脑缺血缺氧性损伤标志物在烧伤脓毒症患者脓毒症相关性脑病早期诊断中的价值

目的:探讨脑缺血缺氧性损伤标志物在烧伤脓毒症患者脓毒症相关性脑病（SAE）早期诊断中的价值。方法:采用回顾性病例系列研究方法。2018年10月—2021年5月,郑州市第一人民医院收治41例符合入选标准的烧伤脓毒症患者,其中男23例、女18例,年龄18~65（35±3）岁。按住院期间是否发生SAE,将患者分为SAE组（2...     

脓毒症相关性脑病诊断及病理生理机制研究进展

背景脓毒症相关性脑病（sepsis-associated encephalopathy,SAE）是脓毒症常见但发病机制不明确的神经系统并发症,其临床表现从轻度的不适感和注意力不集中到重度的昏迷。SAE的发生与脓毒症高病死率和远期并发症密切相关。目的对SAE的诊断、病理生理机制和治疗进行综述。内容阐述与SAE诊断相关的实验室检查、生物学标记物、病理生理机制,如神经递质和氨基酸紊乱,脑灌注和微循环改变,炎性反应和氧化应激损伤以及临床治疗。趋向SAE无特效的治疗方法,仅有原发病治疗和对症支持治疗。应该根据SAE的病理生理机制选择可能控制紊乱通路的药物治疗而不仅仅是控制患者症状。     

血清降钙素原、N前端脑钠肽和APACHEⅡ评分预测脓毒症相关性脑病的价值

目的观察脓毒症患者血清降钙素原(PCT)、N前端脑钠肽(NT-pro-BNP)、乳酸(Lac)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)指标,探讨其对ICU脓毒症相关性脑病(SAE)患者预测评估的价值。方法选择ICU收治的脓毒症患者217例,男133例,女84例,年龄29～95岁,BMI 17～31 kg/m~2,ASAⅣ级。所有患者治疗方法按脓毒症诊治规范中推荐的容量复苏、抗感染、脏器功能支持等进行。根据SAE诊断标准分为SAE组(S组,n=97)和非SAE组(NS组,n=120)。比较两组患者入ICU时PCT、NT-pro-BNP、Lac和APACHEⅡ评分差异。采用多因素Logistic回归分析方法对观察指标作危险因素分析。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估PCT、NT-pro-BNP、Lac和APACHEⅡ最佳临界值,以区别SAE与非SAE患者。同时比较两组患者30 d病死率。结果两组患者年龄、性别、BMI、受教育程度、慢性基础疾病、感染部位、ICU停留时间等差异无统计学意义。S组PCT、NT-pro-BNP、Lac和APACHEⅡ评分明显高于NS组(P0.01)。其中PCT(OR=1.504,95%CI 1.225～1.846,P0.001)、NT-pro-BNP(OR=1.187,95%CI 1.007～1.399,P=0.041)和APACHEⅡ评分(OR=3.676,95%CI 2.383～5.669,P0.001)是SAE发生的独立危险因素。PCT指标的敏感度为89.7%,特异度为67.5%。NT-pro-BNP的敏感度为74.2%,特异度为76.7%。APACHEⅡ评分指标的敏感度为88.7%,特异度为93.3%。S组30 d病死率明显高于NS组(P0.05)。结论 SAE患者PCT、NT-pro-BNP、Lac、APACHEⅡ评分明显高于非SAE患者,PCT、NT-pro-BNP、APACHEⅡ评分是发生SAE的独立危险因素,可作为并发SAE的预测与评估指标。     

血浆L-选择素浓度对腹部外伤并发脓毒症的早期诊断价值

目的揭示血浆L-选择素浓度对腹部外伤并发脓毒症的早期诊断价值。方法收集同期住院腹部外伤脓毒症患者18例和非脓毒症患者58例。脓毒症患者静脉血脓毒症诊断确立时获得,非脓毒症患者静脉血入院时获得,ELISA法检测血浆L-选择素浓度。结果腹部外伤脓毒症患者血浆L-选择素浓度较非脓毒症患者显著升高（均P〈0.01）。ROC曲线分析显示,血浆L-选择素浓度诊断腹部外伤并发脓毒症有显著价值。结论腹部外伤脓毒症患者血浆L-选择素浓度升高,血浆L-选择素可早期诊断腹部外伤并发脓毒症。     

