大学生手机依赖与抑郁的关系:夜间熄灯后使用手机行为的效应修饰作用

目的:剖析大学生手机依赖与抑郁的关系,并探究夜间熄灯后使用手机行为对其效应修饰作用。方法:以361名大学生为被试,采用一般情况调查问卷、手机依赖量表简版、抑郁自评量表进行测试。结果:手机依赖在有无夜间熄灯后使用手机行为中差异显著(χ~2=5.137,P0.05);抑郁症状在生源地、是否手机依赖、有无夜间熄灯后使用手机行为中差异均有统计学意义(χ~2=8.033,10.705,5.016;P0.05);夜间熄灯后使用手机行为在本科生中多见于专科生(χ~2=5.265,P0.05)。logistic回归模型显示手机依赖、夜间熄灯后使用手机行为均是大学生抑郁的危险因素(OR=2.098,1.621;P0.05);在控制人口学变量及睡眠质量因素后,有夜间熄灯后使用手机行为组,手机依赖与抑郁症状的关联比无夜间熄灯后使用手机行为组大(OR=2.205,P0.05;OR=1.770,P0.05)。结论:大学生手机依赖与抑郁呈正相关,夜间熄灯后使用手机行为在两者关联中起效应修饰作用,夜间手机蓝光可能对手机依赖与抑郁间关联产生影响。     

医学高职生手机成瘾影响因素的配比病例对照

目的:探讨医学高职生手机成瘾影响因素,为制订手机成瘾干预措施提供理论依据。方法:将120名医学高职生手机成瘾者与同期非手机成瘾者进行1:1对照研究,运用条件logistic回归方法分析数据。结果:多因素条件logistic回归分析显示,对医学高职生手机成瘾有统计学意义的影响因素是每天使用手机时间(OR=1.290,95%CI=1.821~7.246,P0.01)、交往焦虑(OR=2.144,95%CI=1.227~3.748,P0.01)、自尊(OR=0.289,95%CI=0.122~0.686,P0.01)、孤独(OR=3.597,95%CI=1.843~7.019,P0.01)。结论:每天使用手机时间、交往焦虑、孤独、自尊是医学高职生手机成瘾影响因素。     

大学生使用社交网络对情绪、抑郁、自尊的影响

目的:探究社交网络的使用及各种因素对大学生情绪情感、抑郁、自尊的影响。方法:采用中国情感量表、流调中心用抑郁量表和自尊量表对大学生情绪情感、抑郁、自尊进行评定,并行统计描述和多因素logistic分析。结果:1512名被测大学生平均年龄为(20.50±1.49)岁,平均使用社交网络(7.16±2.67)年,每日登入(14.31±15.96)次,每日使用(2.81±2.04)小时,单次使用社交网络的最长时间为(2.98±2.76)小时;2积极情绪的logistic回归显示,"工科"对"文科"的OR值为0.53(P=0.079);3消极情绪的logistic回归显示,"年龄"、"使用年数"、"每日使用时间"的OR值分别为1.14(P=0.063)、0.90(P=0.008)、1.09(P=0.080)。"停止使用一个月感觉受不了"组相对于"感觉更轻松"组的OR值为2.41(P=0.003);4CES-D的logistic回归显示,使用年数的OR值为0.89(P=0.007)。"大三"、"大四"相对于"大一"的OR值分别为1.69(P=0.086)、2.74(P=0.002)。"停止使用一个月感觉受不了"组、"无所谓"组相对于"感觉更轻松"组的OR值分别为2.62(P=0.002)、1.87(P=0.023);5SES的logistic回归显示,"每日登入次数"的OR值为1.01(P=0.056)。"理科"、"工科"相对于"文科"的OR值分别为0.56(P=0.046)、0.49(P=0.028)。"城市"相对于"村镇"的OR值为1.27(P=0.032)。结论:1大学生的专业对其积极情绪有影响,年龄、使用年数、每日使用时间、使用主观感受对其消极情绪有影响;2年级、社交网络的使用年数和使用主观感受对大学生的抑郁出现频度有影响;3专业、生源地、每日登入社交网络的次数对大学生的自尊程度有影响。     

