table, simplify graft-to-recipient cava anastomosis, and avoid venous outflow narrowing.     

成人间活体肝移植的手术技术改进(附13例报告)

目的探讨成人间活体肝移植的手术技术改进.方法2005年3-6月,施行了13例成人间右半肝活体肝移植,其中1例接受了2个左半肝,另1例接受了1个活体右半肝,1个尸体左半肝,术中采用了改良的手术技术,包括右肝静脉的重建,肝中静脉分支的搭桥,肝动脉搭桥及胆道吻合的改进.结果全组供体无严重并发症及死亡,受体发生并发症4例,包括肝动脉栓塞,胆漏,右膈下脓肿及肺部感染各1例,1例再移植因术后肺部感染,导致多器官衰竭（MOF）死亡.13例中除右肝静脉与下腔静脉（IVC）直接吻合,5例加行右肝下静脉重建,另5例采用自体大隐静脉搭桥行肝中静脉分支与IVC重建,保证了右肝的流出道通畅.移植物与受体重量比（GRWR）为0.72%至1.24%,其中9例＜1.0%,2例＜0.8%,无小肝综合征发生.结论采用了改进的手术技术,特别是肝静脉流出道的充分重建可有效避免小肝综合征,从而使活体右半肝移植成为相当安全的手术.     

腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术中供肝血管影像学解剖特征及其临床意义

目的探讨腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术中供肝血管的影像学解剖特征及临床意义。方法采用回顾性描述性研究方法。收集2016年10月至2018年12月复旦大学附属华山医院收治的39例活体肝移植供者的临床资料;男10例,女29例;年龄为(31±7)岁。同时收集39例活体肝移植受者的临床资料;男26例,女13例;年龄为8个月(4~68个月)。供者术前常规行腹部增强X线计算机体层摄影术检查、三维血管重建判断供肝血管解剖情况。供者均施行腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术。观察指标:(1)术前影像学检查三维血管重建情况。(2)手术情况。(3)随访情况。采用门诊方式对受者进行随访,了解受者肝移植后并发症情况。随访时间截至2019年10月。正态分布的计量资料以±s表示,组间比较采用t检验。偏态分布的计量资料以M(范围)表示。计数资料以绝对数或百分比表示。结果(1)术前影像学检查三维血管重建情况。39例供者术前影像学检查三维血管重建显示肝动脉和肝静脉解剖学特征包括:①肝动脉情况为11例供者存在肝中动脉,其中5例起始于肝右动脉,3例起始于肝右动脉和肝左动脉汇合处,3例起始于肝左动脉。2例供者肝左动脉解剖变异,均存在副肝左动脉,起始于胃左动脉。26例供者无肝中动脉,肝左动脉无解剖变异。②肝静脉情况:9例供者肝左静脉和肝中静脉分别汇入下腔静脉。7例供者存在肝左静脉左上缘支。23例供者肝左静脉与肝中静脉共干汇入下腔静脉。(2)手术情况。①39例供者均成功施行腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术,手术时间为(160±32)min,术中出血量为(142±74)mL。②11例有肝中动脉供者中,8例为肝左动脉优势型,留取肝左动脉用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建,3例肝中动脉起始于肝左动脉,留取肝左动脉和肝中动脉共干用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建。2例肝左动脉解剖变异供者中,1例为副肝左动脉优势型,1例为肝左动脉优势型,分别留取副肝左动脉和肝左动脉用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建。其余26例供者留取肝左动脉用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建。③39例供者中,11例术中行肝左静脉优先入路,28例术中行非肝左静脉优先入路。肝左静脉优先入路供者手术时间和术中出血量分别为(147±22)min和(110±44)mL,非肝左静脉优先入路供者上述指标分别为(169±33)min和(154±81)mL,两者上述指标比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.19,2.81,P<0.05)。(3)随访情况。39例受者均获得术后10个月的随访,随访期间未出现肝动脉吻合口出血、狭窄,以及由肝动脉供血不良引起的缺血性胆管损伤和胆道狭窄等并发症,也未出现肝静脉流出道狭窄相关并发症。结论腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术前影像学检查三维血管重建可发现肝中动脉和肝左动脉解剖变异,指导手术入路的选择。腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术对于符合条件的供者推荐采用肝左静脉优先入路,可缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量。     

