干洗服装店中有害物质控制研究现状

产品的环境因素正成为衡量其内在品质和服务水准的重要指标〔1〕,干洗溶剂的安全性和循环使用中的处理排放已开始成为评价干洗行业可持续发展与繁荣的关键〔2〕。干洗溶剂和洗涤工艺过程的选择不仅需要满足相应的环境规范 ,溶剂的回收利用也成为绿色干洗追求的目标 ,即干洗服装不得含有对人体和环境造成伤害的有毒、有害物质 ,不得存在潜在的、可能对人体或其他物体造成伤害的因素〔3〕。绿色消费将原先意识到的生产生态学概念延伸到用户生态学和产品的处理生态学 ,提醒使用者关心产品使用过程的健康影响和环境问题。而干洗服装店是使用干洗…     

患者满意度评价浅析

患者对于医疗服务的满意度对医院的生存和发展有着重要影响，因为只有患者满意才能使满意的患者成为医院的忠诚顾客，再通过这些忠诚顾客的口碑影响其他患者，提升医院形象。随着社会经济环境的改变，人们的消费观念日益成熟，对个性化的情感消费越来越重视，对服务过程的参与和评价也更积极、主动。     

多重接触有机溶剂的职业卫生评价

多重接触有机溶剂的职业卫生评价周彤，金锡鹏在接触有机溶剂的生产环境中，工人接触混合溶剂的机会远比接触单一溶剂的机会为多，如生产和使用涂料、塑料、清洁剂、粘胶剂、香料、干洗剂及某些纺织用品时，所用的溶剂多由数种有机溶剂配制而成。酒精有时虽也用作工业溶剂...     

医院文化建设之我见

医院文化建设是社会和患者对医院服务水平、人员素质、医疗技术和就医环境的综合评价，是医院建设和发展的重要资源和宝贵财富，反映了医院的综合实力，展现了职工的精神风貌。它在医院现代化发展过程中起着至关重要的作用。为适应当前激烈的医疗市场竞争，加快医院的改革与发展，必须从树立“以病人为中心”的服务理念，实行“人文化”的管理理念，强化管理，完善制度建设，引入竞争激励机制，努力建设高素质的职工队伍，开展环境形象建设等方面着手，进一步加强医院文化建设。     

一种新的空气吸附采样管解析技术的评价

空气吸附采样管在测定劳动环境中化学物质的浓度方面已应用多年。将被采集物从吸附剂上解析下来的常规方法有物理转移和将吸附剂转移到一个盛有解析溶剂的小瓶。现对一种新的解析技术——整管解析技术进行评价,利用此技术可不需将吸附剂移出玻璃管,而是将含有吸附剂的玻璃管加到含有解析溶剂的小瓶中。几种化学物质,包括环氧乙烷、二氯甲烷和苯乙烯等的回收率与传统的溶剂解析回收率进行了比较。这种新技术的利用,对采样管在设计上进行了小的改动,即采样管的前段和后段可以自然分开。利用这种新技术,可以使空气吸附采样管的解析时间大大缩短,同时也易于被实验室的机器人系统所接受。     

信息技术在医药卫生中的应用

信息化正在席卷全球。从工业经济到信息经济，从工业社会到信息社会，在这个动态演进过程中，信息化逐步上升为推动世界经济和社会全面发展的关键因素，成为人类进步的标志。信息技术，特别是网络技术发展，突破了人们之间的物理疆界，为知识共享和技术进步开创了前所未有的环境，也是当今经济全球化的发展基础。     

基于宏观环境分析法的我国建筑垃圾处理行业发展研究

采用宏观环境分析法，分别从政治环境、经济环境、社会环境和技术环境，对我国建筑垃圾处理行业发展进行分析，从发展阶段、政策标准、工艺技术等不同角度对建筑垃圾从“沟壑堆填弃料”到“绿色建造枢纽”的变化过程进行了梳理与总结。以建筑垃圾处理行业相关政策文件发布时间为历史坐标轴，将行业发展过程分为萌芽阶段、过渡阶段、发展阶段、深化阶段4个阶段，结合我国各个规划期时间点对行业产业链、投资运营模式发展以及社会环境、技术环境的影响因素和发展趋势进行了分析。指出随着“双碳”战略的推进，我国城乡建设开启了以绿色转型为引领的新篇章，建筑垃圾处理行业始终会是我国循环经济发展的重要主题。     

某职业技术学院学生消费与健康关系分析

高职生在日常生活中要进行各种消费，在消费过程中不可避免地要涉及到健康问题。为此，笔者于2003年9—11月对某职业技术学院学生消费与健康情况进行了调查，结果如下。     

试论临床预防的社会突破

临床预防已经取得了技术突破，在推广临床预防的过程中还需社会突破。文章从提高认识、转变理念，政策支持，加强学术研究与评价，列入人材培训计划四个方面论述临床预防社会突破的内涵。     

