CCL20-CCR6-Th17轴与肝细胞癌血管浸润转移的关系

目的 探讨CCL20-CCR6-Th17轴在肝细胞癌血管浸润转移中的作用.方法 采用SYBR Green实时定量PCR测定人肝细胞系L-02、肝细胞癌细胞系Hep3B、Huh7和HepG2中CCL20mRNA的表达,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测上清中CCL20蛋白的分泌,Transwell迁移实验检测肝细胞癌细胞系对人外周血单个核细胞的趋化作用.采用ELISA定量检测93例肝细胞癌患者(转移组51例,无转移组42例)术前外周血中白细胞介素1α(IL-1α)、IL-1β 、IL-6 、IL-8 、IL-10、IL-17、IL-23、γ-干扰素、肿瘤坏死因子α和CCL20的水平,采用SYBR Green RT-PCR检测41例肝细胞癌癌组织及其相应的癌旁组织中CCL20和CCR6的表达水平,免疫组织化学染色检测肝细胞癌及其对应的癌旁组织和正常人供肝组织中CCL20的表达水平.结果 人肝细胞癌细胞系中CCL20的表达水平高于正常肝细胞,对外周血表达CCR6的T细胞具有趋化作用.93例肝细胞癌患者血清中CCL20蛋白的表达水平为(38.2±28.4) pg/ml,高于肝血管瘤患者[(7.8±17.8) pg/ml,P＜0.01].肝细胞癌患者血清中CCL20蛋白的表达水平与肿瘤直径呈正相关(r=0.32,P=0.0018).41例肝细胞癌组织CCL20 mRNA的表达水平高于癌旁组织(P＜0.05),CCL20蛋白主要在肝细胞癌细胞质中表达,某些浸润的免疫细胞也有一定程度表达.多因素分析结果显示,血清中IL-17和CCL20水平是影响肝细胞癌患者发生血管浸润转移的独立影响因素(均P ＜0.05).41例肝细胞癌患者癌组织及对应的癌旁组织中CCL20 mRNA的表达水平与肝细胞癌发生血管浸润转移均无关(均P＞0.05).在发生血管浸润转移患者的癌组织及其对应的癌旁组织中CCR6 mRNA的表达水平分别为5.75 (1.79,19.13)和7.99(4.49,19.54),均高于未发生血管浸润转移的患者[分别为1.69 (0.76,2.87)和3.58(1.84,4.32)],差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 CCL20/CCR6/Th 17轴可能促进肝细胞癌的血管浸润转移.     

趋化因子受体CCR6及其配体CCL20的表达与结直肠癌肝转移关系的实验研究

背景与目的:趋化因子受体及其配体在肿瘤特异性转移中发挥重要作用,本研究旨在探讨人趋化因子受体6(human chemokine receptor 6,CCR6)及其配体(CC chemokine ligand 20,CCL20)的表达与结直肠癌肝转移的关系。方法:取液氮保存的50例结直肠癌标本,运用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫组织化学法检测不同组织中CCR6、CCL20 mRNA和蛋白表达情况,分析其差异。结果:CCR6及CCL20 mRNA和蛋白在结直肠癌和肝转移灶中高表达,并且均显著高于癌旁组织。CCR6 mRNA和蛋白在结直肠癌病灶中的表达比在肝转移灶中高。相反,CCL20 mRNA和蛋白在肝转移灶中的表达比在结直肠癌组织中高。结直肠癌组织中CCR6及CCL20 mRNA和蛋白表达与患者的性别、年龄和病理类型无明显关系。结论:CCR6与其配体CCL20特异性结合,可能参与调节介导结直肠癌向肝脏特异性转移过程。     