Hepatic vein stenosis developed during living donor hepatectomy and corrected with peritoneal patch technique: a case report

An 18-year-old male living donor for his father with end-stage liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis B underwent an extended right lobe donor hepatectomy. The middle hepatic vein was visualised on the cut surface of the graft and dissected up to the confluence of the middle and left hepatic veins. After vascular clamping, right and middle hepatic veins were cut to removed the graft. While starting the stump closure, the clamp over the middle hepatic vein slipped and the vein stump sutured quickly under suboptimal exposure. Soon after this closure, the remnant liver showed increasing congestion. Intraoperative Doppler ultrasound revealed obstruction of venous outflow at the remnant left liver due to stenosis in the left hepatic vein. Under total hepatic vascular occlusion, the sutures were removed from the narrowed left hepatic vein. A 2 × 2 cm peritoneal patch from the subcostal area that was prepared to close the defect was sutured to the edges of the left hepatic vein defect. Venous congestion of the liver disappeared when the clamps were removed. Intraoperative Doppler ultrasound confirmed normal hepatic venous flow. The postoperative course of the donor was uneventful. There was no clinical, biochemical, or radiological problems at 47 months of follow-up. An autogenous peritoneal patch may be a good option to repair vascular defects, which are not suitable for primary sutures, due to easy accessibility and size adjustment, cost effectiveness, as well as relatively low risk of infection and thrombosis. Close dissection of the left hepatic vein during parenchymal transection over the middle hepatic vein can result in narrowing, particularly at the bifurcation of the middle/left hepatic veins that can cause congestion in the remnant liver. When we include the middle hepatic vein with the right graft, we now believe that dissection away from the left hepatic vein seems much more secure for donors.     

Outflow reconstruction in right hepatic live donor liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Inconstant venous anatomy increases the risk of outflow complications in right hepatic live donor liver transplantation (RH-LDT), but no consensus has emerged guiding optimal reconstruction for venous outflow. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed surgical venous reconstruction using a flexible approach to anterior accessory veins in 48 RH-LDTs performed between April, 1998 and July, 2002. RESULTS: Actuarial recipient graft and patient survival was 79% and 85%, respectively. Single hepatic venous anastomosis was performed in 74% of the patients. Twelve patients underwent reconstruction of 20 accessory veins, including 7 posterior segment veins and 13 anterior segment veins. Anterior vein reconstruction techniques included end-to-end anastomosis to the middle hepatic vein, interposition conduit, venoplasty, or a combination of techniques. Documented complications related to the venous anastomosis occurred in only 1 patient (2%), with no patient having a documented venous thrombosis of either the main RHV or a reconstructed accessory vein. There were no differences in outcome based on single versus multiple venous reconstruction. Anteromedial congestion was noted in 3 patients in the absence of anatomic venous anastomotic complication, but the clinical significance of this finding is unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Despite variations in segmental venous drainage and a propensity for anteromedial congestion in right hepatic grafts, RH-LDT can be performed without outflow obstruction with close attention to a wide RHV anastomosis. In addition, anterior accessory vein reconstruction can be reserved for grafts of marginal size or quality where early postoperative venous congestion may impair early graft function. Routine extended hepatectomy incorporating the MHV with the graft is unnecessary.     

One orifice vein reconstruction in left liver plus caudate lobe grafts

For maximum use of left liver plus caudate lobe grafts, the short hepatic vein draining the caudate lobe should be reconstructed. We devised a new venoplasty technique. On the graft side, a wide venous orifice with a long cuff was formed by gathering the left, middle, and short hepatic veins using a conduit vein graft and patch vein grafts. On the recipient side, three hepatic veins were connected to make a wide orifice. The liver graft was then connected to the recipient vena cava with a wide outflow tract and a venous reservoir. This new technique was adopted in 12 patients and the short-term results of this technique were satisfactory. The present procedure should simplify venous reconstruction in the recipient and might be useful to prevent hepatic venous stenosis resulting from graft regeneration.     