某公司5万t/年顺丁橡胶装置职业病危害预评价

目的识别、评价本项目可能存在的职业病危害因素及防护效果。方法依据《建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价技术等则》,采用类比法和综合分析法相结合的原则进行预评价。结果该项目建成投产后,其生产过程中存在化学毒物、物理因素等职业病危害因素,在可研报告中该装置有相应的防护措施,经类比分析,项目生产过程中可能产生的有害因素溶剂汽油(洗胶罐溶剂汽油超限倍数为4.8倍,震动筛溶剂汽油超限倍数为2.5倍),噪声有4个检测点超标、高温(干燥箱45.2℃、洗胶罐35.9℃)超过卫生标准,新建项目采取有效的职业病防护措施和个人防护措施后,可减轻毒物、噪声、高温对工人健康的危害。结论本项目为一般职业病危害的建设项目,只要防护措施到位,职业病危害因素是可以预防和控制的。     

洗衣店四氯乙烯的危害与控制

正确评价干洗剂对人体的毒副作用 ,合理地设定干洗过程挥发性有害物质的残留限量 ,是开发绿色干洗服务的先决条件。只有在充分保证环境安全的前提下 ,通过逐步推行无公害化学清洁产品来规范企业的环境行为 ,才能最终实现干洗业的可持续发展     

四氯乙烯干洗的环境影响与清洁生产

不良洗涤导致的污染问题作为衡量纺织品生命周期环境影响的重要指标不容忽视,作为对纺织品生命周期环境品质的补充和完善,设定干洗纺织品上有害物质合理的最高容许限量,实施干洗衣物中溶剂残留的控韵,对清洁生产和ISO14000环境管理体系的运行有着十分重要的指导意义。     

Remaining solvents in dry cleaned over clothes]

We examined remaining solvents in dry cleaned trousers to estimate the magnitude of environmental pollution. A cleaning solvent of petroleum hydrocarbon was analyzed by means of capillary column mass spectrum gas chromatography. Principal ingredients were identified to be nonane, decane and undecane. The same main components were detected in dry cleaned trousers. Total amounts of evaporated vapor from a pair of trousers (480 g) in 5 days after dry cleaning were nonane (0.73 mg), decane (1.53 mg) and undecane (1.09 mg). The levels on the fifth day were 5%(nonane), 18%(decane) and 32%(undecane) of the first day's concentration, respectively. The half times of the remaining solvents were 1.0 day (nonane), 1.7 days (decane) and 2.7 days (undecane), respectively.     

Spontaneous abortion in dry cleaning workers potentially exposed to perchloroethylene.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between spontaneous abortion and work within dry cleaning units in the United Kingdom where the solvent perchloroethylene is used. METHODS: A retrospective occupational study of reproductive outcome in 7305 women aged 16 and 45 years, who were currently or previously employed in dry cleaning or laundry units in the United Kingdom. Data on workplace exposures and reproductive outcome were obtained by postal survey. A sample of reported spontaneous abortions was validated from medical records. Machine operator versus non-operator was used as a surrogate for exposure to perchloroethylene in dry cleaning units as no data on individual doses were available for women in this study. RESULTS: The response rate was higher for current workers of dry cleaning units (78%), than for past workers of dry cleaning units (46%). Similarly, the response for current laundry workers (65%) was higher than that for past laundry workers (40%). Overall, the reproductive characteristics of the respondents were similar to expectation. Examination of exposure at the time of pregnancy, however, showed that the rate of spontaneous abortion varied according to the type of work the women did during the pregnancy or in the three months before conception: being lowest for pregnancies not exposed to either dry cleaning or laundry work (10.9%), higher for those exposed to laundry work (13.4%), and higher still for those exposed to dry cleaning work (14.8%). Within the group of pregnancies exposed to dry cleaning, the proportion was higher if the woman reported that she worked as an operator at the time of the pregnancy (17.1%) rather than as a non-operator (11.6%). Adjusted odds ratios for the period 1980-95 showed that the risk was over 50% higher in operators than non-operators (p = 0.04). The physical demands of the two jobs are likely to be similar. A higher risk was found when work as a dry cleaning operator was compared with no work in either dry cleaning or laundry units during pregnancy. Exposure to dry cleaning as a non-operator was not associated with any excess risk. CONCLUSIONS: Women who worked in dry cleaning shops at the time of their pregnancy or in the three months before who described themselves as operators were about half as likely again to report that their pregnancy ended in a spontaneous abortion than women who described themselves as non-operators.     

Health and reproductive status of female workers in dry cleaning shops

Summary This study concerns 67 women working in 53 dry cleaning shops in the city of Rome. The survey includes data on work habits, health problems and reproductive histories. Exposure to the prevalent solvent used in dry cleaning (tetrachloroethylene) was evaluated by the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) concentration in the urine. Exposure was four times higher among dry cleaners than among women doing only ironing and among the controls. However, the TCA values were still low, thus suggesting ambient concentrations within the acceptable limits. The health of these women was satisfactory, and no overt reproductive pathology was detected. The methodological limitations and the small sample size, however, do not permit firm conclusions.     

Use of history science methods in exposure assessment for occupational health studies

Aims: To show the power of history science methods for exposure assessment in occupational health studies, using the dry cleaning industry in Denmark around 1970 as the example.