肺癌患者血清中21种细胞因子的表达水平及其临床意义

目的:检测肺癌患者血清中21种细胞因子[干扰素诱导的T细胞趋化因子(IFN-inducible T cellαchemoattractant,ITAC)、GM-CSF、Fractalkine、IFN-γ、IL-10、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-3α(macrophage inflammatory protein-3α,MIP-3α)]、IL-12(p70)、IL-13、IL-17A、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-21 、IL-23、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、MIP-1α、MIP-1β和TNF-α的表达情况并分析其意义.方法:收集2015年3月至6月的山西省肿瘤医院40例肺癌患者;采用液相芯片技术检测30名健康人和40例初诊肺癌患者治疗前血清中21种细胞因子的表达水平,分析其与肺癌临床特征之间的关系及表达存在明显差异细胞因子间的相关性.结果:肺癌患者血清中11种细胞因子[(GM-CSF、Fractalkine、IFN-γ、MIP-3α、IL-12 (p70)、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、TNF-α]的表达水平明显升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),肺癌患者非转移组与转移组血清中21种细胞因子的表达水平比较无明显差异(P＞0.05),肺腺癌(adenocarcinoma,AC)组血清IFN-γ与MIP-1β水平明显高于鳞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)组(均P＜0.05),肺SCC组血清ITAC表达水平明显高于小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)组(P＜0.05).高表达的11种细胞因子在两组间表达的相关性不同.结论:肺癌患者血清中IL-6、IL-8等11种细胞因子表达升高,可能参与了肺癌发生发展,这些高表达的细胞因子或许可用于肺癌的辅助诊断,并为肺癌治疗提供新的靶标.     

CCL20及其受体CCR6与消化系肿瘤

趋化因子是一种小的结构相关的趋化性细胞因子,不仅在炎症反应中起重要作用,而且与肿瘤的发生发展有关。趋化因子CCL20是趋化因子CC家族中的一员,趋化因子受体CCR6是目前发现的CCL20唯一受体。近年,越来越多研究表明,趋化因子CCL20及其受体CCR6与消化系肿瘤密切相关。然而,人们对CCL20及其受体CCR6在消化系肿瘤的作用机制尚未完全认识。本文就趋化因子CCL20及其受体CCR6在消化系肿瘤研究中的进展进行综述,以期更好地理解两者之间的关系,并为CCL20及其受体CCR6成为消化系肿瘤治疗靶点的可能性提供依据。     

c-Met蛋白在CCL5诱导的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞迁移中的作用

目的:探讨c-Met蛋白在CC型趋化因子5(CCL5)诱导的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞迁移中的作用.方法:Western-Blot检测乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞表面CCL5受体(CCR5)的表达情况;Transwell法检测CCL5诱导的MDA-MB-231细胞迁移能力的变化;Western-Blot检测CCL5刺激后MDA-MB-231细胞c-Met及磷酸化c-Met(p-Met)的表达.结果:乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞表面高表达CCR5蛋白;CCL5增强MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移能力,沉默CCR5基因后抑制了CCR5蛋白表达,MDA-MB-231细胞迁移能力降低;MDA-MB-231细胞表达的p-Met水平在CCL5刺激10 min后明显升高.结论:CCL5/CCR5信号通路可以促进乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移能力,c-Met蛋白参与CCL5诱导的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞迁移.     

PD-L1对肺癌细胞迁移能力的影响

目的:探索PD-L1在肺癌细胞中的表达及其对细胞迁移能力的影响.方法:采用流式细胞术检测不同病理类型肺癌细胞株表面PD-L1分子表达水平,分别选择高、中、低表达的细胞株,后添加细胞因子诱导肺癌细胞株,采用免疫印迹术筛选出能够提高肺癌细胞株PD-L1分子表达水平的细胞因子;采用siRNA干扰技术,下调中、高表达PD-L1的肺癌细胞株中PD-L1的分子表达水平,transwell实验检测细胞迁移能力改变.结果:PD-L1在细胞株HCC827、H1299、A549(腺癌)、H226、H520(鳞癌)、H460(大细胞癌)、H446(小细胞癌)表面的表达水平分别为HCC827、H460(高表达),H1299、H226、H446、H520(中表达),A549(低表达).选择具有transwell迁移能力的腺癌细胞株H1299、A549,分别添加细胞因子IL-4、IL-6、IL-13、TGF-β-1、IFN-γ培养,筛选出TGF-β-1、IFN-γ两种因子能够上调肺癌细胞株PD-L1的表达水平,transwell实验结果显示细胞迁移能力较对照组显著增强.si-PD-L1干扰肺癌细胞株PD-L1表达后,PD-L1的表达水平明显下调,细胞迁移能力较对照组显著减弱;TGF-β-1、IFN-γ诱导细胞株PD-L1表达水平上调后能够引起细胞迁移能力增强,经siRNA干扰后,PD-L1表达水平下调,细胞迁移能力随之显著减弱.结论:PD-L1的表达能促进肺癌细胞的迁移,可能参与肺癌转移过程.     