Two-step hepatic artery reconstruction for a hepatic artery lacking in length for the use of a microclamp in living donor liver transplantation

IntroductionWe describe successful two-step hepatic artery reconstruction in a patient whose graft site hepatic artery was too short for the use of a microclamp in living donor liver transplantation.Presentation of caseA 57-year-old woman was diagnosed as having hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis. Her 26-year-old son was the living liver donor. The living donor underwent right lobectomy. The dissected graft hepatic artery was too short for the use of a microclamp. The recipient right hepatic artery was cut and used as an arterial graft. The graft right hepatic artery was sutured to the right hepatic artery of the arterial graft and the graft posterior branch of the right hepatic artery was sutured to the middle hepatic artery of the arterial graft. After reconstruction of the portal vein and hepatic vein was completed, anastomosis was performed between the graft right hepatic artery and right hepatic artery. The patency of the vessels was checked using color Doppler ultrasonography for 1 week postoperatively. No postoperative complications involving blood flow of the hepatic artery were observed.DiscussionIn our case, the recipient hepatic artery was cut and used as an arterial graft. Although the number of anastomotic sites of the hepatic artery increased, we could perform hepatic artery reconstruction safely and easily.ConclusionTwo-step hepatic artery reconstruction is a useful method in cases where the recipient hepatic artery does not have enough length.     

Outflow reconstruction in recipients of right liver graft from living donors

Right-lobe transplantation is now a commonly used procedure in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) to adult recipients. However, the risk for outflow obstruction is still an issue in LDLT. The right hepatic vein (RHV) was anastomosed end to end to the graft hepatic vein without unfavorable tension on the anastomosis. The anterior wall of the recipient hepatic vein was incised longitudinally, and a V-shaped vein graft was patched to form a wide and long orifice. This new hepatic venoplasty was used in 14 adult patients who received right liver grafts and gave good results without stenosis of the hepatic venous anastomosis or other complications. Our new technique may be useful in recipients of a right liver graft when the recipient or graft RHV is not long enough. (Liver Transpl 2002;8:167-168.)     

Surgical technique for hepatic venous reconstruction in liver transplantation]

In living-donor liver transplantation, one of the tactics of hepatic vein reconstruction is to obtain a long and wide venous orifice. The short hepatic vein should be reconstructed in the left liver graft with a caudate lobe. In the modified right liver graft, the tributaries of the middle hepatic veins should be reconstructed if there are no communicating veins between the middle and right hepatic veins.     

Hepatic Venous Outflow Reconstruction in Right Lobe Living-Donor Liver Graft Using Recipient''s Superficial Femoral Vein

Venous congestion of a liver graft from a life donor is a disastrous complication with a high risk of graft failure. For safety reasons, the middle hepatic vein (MHV) is currently unanimously left with the donor. As this vessel provides major venous draining of the right anterior sector, reconstruction of significant MHV tributaries is controversial. We describe here successful venous outflow reconstruction in adult-to-adult right lobe living-donor liver transplantation (RL-LDLT) using the recipient's superficial femoral vein (SFV). Six months after transplantation, graft function and perfusion are excellent, and the patient is free of venous morbidity related to the harvest of the SFV.     

成人间右半肝活体肝移植肝中静脉的处理

目的 总结成人间右半肝活体肝移植肝中静脉的处理经验。方法 回顾性分析两例成人间右半肝活体肝移植肝中静脉的处理方法，1例采取含肝中静脉的右半肝活体肝移植，肝中静脉移植供肝和剩余肝脏各保留一半，既有利于保证供体左肝内叶静脉回流，同时供肝右前叶静脉回流也不受到影响；另1例则采取不含肝中静脉的右半肝活体肝移植，术中重建供肝右前叶肝静脉回流通道，使供肝前叶淤血明显改善。结果 两例供体均存活，术后顺利出院，无并发症；受体1例存活，1例术后20d死于急性重度排斥反应。结论 成人间右半肝活体肝移植肝中静脉的处理十分关键，要注意保持供受体肝流出道的通畅，既要保证供体的绝对安全，又要尽量为受体提供足够的肝容量。     