斑点追踪技术评估脓毒症心肌功能障碍研究进展

脓毒症心肌功能障碍（SMD）是脓毒症器官损害的特异性表现。早期识别和干预可显著改善SMD患者预后。超声斑点追踪成像（STI）可准确量化SMD患者心肌舒缩功能,提高诊断SMD准确率。本文对STI评估SMD研究进展进行综述。     

脓毒症相关性脑病与免疫功能障碍的研究进展

脓毒症相关性脑病是脓毒症患者常见但严重的并发症，其机制涉及诸多方面。其中，神经炎性反应和免疫功能故障，以及神经内分泌免疫网络的异常反应是脓毒症患者预后不良的主要原因。本文就免疫功能障碍对SAE的作用以及SAE对免疫系统的影响进行综述。     

脓毒症相关性脑病的研究进展

正脓毒症相关性脑病(sepsis-associated encephalopathy,SAE)是脓毒症患者严重的中枢神经系统并发症,指大脑在没有直接感染的临床或实验室证据前提下,因全身感染引起的弥漫性或多灶性脑功能障碍[1]。SAE病情从谵妄到深昏迷,以行为、认知、觉醒和意识改变为特征,且相当比例的患者存在长期认知功能障等[1]。脓毒症性脑病(septic encephalopathy,SE)最早于1827     

线粒体动态网络在脓毒症相关性脑病中的研究进展

线粒体是能量代谢中心,通过不断的分裂、融合和转运形成高度互联的线粒体动态网络。均衡的融合/分裂比和精确的分布定位与线粒体自身及神经元生理活动的稳定性密不可分。脓毒症相关性脑病(sepsis associated encephalopathy,SAE)为脓毒症的严重并发症之一,其发病机制复杂,目前尚无确切诊断和治疗方法。近来研究表明线粒体动态网络失衡是SAE进程中的关键病理机制。基于上述研究背景探讨SAE时线粒体动态网络的构成形式和介导的关键分子表达变化以及针对线粒体动态网络治疗SAE的研究进展,以期为SAE诊治提供新思路,为靶向线粒体疗法治疗中枢系统疾病提供新方向。文章主要阐述参与构成线粒体动态网络的3种形式——融合、分裂和转运,以及介导的关键分子,并进一步说明线粒体动态网络稳定及关键分子表达水平对神经元发挥生理功能的意义。     

血清淀粉样蛋白A对急诊脓毒症患者诊断的意义

【摘要】〓目的〓检测血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)并与降钙素原(PCT)比较,探讨其对急诊脓毒症患者早期诊断的价值,以指导临床诊疗。方法〓回顾性分析2013年7月至2014年12月我院急诊收治的68例符合纳入标准患者的临床资料,根据最终诊断分为脓毒症组和非感染性SIRS 组,比较两组间血清SAA和PCT含量,绘制诊断脓毒症的受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线)。结果〓脓毒症组患者血清SAA、PCT浓度显著高于非感染性SIRS组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)|SAA、PCT诊断脓毒症的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.773±0.057、0.938±0.026,两者有统计学差异(P<0.05)|SAA、PCT各自截断点的诊断准确率为70.6%和85.3%。结论〓SAA、PCT两项指标对早期诊断脓毒症均有一定的价值,PCT的诊断效能强于SAA。     

降钙素原在尿脓毒症早期诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨降钙素原(PCT)在早期诊断尿脓毒症的应用价值。方法收集2015年1月至2016年1月我院尿路感染患者55例,其中尿脓毒症24例,非尿脓毒症31例。采用降钙素原(PCT)、血白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)作为检测的炎症指标,比较它们的差异,绘制受试者工作曲线(ROC)。结果尿脓毒症组PCT显著高于非尿脓毒症组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);尿脓毒症组血WBC、CRP高于非尿脓毒症组,但组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,尿脓毒症组PCT的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.981,高于血WBC、CRP(AUC分别为0.611、0.661);PCT为3.42μg/L时,诊断尿脓毒症的敏感性为86.1%,特异性为91.3%,优于血WBC、CRP炎症指标。结论 PCT对尿脓毒症的早期诊断具有良好敏感性和特异性,可做为尿脓毒症患者的常规检测指标。     

Diagnosis of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer/Keratinocyte Carcinoma: A Review of Diagnostic Accuracy of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Diagnostic Tests and Technologies