单核细胞趋化蛋白-1及其受体与肿瘤侵袭转移的研究进展

摘 要：趋化因子已被证实是肿瘤微环境中的核心调节因子,可募集多种免疫细胞至肿瘤微环境。趋化因子通过在多种类型癌细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和血管生成中的作用而促进恶性肿瘤的进展。单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1/CCL2）是CC类趋化因子家族成员之一。CCL2可与其受体（以CC趋化因子受体2,CCR2为主）结合,通过多种信号传导通路促进恶性肿瘤的侵袭转移。深入研究CCL2/CCR2在恶性肿瘤中的作用机制,可能对恶性肿瘤的靶向治疗具有重大意义。全文就近年来研究较多的乳腺癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌、结直肠癌等恶性肿瘤侵袭转移中CCL2/CCR2的作用机制进行综述。     

乳腺癌微环境中趋化因子CCL20作用的研究进展

趋化因子是一类低分子量细胞因子,在调节肿瘤微环境中发挥重要作用。肿瘤微环境中的趋化因子不仅能够趋化白细胞,也能诱导附近的反应细胞影响肿瘤生长、侵袭、转移和血管生成。趋化因子与炎症和肿瘤疾病的发生发展密切相关,其中CC家族中的趋化因子CCL20在多种恶性肿瘤的侵袭和转移中发挥重要作用。近年发现,趋化因子CCL20在乳腺癌免疫抑制、血管生成及诱导上皮间质转化和肿瘤侵袭转移中起重要的调控作用。然而,CCL20在乳腺癌中的作用机制尚未明确。本文重点阐述趋化因子CC亚家族成员CCL20在乳腺癌微环境中的功能,探讨CCL20与乳腺癌微环境之间的关系,以期为乳腺癌靶向治疗提供新的思路。     

CCL20及其受体CCR6在大肠癌中的表达及其意义

 目的　观察趋化因子CCL20及其受体CCR6在大肠癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系,探讨其对大肠癌肝转移的影响。方法　采用荧光定量反转录聚合酶链反应（Q-RT-PCR）方法检测123例行大肠癌根治术患者的大肠癌组织、正常肠黏膜组织及其中19例大肠癌肝转移组织及肝转移灶旁肝组织中CCL20和CCR6 mRNA表达情况。结果　趋化因子受体CCR6在大肠癌组织及相应的肝转移组织中呈高表达（分别为2.100±0.216,1.530±0.172）,与正常肠黏膜组织（0.636±0.190）比较,表达水平差异有统计学意义（t值分别为-3.778、-1.598,均P＜0.05）;肝转移灶旁组织（0.597±0.247）与正常肠黏膜组织比较,表达水平差异无统计学意义（t＝-0.200、P＞0.05）。趋化因子CCL20 mRNA在大肠癌肝转移组织及肝转移灶旁组织中高表达（分别为1.780±0.126,3.461±0.134）,与正常肠黏膜组织（0.759±0.072）比较,表达水平差异有统计学意义（t值分别为-2.087、-5.607,P＜0.05）。在大肠癌肝转移组织中,CCL20 mRNA的表达量明显高于无大肠癌肝转移组织,差异有统计学意义（t＝-8.357,P＜0.05）。CCR6／ CCL20轴的mRNA表达与患者性别（U值分别为0.360、0.530）、年龄（U值分别为0.089、0.436）及肿瘤分期（U值分别为0.063、0.129）无相关性（均P＞0.05）,而CCR6及CCL20 mRNA的表达与大肠癌的远处转移（U值分别为0.002、0.032）及淋巴结转移（U值分别为0.013、0.007）有一定的相关性（均P＜0.05）。结论　CCR6／CCL20信号轴在大肠癌组织中的表达与大肠癌肝转移的形成有相关性。     