Impact of Right Lobe with Middle Hepatic Vein Graft in Living-Donor Liver Transplantation

Technical improvements in adult-to-adult living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) have led to the use of right-lobe grafts to overcome the problems encountered with 'small-for-size grafts'. The major controversy remains that the venous drainage from anterior segment substantially depends on tributaries of the middle hepatic vein (MHV), and deprivation of such tributaries may critically influence the postoperative graft function. Right-lobe grafts with MHV could resolve the potential problem of congestion in anterior segment. From December 2000 to January 2004, we performed 217 right-lobe LDLTs for adult patients. Of these, 40 patients received a right lobe with MHV graft (18.4%). The overall cumulative 3-year graft survival rate of a right lobe with (n = 40) and without MHV (n = 177) was 86.2% and 74.8% (p = NS). The proximal side of the MHV and the drainage vein of segment IV to the MHV (the left medial superior vein) were preserved in 24 patients. All of them needed venous interposition graft for anastomosis. All patients had a patent right hepatic vein (RHV) and MHV anastomosis during the follow-up period. We adopted the right lobe with MHV graft in 40 LDLT cases. Vein graft is essential for safe MHV anastomosis in cases which preserve proximal side of the MHV.     

A new technique of hepatic vein reconstruction in living related liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To attempt to reconstruct the hepatic vein safely and easily in living related liver transplantation (LRLT). DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SUBJECTS: Four patients over 15 years of age underwent LRLT. INTERVENTION: A surgical technique of hepatic vein anastomosis, using the common anastomotic orifice of the middle and left hepatic veins of a left lobe graft and the right hepatic vein of the recipient. After reperfusion, the graft is immobilized in a position decided upon using color Doppler ultrasonography to ensure no out-flow block. RESULTS: The graft is lowered below the right diaphragm and rotated 90 degrees. This condition provides good visibility, enabling an accurate anastomosis. Four patients developed no complications included with out-flow block and hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: This technique is safe and easy for reconstruction of the hepatic vein in LRLT.     

Experience with recipient's superficial femoral vein as conduit for middle hepatic vein reconstruction in a right-lobe living donor liver transplant procedure

Middle hepatic vein reconstruction during the right-lobe living donor liver transplant procedure has been recognized to be a significant factor. We initially reconstructed only a single middle hepatic vein orifice draining into segment 8. In cases where the right-lobe liver graft has several major middle hepatic vein tributaries, including veins draining segment 5 that are remote from the right hepatic vein orifice, a long and thick interposition conduit is necessary for reconstruction. Among 11 consecutive adult patients who received a right-lobe liver graft without a middle hepatic vein at our institution, 8 underwent reconstruction of all major middle hepatic vein tributaries using a vein graft from the recipient's superficial femoral vein. The remaining 3 patients had no major middle hepatic vein tributaries. Posttransplant-computed tomography imagings showed increased liver mass with a patent superficial femoral vein graft in 8 patients. In the absence of a venous system from a deceased donor, a recipient superficial femoral vein offers an excellent size match to maintain the venous outflow of middle hepatic vein tributaries. Reconstruction with recipient superficial femoral vein plays an important role in maximizing liver function and minimizing morbidity in the early posttransplant period.     

Hepatic venoplasty in living-donor liver transplantation using right lobe graft with middle hepatic vein

Inclusion of the middle hepatic vein in a right lobe graft from a living-donor may improve venous drainage and avoid graft dysfunction, but reconstruction of the middle hepatic vein is technically difficult. We developed a hepatic venoplasty technique, which was applied in eight consecutive right lobe liver transplantations. The right and middle hepatic veins of the graft were joined together to form a triangular cuff for a single anastomosis to the recipient's inferior vena cava. Hepatic venoplasty was successful in all cases, and no interposition graft was required. Venovenous bypass was not used. All grafts showed immediate function, and no hepatic venous outflow obstruction was observed. There was no reoperation and the graft survival rate was 100%. This hepatic venoplasty technique can be applied systemically as a standard one in right lobe liver graft with the middle hepatic vein to simplify the recipient hepatectomy and to obviate venous outflow obstruction.     