BACKGROUND: Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in the light-skinned population. Noninvasive treatment is increasingly used for NMSC patients with superficial lesions, making the development of noninvasive diagnostic technologies highly relevant. OBJECTIVE: The scope of this review is to present data on the current state-of-the-art diagnostic methods for keratinocyte carcinoma: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS: MEDLINE, BIOSIS, and EMBASE searches on NMSC and physical and clinical examination, biopsy, molecular marker, ultrasonography, Doppler, optical coherence tomography, dermoscopy, spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging, confocal microscopy, positron emission tomography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, terahertz imaging, electrical impedance and sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: State-of-the-art diagnostic research has been limited in this field, but encouraging results from the reviewed diagnostic trials have suggested a high diagnostic accuracy for many of the technologies. Most of the studies, however, were pilot or small studies and the results would need to be validated in larger trials. CONCLUSIONS: Some of these new imaging technologies have the capability of providing new, three-dimensional in vivo, in situ understanding of NMSC development over time. Some of the new technologies described here have the potential to make it from the bench to the clinic.     

Improvement of Intraoperative Frozen Section Diagnosis in Patients with Biliary Strictures by Levovist Injection into the Bile Duct on Color Doppler Ultrasonography

Background This study evaluates the efficiency of color Doppler ultrasonography-guided intraoperative pancreatic biopsy (CDUS-IPB) using Levovist injected into the bile duct in conjunction with stimulated acoustic emission (SAE) in patients with biliary strictures. Methods The study was performed on 12 patients. After completing a conventional intraoperative pancreatic biopsy (c-IPB), each subject underwent CDUS with SAE imaging using Levovist. Upon identification of the biliary stricture, the IPB was taken from the area surrounding the stricture on the same imaging setting. Section diagnosis of the CDUS-IPB specimen was compared to that of the c-IPB specimen and resected tissue. Results Biliary strictures were identified as enhanced areas of color Doppler signal on CDUS. CDUS-IPB provided adequate specimens from the biliary strictures in all cases and corrected false-negative diagnoses by c-IPB in three cases. Section diagnosis by CDUS-IPB corresponded to the permanent section diagnosis. There were no complications. Conclusions CDUS-IPB with Levovist is an accurate diagnostic tool. The method is especially useful for patients with a suspected malignant biliary stricture who show no tumor mass in preoperative images and no evidence of malignancy on cytologic examinations.     

Complications Associated With Embolization in the Treatment of Blunt Splenic Injury

Background Nonoperative management (NOM) of blunt splenic injuries is widely accepted, and the use of splenic artery embolization (SAE) has become a valuable adjunct to NOM. We retrospectively review and discuss the complications derived from SAE. Materials and methods The medical records of 152 consecutive patients with blunt splenic trauma admitted to our trauma center during a 33-month period were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were managed according to an established algorithm. The record review focused on the method of patient management (operative versus nonoperative) and use of SAE. The complications encountered following SAE are discussed in detail. Results Altogether, 73 patients underwent emergency surgery (58 splenectomies, 15 splenorrhaphies), and 79 patients had NOM. Of the 79 patients with NOM, 58 were successfully treated; 2 patients required splenectomy after 24 hours. The remaining 21 patients had SAE, including 18 distal and 3 proximal embolizations. Major complications occurred in 28.5% of the SAE-treated patients and included total splenic infarction, splenic atrophy, and postprocedure bleeding. Minor complications occurred in 61.9% of the patients and included fever, pleural effusion, and partial splenic infarction. Conclusion SAE is considered a valuable adjunct to NOM in the treatment of blunt splenic injuries; however, risks of major and minor complications do exist, and SAE should be offered with caution and followed up appropriately.     

A systematic review of diagnostic imaging use for low back pain in the United States