CCR7： 肿瘤治疗及疗效评价中的新靶点

趋化因子受体7(CC chemokine receptor 7,CCR7),主要表达于树突状细胞、淋巴细胞和各种肿瘤细胞表面,在树突状细胞抗肿瘤免疫应答和促进肿瘤侵袭和淋巴转移过程中发挥着不容忽视的作用。一方面,CCR7使活化的成熟DC通过输入淋巴管进入淋巴结,引导负载抗原的(dendritic cell,DC)从肿瘤部位迁移至淋巴组织,在诱导DC的抗肿瘤免疫反应中起重要作用;另一方面,CCR7在多种肿瘤如乳腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、结肠癌、胃癌等中表达,而淋巴结中丰富的CCL21则能趋化CCR7阳性的肿瘤细胞向淋巴结转移,直接导致肿瘤的扩散。CCR7在免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞共同表达的这一特点决定了其很有可能成为DC疫苗免疫效果和DC功能评价,以及某些实体瘤淋巴结转移评价乃至治疗的新靶点。     

The chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in human malignancy with focus on colorectal cancer

Chemokines are a superfamily of small chemotactic cytokines, which interact with their G‐protein‐coupled receptors. These interactions regulate multiple physiological functions, particularly tissue architecture and compartment‐specific migration of white blood cells. It has been found that the chemokine/chemokine receptor system has been utilized by cancer cells for migration and metastasis. The chemokine receptor CCR6 is expressed in colorectal cancer and several other cancer types, and stimulation by its physiological chemokine ligand CCL20 has been reported to promote cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Moreover, CCR6/CCL20 interactions apparently play a role in organ selectiveliver metastasis of colorectal cancer. Here, we review the literature on expression patterns of CCL20 and CCR6 and their physiological interactions as well as the currently presumed role of CCR6 and CCL20 in the formation of colorectal cancer liver metastasis, providing a potential basis for novel treatment strategies. © 2009 UICC     

A dialog between glioma and microglia that promotes tumor invasiveness through the CCL2/CCR2/interleukin-6 axis

Glioma cells in situ are surrounded by microglia, suggesting the potential of glioma-microglia interactions to produce various outcomes. As chemokines are important mediators of cell-cell communication, we sought first to identify commonly expressed chemokines in 16 human glioma lines. We found CCL2 (macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) messenger RNA to be expressed by the majority of glioma lines. However, these lines did not express the CCL2 receptor, CCR2, which was found on microglia. Next, we overexpressed CCL2 in the U87 glioma line, which has low basal level of CCL2, to investigate the hypothesis that glioma-secreted CCL2 interacts with microglia to affect glioma growth. Stable clones with 10- to 12-fold elevation of CCL2 have similar growth rate and invasive capacity as vector controls when cultured in isolation. However, in coculture with microglia in a three-dimensional collagen gel matrix, the invasiveness of CCL2-overexpressing clones was increased. Gene array analyses were then undertaken and they revealed that interleukin (IL)-6 was consistently increased in the coculture. Recombinant IL-6 enhanced the invasiveness of glioma cells when these were cultured alone, whereas a neutralizing antibody to IL-6 attenuated the microglia-stimulated glioma invasiveness. Finally, we found that human glioma specimens in situ contained IL-6 immunoreactivity that was expressed on CD68+ cells. This study has uncovered a mechanism by which glioma cells exploit microglia for increased invasiveness. Specifically, glioma-derived CCL2 acts upon CCR2-bearing microglia, which then produces IL-6 to stimulate gliomas. The CCL2/CCR2/IL-6 loop is a potential therapeutic target for the currently incurable malignant gliomas.     

