BiPAP无创通气治疗重症肺结核合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床分析

目的探讨BiPAP无创通气治疗在重症肺结核合并Ⅱ型呼衰的治疗作用。方法对24例重症肺结核合并Ⅱ型呼衰患者采用BiPAP呼吸机经鼻（面）罩双水平气道正压通气，观察治疗前后血气分析的pH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2指标变化。结果BiPAP无创通气治疗后PaO2、SaO2均明显升高，PaCO2明显降低，pH明显改善，差异均有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论BiPAP呼吸机经（鼻）面罩双水平气道正压通气治疗重症肺结核合并Ⅱ型呼衰疗效满意，无明显并发症，值得临床推广应用。     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的探讨双水平气道正压(BiPAP)呼吸机无创通气对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法对48例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者常规吸氧、抗炎、解痉平喘,同时给予BiPAP呼吸机通气治疗,观察治疗前后患者血气指标、呼吸频率、心率、血压的变化。结果治疗后患者的血气pH值、PaO2、PaCO2、呼吸频率、心率比治疗前有明显改善,血压变化不明显。结论BiPAP呼吸机无创通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者是安全有效的。     

无创呼吸机治疗冠心病所致急性心力衰竭的临床分析

目的评价无创正压通气(noninvasive positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV)在冠心病致急性左心衰竭抢救治疗中的临床价值。方法对41例冠心病致急性左心衰竭患者在常规治疗下不能有效改善低氧血症时,使用双水平正压通气(BiPAP)治疗,观察治疗前、后临床症状、体征的变化,血气分析结果动脉血pH、氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、平均动脉压(MAP)及血氧饱和度(SaO2)的变化。结果39例患者在无创机械通气后呼吸困难明显减轻;血气分析结果动脉血pH、PaO2、PaCO2、HR、RR、MAP及SaO2较治疗前明显改善;症状和体征也明显改善。治疗总有效率95.1%。结论无创BiPAP可明显改善冠心病致急性左心衰竭患者低氧血症,提高冠心病抢救成功率。     

无创正压通气治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者的疗效观察

目的观察无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法64例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者随机分为两组,对照组(n=30例)常规治疗基础上使用鼻导管吸氧法治疗,观察组(n=34例)常规治疗基础上使用无创正压机械通气治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后心率、呼吸、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH等情况。结果两组患者治疗后心率、呼吸、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、HR及RR等指标均明显改善(P0.05),而观察组改善更为显著(P0.05),pH值无显著差异性(P0.05)。结论无创正压机械通气治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者疗效显著,可有效改善血气指标,值得临床推广应用。     

无创机械通气在ARDS治疗中的应用

目的探讨无创机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的临床疗效。方法对20例ARDS患者采用无创机械通气,根据治疗效果分为成功组和失败组。记录两组病人治疗前后心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、血氧饱和度(SaO2)。结果无创机械通气成功组11例均为ARDS早期患者,治疗2h后PaO2/FiO2、HR、PaO2、SaO2、RR都有明显好转。无创机械通气治疗失败组全为呼吸窘迫较严重的ARDS患者,治疗2h后PaO2/FiO2、HR、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、RR无明显变化。结论无创机械通气对部分ARDS患者有良好的通气支持作用,尤其是ARDS的早期阶段。     

无创双水平正压通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ呼吸衰竭的临床分析

目的探讨无创双水平正压通气(BiPAP)治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法以笔者两院56例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者为研究对象,在常规治疗的基础上,给予BiPAP治疗,对比治疗前后的PH、PaCO2、PaO2、RR、SaO2,探讨BiPAP治疗的效果。结果 52例疗效显著并成功脱机,4例效果差而改用气管插管,成功率达92.86%;治疗后pH、PaCO2、PaO2、RR、SaO2均改善明显,经t检验,较治疗前差异具有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论 BiPAP对于COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,可迅速缓解呼吸困难、改善呼吸功能,具有方便、无创及疗效显著等优点,值得临床推广。     

无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭中的应用

目的 探讨无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床应用价值。方法 对36例COPD并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在常规治疗的同时，应用双水平正压无创通气（BiPAP）呼吸机辅助通气治疗，观察治疗前及治疗后2h、4h和24h患者血气分析：动脉氧分压（PaO2）、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO2）、pH，以及呼吸频率（RR）／心率（HR）的变化。结果 无创通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭后2-6hPaO2、PaCO2和SaO2升高，pH改善，RR和HR减慢，24h内呼吸衰竭基本纠正，差异均有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论 无创通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭是安全有效的方法。     

BiPAP治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的观察大型急救用呼吸机双水平气道正压通气（BiPAP）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法将31例COPD患者随机分为治疗组（BiPAP通气）和对照组（呼吸兴奋剂），观察治疗前、后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO2）、心率（HR）、呼吸（R）等指标的变化。结果治疗组患者PaO2、SaO2的升高及PaCO2的下降明显优于对照组（P均〈0.05），呼吸频率（R）、心率（HR）、紫绀、水肿的改善也较对照组显著。结论使用大型急救用呼吸机BiPAP无创通气能明显改善COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的氧合换气功能，疗效满意、并发症少，病人易于接受。     

BiPAP无创呼吸机治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床观察

目的 总结我科近一年应用双水平正压无创通气(BiPAP)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的治疗效果.方法 对28例AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者给予BiPAP呼吸机通气治疗,观察治疗前后PH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2等指标变化.结果 BiPAP呼吸机治疗后4h及72 h及通气结束后较治疗前PH、PaO2、SaO2均明显升高,PaCO2明显降低(P均＜0.05).治疗后临床症状得到明显改善.结论 BiPAP呼吸机对AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效显著.     

无创正压通气治疗老年急性左心衰竭并呼衰疗效分析

目的　探讨BiPAP鼻面罩双水平正压通气辅助治疗老年急性左心衰竭 (ALHF)合并I型呼吸衰竭(ARF I)患者的临床疗效。　 方法 　采用治疗前后对照分析法 ,对老年ALHF合并ARF I 32例在常规药物治疗基础上 ,辅以BiPAPST D 2 0、ST D 30型呼吸机经鼻面罩双水平正压通气治疗 ,对临床症状、体征变化和血气指标进行监测。　 结果 　正压通气 2h后患者生命体征趋向稳定 ,呼吸困难缓解 ,呼吸频率和心率下降 (P <0 0 1) ,无低血压症状 ,PaO2 、PaCO2 和SaO2 明显改善 (P <0 0 1) ,有效率 90 6 %(2 9/32 )、病死率 2 5 %(8/32 )。　 结论 　临床一旦明确ALHF合并ARF I ,即应尽早应用正压通气治疗 ;BiPAP鼻面罩双水平气道正压通气治疗是老年ALHF合并ARF I患者的快速有效方法。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.