Background contextVarious studies have reported on the increasing use and costs of diagnostic imaging for low back pain (LBP) in the United States. However, it is unclear whether the methods used in these studies allowed for meaningful comparisons or whether the reported use data can be used to develop evidence-based use benchmarks.PurposeThe primary purpose of this study was to review previous estimates of the use of diagnostic imaging for LBP in the United States.Study design/settingThe study design is a systematic review of published literature.MethodsA search through May 2012 was conducted using keywords and free text terms related to health services and LBP in Medline and Health Policy Reference; results were screened for relevance independently, and full-text studies were assessed for eligibility. Only studies published in English since the year 2000 reporting on use of diagnostic imaging for LBP using claims data from the United States were included. Reporting quality was assessed using a modified Downs and Black tool for observational studies.ResultsThe search strategy yielded 1,102 citations, seven of which met the criteria for eligibility. Studies reported use from commercial health plans (N=4) and Medicare (N=3), with sample sizes ranging from 13,760 to 740,467 members with LBP from specific states or across the United States. The number of diagnostic codes used to identify nonspecific LBP ranged from 2 to 66; other heterogeneity was noted in the methods used across these studies. In commercial health plans, use of radiography occurred in 12.0% to 32.2% of patients with LBP, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in 16.0% to 21.0%, computed tomography (CT) was used in 1.4% to 3.0%, and MRI and/or CT was used in 10.9% to 16.1%. Findings in Medicare populations were 22.9% to 48.2% for radiography, 11.6% for MRI, and 10.4% to 16.3% for MRI and/or CT.ConclusionsThe reported use of diagnostic imaging for LBP varied across the studies reviewed; differences in methodology made meaningful comparisons difficult. Standardizing methods for performing and reporting analyses of claims data related to use could facilitate efforts by third-party payers, health care providers, and researchers to identify and address the perceived overuse of diagnostic imaging for LBP.     

Current role of imaging in diagnosing aortic graft infections

Vascular prosthetic graft infection is a rare but serious complication after aortic graft replacement, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, adequate diagnostics are needed to detect and treat these infections as early as possible. Several imaging modalities provide different diagnostic values for detecting prosthetic graft infection. Previous studies reported on the diagnostic value of ultrasound, computed tomography imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography. In addition, adjunctive studies on new and promising techniques to detect prosthetic graft infection (eg, bio-optical imaging and target imaging with nuclear techniques) have also been investigated. This review provides a summary of noninvasive imaging modalities and their diagnostic values in order to evaluate and treat possible vascular graft infections as early as possible.     

Diagnostic accuracy of a new clinical test (the Thessaly test) for early detection of meniscal tears

BACKGROUND: Clinical tests used for the detection of meniscal tears in the knee do not present acceptable diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values. Diagnostic accuracy is improved by arthroscopic evaluation or magnetic resonance imaging studies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a new dynamic clinical examination test for the detection of meniscal tears. METHODS: Two hundred and thirteen symptomatic patients with knee injuries who were examined clinically, had magnetic resonance imaging studies performed, and underwent arthroscopic surgery and 197 asymptomatic volunteers who were examined clinically and had magnetic resonance imaging studies done of their normal knees were included in this study. For clinical examination, the medial and lateral joint-line tenderness test, the McMurray test, the Apley compression and distraction test, the Thessaly test at 5 degrees of knee flexion, and the Thessaly test at 20 degrees of knee flexion were used. For all clinical tests, the sensitivity, specificity, false-positive, false-negative, and diagnostic accuracy rates were calculated and compared with the arthroscopic and magnetic resonance imaging data for the test subjects and the magnetic resonance imaging data for the control population. RESULTS: The Thessaly test at 20 degrees of knee flexion had a high diagnostic accuracy rate of 94% in the detection of tears of the medial meniscus and 96% in the detection of tears of the lateral meniscus, and it had a low rate of false-positive and false-negative recordings. Other traditional clinical examination tests, with the exception of joint-line tenderness, which presented a diagnostic accuracy rate of 89% in the detection of lateral meniscal tears, showed inferior rates. CONCLUSIONS: The Thessaly test at 20 degrees of knee flexion can be used effectively as a first-line clinical screening test for meniscal tears, reducing the need for and the cost of modern magnetic resonance imaging methods.     

Role of spinal inhibitory mechanisms in whiplash injuries

Whiplash injury, commonly encountered in road traffic accidents, is a major cause of morbidity. Its pathophysiology is not well understood, and diagnosis remains clinical. Imaging and electrophysiological methods have not provided objective diagnostic evidence. Availability of a sensitive and specific diagnostic method would be of high clinical interest. We studied 20 consecutive patients with chronic whiplash injury. Despite persistent symptoms, most had minimal neurological findings. Cutaneous silent period (CSP), a nociceptive spinal inhibitory electromyographic reflex, showed 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity for its diagnosis. In contrast, only two patients (10%) had abnormal transcranial magnetic stimulation findings, and another two (10%) showed abnormal electromyography. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cervical cord abnormalities in only two of 20 (10%) patients. None of the patients had abnormal somatosensory evoked potential studies. Our findings suggest that neurological dysfunction of whiplash may occur at several possible spinal cord localities in the CSP functional pathway. The use of this simple, quick, and sensitive method is advocated in the diagnostic work up of whiplash injury.     