Overexpression of CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 predicts poor clinical prognosis in human gliomas

Recent studies have demonstrated that the chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 may be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and metastatic spread of various human malignancies. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of CCL20 and CCR6 expression in human malignant glioma. CCL20 and CCR6 expression in human gliomas and nonneoplastic brain tissues was measured by immunohistochemistry. The association of CCL20 and CCR6 expression with clinicopathological factors or prognosis in glioma patients was statistically analyzed. The expression levels of CCL20 and CCR6 proteins were both up-regulated in glioma tissues. There was a significantly positive correlation between the expression of the two markers (r?=?0.88; P?<?0.001). In addition, the overexpressions of CCL20 and CCR6 were both detected in high-grade glioma tissues compared with those in low-grade tissues and increased with ascending tumor World Health Organization (WHO) grades (P?=?0.006 and 0.008, respectively). The increased expressions of CCL20 and CCR6 proteins were also significantly correlated with low Karnofsky performance score (both P?=?0.01). Moreover, univariate analysis found that CCL20 expression (P?=?0.002), CCR6 expression (P?=?0.002) and CCL20/CCR6 co-expression (P?<?0.001) were all significantly associated with poor prognosis. In particular, glioma patients with CCL20/CCR6 co-expression have the shortest overall survival. Multivariate analysis further identified the expression levels of CCL20 and CCR6 to be independent prognostic factors. Our data suggest for the first time that CCL20 and CCR6 might play an important role in the regulation of aggressiveness in human gliomas. The up-regulation of CCL20 and CCR6 might be closely associated with poor clinical outcome of patients with gliomas.     

Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR6 in the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell line reduces its metastatic potential in vivo

Chemokines and their receptors play important roles in various aspects of tumoral processes, and evidence was provided for their critical involvement in determining the metastatic destination of tumor cells. Here, we analyzed in vitro and in vivo, how CCR6 expression could alter the behavior of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells, which were shown to express low levels of the CCR6 ligand, CCL20 (LARC), both in vitro and in vivo. The expression of CCR6 significantly decreased the number of metastases in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice, without affecting the tumor-forming ability of LLC cells. This was correlated with a decrease in clonogenicity in soft and hard agar, and with increased adhesion to type-IV collagen. These two observations made in basal conditions were enhanced when CCL20 was added to the assay medium. Thus, expression of CCR6 in tumor cells, associated with the local production of CCL20, decreased the metastatic potential of the LLC line. We propose a model, in which the expression of a chemokine receptor in tumor cells can act as a metastasis-suppressor, or a metastasis-promoting factor, according to the expression, or the absence of expression of the cognate ligand(s) in the tumor.     

Autocrine and paracrine loops between cancer cells and macrophages promote lymph node metastasis via CCR4/CCL22 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Lymph node metastasis is a poor prognostic factor for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, its molecular mechanism has not yet been fully understood. In our study, we investigated the expression of CCR4 and its ligand CCL22 in the HNSCC tumor microenvironment and found that the CCR4/CCL22 axis was involved in lymph node metastasis of HNSCC. CCR4 was expressed in 20 of 31 (64.5%) human tongue cancer tissues, and its expression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p < 0.01) and lymphatic invasion (p < 0.05). CCR4 was expressed in three of five human HNSCC cell lines tested. CCR4⁺ HNSCC cells, but not CCR4^? cells, showed enhanced migration toward CCL22, indicating that functional CCR4 was expressed in HNSCC cell lines. CCL22 was also expressed in cancer cells (48.4% of tongue cancer tissues) or CD206⁺ M2‐like macrophages infiltrated in tumors and draining lymph nodes. CCL22 produced by cancer cells or CD206^high M2‐like macrophages increased the cell motility of CCR4⁺ HNSCC cells in vitro in an autocrine or paracrine manner. In the mouse SCCVII in vivo model, CCR4⁺ cancer cells, but not CCR4^? cells, metastasized to lymph nodes which contained CCL22 producing M2‐like macrophages. These results demonstrate that lymph node metastasis of CCR4⁺ HNSCC is promoted by CCL22 in an autocrine or M2‐like macrophage‐dependent paracrine manner. Therefore, the CCR4/CCL22 axis may be an attractive target for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with HNSCC.     