Evolution of anterior segment reconstruction after live donor adult liver transplantation: a single-center experience

Controversy exists regarding the best method for venous outflow reconstruction after live donor liver transplantation using right lobe grafts. Some authors advocate routine inclusion of the middle hepatic vein with the graft, whereas others favor a more selective approach. In this report, we examine the evolution of our decision making and technique of selective anterior venous segment reconstruction during live donor adult liver transplantation performed in 226 recipients. We have developed a simplified back-bench procedure using sequential-composite anastomosis using various vascular conduits with syndactylization to the right hepatic vein creating a single large-outflow anastomosis in the recipient. Conduits used include iliac artery or vein allograft, recanalized umbilical vein, cryopreserved iliac artery allograft, and 6-mm synthetic expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft. This technique can be performed quickly, safely, and under cold storage conditions and results in excellent outcome while minimizing donor risk.     

Superior vena cava graft for right liver and right lateral sector transplantation

BACKGROUND: The usefulness of cryopreserved superior vena cava (SVC) grafts for venous reconstruction remains to be evaluated in right liver and right lateral sector transplantation. METHODS: Reconstruction of the hepatic vein was performed when the congested area in the liver graft was significant. A vein graft with a suitable shape and length meeting the demands for the venoplasty was selected, and SVC grafts were used in 20 recipients. Surgical techniques were classified into five types according to the necessity of middle or short hepatic vein reconstruction in the liver graft. Surgical outcomes and vein graft patency were evaluated. RESULTS: All 20 recipients survived the operation without any complications caused by congestion. Liver functions were well recovered in the early postoperative period. The 1-year primary patency rates of cryopreserved vein grafts used for reconstructed right hepatic veins, inferior right hepatic veins, and middle hepatic vein tributaries were 100%, 94%, and 42%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SVC grafts were feasible for outflow tract reconstruction in right liver and right lateral sector transplantation, although the long-term patency of the grafts for middle hepatic vein reconstruction remains to be evaluated.     

Magnetic resonance of the hepatic veins with angular reconstruction: application in living-related liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative mapping of the hepatic venous system of the partial liver graft is indispensable to the success of living-related liver transplantation. We assessed the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) venography with angular reconstruction in depicting the tributaries of the middle hepatic vein and left hepatic vein in the donors, which was essential in graft retrieval and venoplasty. METHODS: Nineteen living-related liver transplantation donors underwent a pretransplantation survey, including sonography and MRI for hepatic venous evaluation. T1-weighted images were reconstructed manually, using the inferior vena cava as a fixed point for tilting to produce an oblique plane image where both the middle hepatic vein and left hepatic vein could be demonstrated draining into the inferior vena cava. The reconstructed images of the hepatic veins were compared with preoperative sonography, intraoperative sonography, and operative findings. RESULTS: Preoperative sonography and MR findings correlated well with the operative findings in the major hepatic veins. The MR venography of the ramification of the hepatic veins has an accuracy of 93%, the sonography, 84%. Sonography is slightly inferior in the evaluation of the hepatic vein in segment 4 and the left superior hepatic vein, with an accuracy of 73% and 67%, respectively. CONCLUSION: MR venography with angular reconstruction is accurate in depicting the complex distribution of the hepatic veins of the left liver, providing important information for decision making as to the cutting plane during graft retrieval and the method of venoplasty and anastomosis. Thus, unnecessary blood loss could be avoided and vascular complications could be prevented, as these conditions would be unacceptable for a healthy living donor. We propose that MR venography, a rapid and reliable technique, is an appropriate alternative examination or complementary modality to sonography in the pretransplantation evaluation of the living donor.