Noninvasive localization of urinary tract infection: clinical investigations and experience

Previously we evaluated new methods to localize the source of bacteriuria in monkeys with experimental urinary tract infection. A high level of diagnostic accuracy was obtained with studies of antibody coating of urinary bacteria by immunofluorescence, 131iodine hippuran quantitative scintillation camera studies with the patient in the hydropenic state and 67gallium citrate scintiphotos. We identified unique patterns that differentiated cystitis, ureteritis, pyelonephritis and renal or perinephric abscess. Herein we review our clinical experience with these combined techniques in 40 patients and correlate the degree of accuracy of these studies with that of standard radiographic examinations. In 20 patients diagnostic studies also were compared to the findings of split ureteral urine cultures or bacteriologic culture of renal tissue obtained from surgical specimens or autopsy. The use of the quantitative scintillation camera studies done with the patient in a state of controlled hydropenia increased clearly the level of diagnostic sensitivity in demonstrating the source of a urinary tract infection compared to urine culture and excretory urography alone. In patients with an abnormal 131iodine hippuran study the performance of 67gallium renal imaging on the same day usually provided information that allowed specific localization of the source and extent of an infection. Both studies must be performed with a high degree of resolution over the renal areas and then must be interpreted carefully to ensure accuracy. Study of antibody coating of urinary bacteria was helpful in suggesting the presence or absence of upper urinary tract disease but was less sensitive and accurate than the combined radionuclide studies.     

Prospective comparison of axial computed tomography and standard and panoramic radiographs in the diagnosis of mandibular fractures

Objective data comparing sensitivity and accuracy between traditional and computed imaging techniques used for diagnosing mandibular fractures is sparse. To address the paucity of information the authors studied prospectively 33 mandibular fractures in 21 consecutive patients with standard mandibular series, panoramic tomography, axial computed tomography (CT), and coronal CT. Differences in diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity as compiled by four blinded reviewers were calculated. Although overall sensitivities of mandibular fracture detection were not statistically significant between the imaging studies, a distinction between the four methods did exist. Coronal CT was the most accurate imaging method, followed by mandibular series, panoramic topography, and axial CT. Excluding technically inadequate studies, panoramic tomography was 100% accurate and sensitive. Diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity did not correlate measurably with reviewers' impressions of the quality of a particular exam. Axial CT detected significantly fewer angle fractures than standard radiographs (60% vs. 98%, p = 0.006) and coronal CT (60% vs. 100%, p = 0.008). False-positives were unusual except for plain mandibular radiographs. The clear definition of both coronal and axial CT scans made their analysis simpler than the plain radiographs. Lack of fracture displacement was the single most important factor in missed fractures with all modalities. Despite reviewer concerns about the quality of the plain mandibular series, the high accuracy and sensitivity of this imaging technique and applicability in all patients, coupled with its low cost, make it an excellent screening exam for all patients with suspected mandibular fractures. In clinically stable and cooperative patients with mandibular trauma, panoramic radiography and coronal CT are recommended to confirm clinical suspicions when the mandibular series is equivocal. To supplement the mandibular series in the uncooperative or multisystem trauma patient, axial CT scans have not been beneficial. These diagnostic modalities do not obviate the need for a careful physical exam.     

Follow-up results of splenic artery embolization in liver cirrhosis

Long-term results of splenic artery embolization (SAE) were compared with those of surgical splenectomy and medical therapy for liver cirrhosis complicated by hypersplenism (50, 20 and 46 patients, respectively). Lethality and complication occurrence (AFTER) SAE were as high as 18% and 12% vs 10% and 5% after splenectomy. In long-term period correction of hypersplenism persisted only in 16%. However, clinical outcomes and survival of patients treated conservatively, did not significantly differ from results of transcatheter and surgical treatment. This investigation evidences that SAE has a high rate of complications and low effectiveness. Both SAE and splenectomy did not improve the survival if compared with medical therapy and therefore they should not be routinely used in clinical practice.