Expression and histopathological correlation of CCR9 and CCL25 in ovarian cancer

Ovarian carcinoma is the most lethal gynecological malignancy among women and its poor prognosis is mainly due to metastasis. Chemokine receptor CCR9 is primarily expressed by a small subset of immune cells. The interactions between CCL25 and CCR9 have been implicated in leukocyte trafficking to the small bowel, a frequent metastatic site for ovarian cancer cells. We have previously shown that ovarian cancer cells express CCR9 and play an important role in cell migration, invasion and survival in the presence of its natural ligand in vitro. In this study, we have evaluated the expression of CCR9 and CCL25 in ovarian cancer cells and clinical samples. Ovarian cancer tissue microarrays from University of Alabama at Birmingham and AccuMax were stained for CCR9 and CCL25. Aperio ScanScope was used to acquire 80X digital images and expression analysis of CCR9 and CCL25. Flow cytometry and the Image stream system were used to conform the expression of CCR9 and CCL25 in ovarian cancer cells. Our results show significantly higher (p<0.001) expression of CCR9 and CCL25 in serous adenocarcinoma followed by serous papillary cystadenoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, cystadenoma, mucinous boderline adenocarcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, granulosa cell tumor, dysgerminoma, transitional cell carcinoma, Brenner tumor, yolk sac tumor, adenocarcinoma and fibroma cases, compared to non-neoplastic ovarian tissue. Similar to tissue expression, CCR9 was also significantly expressed by the ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3 and SK-OV-3) in comparison to normal adult ovarian epithelial cell. We provide the first evidence that CCR9 and its natural ligand CCL25 are highly expressed by ovarian cancer tissue and their expression correlates with histological subtypes. Expression of this chemokine receptor and its ligand CCL25 within primary tumor tissue further suggests a potential role of this chemokine-receptor axis in ovarian cancer progression.     

Involvement of chemokine receptor CCR6 in colorectal cancer metastasis.

Various chemokine receptors, namely CXCR4, CCR6 and CCR7, have recently been shown to be involved in the regulation of metastasis in malignant tumors. However, little is known about the role of these receptors in promoting tumor metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) to the primary site of CRC metastasis in the liver. To investigate this issue, we analyzed the expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR4, CCR6 and CCR7 in colorectal tumors and colorectal liver metastases. In the present study, 30 human cancer samples from colorectal tissue, 30 human samples from colorectal liver metastases and the adjacent nontumorous liver tissues were screened using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, histochemistry, microdissection and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). While an overexpression of all the chemokine receptors was found in CRC, in colorectal liver metastases only the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR6 were significantly upregulated. Consequently, we investigated the expression of the corresponding ligands CXCL12/SDF1alpha, CCL20/MIP3alpha, CCL19/MIP3beta and CCL21/6Ckine in various organs, such as the stomach, esophagus, pancreas, colon and rectum, in comparison with their expression in the liver as the primary site of metastatic spread in CRC. We found that only CCL20 exhibits peak levels of expression in the liver, thus indicating that an increased production of CCL20 may contribute to the selective recruitment of CCR6-expressing cancer cells in CRC. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that CRC patients who developed liver metastases express significantly more CCL20 and CCL21 in the liver in comparison with an unaffected control group. Therefore, our findings strongly suggest an association between CCL20/CCR6 expression in human CRC and the promotion of colorectal liver metastasis.