北京某综合大学一年级学生自杀意念影响因素分析

目的: 调查大学生自杀意念的风险因素,探讨干预策略.方法: 采用整群抽样法,对北京某综合大学9个院系的所有一年级学生进行现况调查,使用Beck抑郁问卷、Beck焦虑问卷、Beck无望问卷、青年健康危害行为问卷(YRBS)、人格障碍诊断问卷-4(PDQ-4)和自编的一般情况问卷调查大学生自杀意念及相关心理行为问题.采用多因素logistic回归分析对一学年内自杀意念和一周内自杀意念的影响因素进行分析.结果: 共2055人填写了问卷,一学年内自杀意念的报告率8.1%,危险因素按OR值大小排列依次为有物质滥用(OR=4.37,95%CI:2.27-8.41)、一学年内有过明显抑郁情绪(OR=3.21,95%CI:2.20-4.68)、一学年内使用过远程求助(OR=1.78,95%CI:1.13-2.81)、一周内存在明显抑郁情绪(OR=2.14,95%CI:1.36-3.37)、分裂样人格因子分(OR=1.21,95%CI:1.07-1.37)、边缘人格因子分(OR=1.23,95%CI:1.09-1.38);一周内自杀意念的报告率5.5%,危险因素按OR值大小排列依次为一周内存在明显抑郁情绪(OR=4.62,95%CI:2.86-7.46)、阳性精神障碍家族史(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.34-6.56)、一学年内有过明显的抑郁情绪(OR=2.35,95%CI:1.49-3.69)、女性(OR=1.65,95%CI:1.09-2.52)、边缘人格因子分(OR=1.50,95%CI:1.30-1.72)、分裂型人格因子分(OR=1.17,95%CI:1.03-1.34).文科专业显示为一学年内自杀意念的保护因素(OR=0.63,95%CI:0.41-0.95).大一学生一学年内寻求精神卫生服务的比例占12.5%,9.8%使用远程求助方式.在使用当面求助方式上女性多于男性(4.8%/2.9%,x2=4.42,P:0.035);报告有自杀意念者一学年内总体求助、当面求助、远程求助比例均高于无自杀意念者(22.5%/11.3%、7.4%/3.2%、18.2%/8.9%,x2=23.0、10.3、19.7,P＜0.01).结论: 大学生自杀风险的筛查指标除自杀意念外还应考虑纳入抑郁、物质滥用、人格特点、阳性精神障碍家族史.大学生精神卫生服务宜从鼓励求助行为、主动提供延伸式服务、大力发展网络精神卫生服务三方面人手,提高服务质量.     

上海市初中生网络成瘾与生活方式的相关性

目的:了解上海市初中生网络成瘾与生活方式之间的关系.方法:采用横断面调查研究设计,采取二阶段分层整群抽样,抽取并调查了徐汇、长宁、黄浦、闵行和奉贤等5个区的5所普通公立初级中学学生3021名,调查内容包括学生个人、家庭、学校情况、网络使用情况、网络成瘾量表以及生活方式问卷等.采用二分类logistic回归模型分析网络使用成瘾与生活方式的关系.结果:3021名初中生的网络成瘾率为17.51％,不同年级间网络成瘾率差异有统计学意义(x2=66.08,P＜0.01).网络成瘾率随着年级而增长(X2=61.91,P＜0.01),男生高于女生,城区学校高于郊区学校,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).网络成瘾评分与生活方式各因子分均呈负相关(P＜0.01),非网络成瘾初中生的各生活方式评分均优于网络成瘾者,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).在控制个人、家庭、学校及社会等因素后,经多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,学习习惯(OR=0.630、95％CI=0.506～0.786)、睡眠情况(OR=0.615、95％CI=0.501～0.756)、生活满意度(OR=0.585、95％CI=0.442～0.774)对网络成瘾具有负向预測作用,而网络背景下的娱乐活动方式(OR=1.532、95％CI=1.278～1.837)和应对方式(OR=1.243、95％CI=1.021～1.513)对网络成瘾具有正向预测作用.结论:在网络时代背景下,初中生学习习惯、睡眠情况、娱乐活动、应对方式等生活方式以及生活满意度与网络成瘾可能存在相互作用的关系,这需引起家庭、学校和社会等各方的高度重视和正确引导.     

女大学生网络社交行为与自我客体化关系

目的:调查女大学生网络社交行为特点和自我客体化状况及其影响关系。方法:采用问卷法对629名女大学生的网络社交行为和自我客体化状况进行了调查。结果:(1)女大学生使用网络社交年限5~7年人数最多占比48%,网络社交中关注新闻娱乐内容最多占比63%,69%的女大学生认为网络社交有利有弊,47%的女大学生对控制网络诱惑不确定,使用QQ作为网络社交工具的女大学生占79.2%,在网络社交中使用个人信息真实性虚实各半占比39.1%,45.9%的女大学生不觉得网络社交比现实交往更轻松;(2)女大学生自我客体化得分平均值为-1.73,统计得出负值比例为58.6%,正值比例为41.4%,得分偏高的25%范围内有119人占比19%;(3)不同年级的学生自我客体化水平没有显著差异(F=1.245,P0.05),独生子女与否对女大学生自我客体化水平没有显著差异(t=-0.440,P0.05);女大学生网络社交行为特点与自我客体化水平关系在网络社交年限上差异显著(F=4.987,P0.05),其他维度(网络目的,网络意志,网络真实,网络自由)与自我客体化之间没有显著性差异。结论:女大学生网络社交行为有一般特征同时也呈现多样性;女大学生自我客体化水平总体较好,但客体化水平偏高的人数比不小,女大学生网络社交行为对自我客体化水平有影响,使用网络社交年限最少的女大学生自我客体化水平最低。     

天津市18岁及以上人群自杀未遂流行病学调查

目的:了解天津市18岁及以上人群终生自杀未遂的发生率及特征,并探讨相关的危险因素。方法:采用2011年在天津市进行的精神障碍流行病调查样本,以18岁及以上且过去半年内在本地居住时间≥3个月的人作为调查对象。使用一般健康问卷(GHQ-12)对被试进行筛查,并根据得分进行精神障碍危险等级划分,进行DSM-IV-TR轴I障碍定式临床检查及终生自杀未遂行为的评估,完成分布特征、危险因素等分析,最终共有4438人完成本次调查。结果:76人报告有终生自杀未遂行为,调整后发生率为0. 75%(95%CI:0. 49%～1. 00%)。自杀的方法主要是服用治疗药(31. 9%)和使用工具(24. 3%),自杀未遂者中精神障碍的患病率为68. 7%,其中以情感性精神障碍为主(49. 5%)。多因素logistic回归分析显示存在精神障碍的诊断(OR=5. 38,95%CI=2. 44～11. 83)、主观睡眠质量差(OR=3. 79,95%CI=1. 72～8. 35)、有宗教信仰(OR=4. 51,95%CI=1. 95～10. 45)、主观家庭经济状况差(OR=2. 79,95%CI=1. 35～5. 75)是自杀未遂的危险因素。结论:社区人群中自杀未遂行为较高,多种因素与自杀未遂行为相关。     

大学生无聊倾向、抵制效能感与新媒介依赖行为的关系

目的:考察大学生新媒介依赖(包括网络和手机依赖)的状况,以及与无聊倾向、抵制效能感的关系。方法:方便抽取北京市3所高校的992名大学生作为被试,完成大学生无聊倾向问卷、抵制效能感量表、中文网络成瘾量表修订版和问题性手机使用问卷。结果:①大学生网络成瘾的检出率为6.2%,边缘网络成瘾比率40.4%;手机依赖的检出率为26.7%;男生的网络成瘾率、手机依赖率均高于女生(χ~2=11.16,7.82;P0.01);②无聊倾向与网络成瘾、手机依赖均呈显著正相关(r=0.27,0.30;P0.01),抵制效能感与无聊倾向、网络成瘾、手机依赖均呈显著负相关(r=-0.25,-0.35,-0.28;P0.01),网络成瘾与手机依赖呈显著正相关(r=0.29,P0.01);③抵制效能感在无聊倾向预测新媒介依赖行为间起部分中介作用(χ~2/df=4.13,CFI=0.90,GFI=0.92,NFI=0.91,NNFI=0.90,RMSEA=0.05,SRMr=0.04),中介效应占比42.41%。结论:无聊倾向既能直接影响大学生新媒介依赖行为,同时也可通过抵制效能感影响新媒介依赖行为。     

南京城区学龄儿童攻击性行为相关因素的调查

目的:研究南京城区学龄儿童攻击性行为的分布情况及相关因素。方法:采用分层整群随机抽样方法江苏省南京市抽取4678名小学生,使用一般情况问卷及儿童行为量表(家长用表)对学龄儿童的一般情况及攻击性行为的现状进行调查。结果:攻击性行为的检出率为3.6%(167/4678)。多因素logistic回归分析显示民主型养育方式[(其他型OR=1.94,95%CI=1.10~3.42),混合型(OR=1.96,95%CI=1.35-2.85)]和进行过遗传学筛查(OR=0.71,95%CI=0.52~0.99)是学龄儿童攻击性行为的保护因素。Pearson相关分析提示攻击性行为因子分与其他问题行为的因子分存在正相关(r=0.52~0.80,均P0.01)。结论:南京地区学龄儿童中约有3.6%存在攻击性行为,非民主型的家庭教养方式、未进行新生儿遗传学筛查的学龄儿童更易出现攻击性行为。     

基于潜在剖面分析的老年人抑郁分型及相关因素

目的:利用潜在剖面分析辨别老年人抑郁亚型,并分析抑郁亚型相关因素。方法:在社区选取8526名老年人,使用Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)、健康促进生活方式量表(HPLP-C)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)调查抑郁状况、行为方式和社会支持。利用潜在剖面分析对抑郁进行分型,采用回归混合模型(R3STEP)分析各类别的预测因子。结果:老年人抑郁可分为"抑郁低风险型"(C1,35.6%)、"高抑郁-稳定型"(C2,33.3%)及"低抑郁-不稳定型"(C3,31.1%)。以C1为参照,自我实现(OR=0.85、0.84)、健康责任(OR=1.25、1.12)、营养(OR=0.79、0.90)、SSRS得分(OR=0.95、0.97)、≥80岁(OR=1.36、1.33)、中等教育及以下(OR=0.71、0.81)是C2和C3的共性预测因子。结论:本研究提示,老年人抑郁存在不同的特征群体,应重点关注"低抑郁-不稳定型"老年人。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.