Methods: Exposure data and other information on exposure status were searched for in unconventional data sources such as the Danish National Archives, the Danish Royal Library, archives of Statistics Denmark, the National Institute of Occupational Health, Denmark, and the Danish Labor Inspection Agency. Individual census forms were retrieved from the Danish National Archives.

Results: It was estimated that in total 3267 persons worked in the dry cleaning industry in Denmark in 1970. They typically worked in small shops with an average size of 3.5 persons. Of these, 2645 persons were considered exposed to solvents as they were dry cleaners or worked very close to the dry cleaning process, while 622 persons were office workers, drivers, etc in shops with 10 or more persons. It was estimated that tetrachloroethylene constituted 85% of the dry cleaning solvent used, and that a shop would normally have two machines using 4.6 tons of tetrachloroethylene annually.

Conclusion: The history science methods, including retrieval of material from the Danish National Archives and a thorough search in the Royal Library for publications on dry cleaning, turned out to be a very fruitful approach for collection of exposure data on dry cleaning work in Denmark. The history science methods proved to be a useful supplement to the exposure assessment methods normally applied in epidemiological studies.

     

夜间手术器械不同清洗方法的质量比较

目的探讨安全、有效的夜间手术器械清洗流程和方法,提高夜间手术器械的清洗质量。方法将夜间使用后的手术器械1680件(咬合类器械1200件、管腔类器械480件),随机分为A、B、C、D组,采用4种不同的清洗方法;A组:立即清洗法;B组:干式保存法;C组:刷洗保存法;D组:酶液保存法,比较各组目测、5倍放大镜、特殊棉签检测、残留血检测、菌落数及内毒素检测合格率。结果 A、B、C、D组合格率目测为78.3%、86.9%、94.5%、96.4%;5倍放大镜为71.9%、81.9%、92.6%、93.8%;特殊棉签检测为59.2%、74.2%、90.8%、93.3%;残留血检测为64.2%、85.8%、96.7%、98.3%;菌落数为46.7%、93.3%、100.0%、100.0%;内毒素为43.3%、93.3%、100.0%、100.0%。经统计学检验,4组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论使用后的夜间手术器械采用刷洗保存法和酶液保存法,均能明显提高器械的清洗质量及残留血检测合格率,但酶液保存法,具有安全性,可操作性强。     

Perchloroethylene exposure assessment among dry cleaning workers

Perchloroethylene (Perc), the most widely used solvent in dry cleaning, is toxic to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system and may be a human carcinogen. In the Detroit area, as part of a project investigating the health status of dry cleaning workers, an exposure assessment was carried out in dry cleaning plants using perchloroethylene. Breath samples were obtained from each participant, and time-weighted average (TWA) breathing zone air samples were obtained using passive dosimeters on a subset expected to experience a range of exposures. Perc in breath and Perc in air were highly correlated (r2 = 0.75, p less than 0.0001). On average, operators of dry cleaning equipment experienced significantly more exposure than nonoperators. Also, employees working in shops that use transfer equipment (requiring physical transfer of Perc-saturated clothing from washers to dryers) showed significantly higher exposure than those in shops utilizing dry-to-dry machinery (permitting washing and drying in one machine in a single cycle). One or more air samples in every transfer shop exceeded the recently revised Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 25 ppm, while no air samples in dry-to-dry shops exceeded this limit. The results suggest concern for exposures to operators in transfer shops and that compliance with the PEL is achievable by engineering controls with presently existing technology.     

Renal function in dry cleaning workers exposed to perchloroethylene

Perchloroethylene (PCE) is a widely used dry cleaning and degreasing solvent. Although there is evidence in animals and humans for renal effects at extremely high doses, there are few studies of its potential renal toxicity at typical occupational concentrations. This study reports on the relationship of PCE in breath and estimates of chronic exposure with the urinary ratios of total urinary protein, albumin, and n-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) to creatinine in dry cleaning workers exposed to PCE. Regression models including one or more exposure variables, demographic variables, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and the presence of diseases affecting kidney function were examined. Urine samples, breath samples, exposure histories, and medical histories were obtained from 192 dry cleaning workers. The results failed to demonstrate any consistent relationship between exposure and renal outcome variables. However, protein/creatinine and albumin/creatinine were significantly, although weakly and positively, associated with MAP; NAG/creatinine was weakly but significantly positively associated with age; mean NAG/creatinine was also higher in non-whites. The reasons why an association between exposure and renal outcome was not found are discussed.     

Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry

Field surveys were conducted of 67 dry cleaning establishments to assess working conditions and potential for exposure to perchloroethylene, a solvent of choice in this industry. Evaluation of ventilation controls showed that 28% of cleaning machines (transfer type) did not have functioning local exhaust systems, and an additional 32% had inadequately maintained systems providing less than the recommended face velocity at the door opening. Personal sampling was performed in 20 firms to relate operator exposure levels to the process used and degree of local exhaust ventilation. Utilization of the dry-to-dry (closed system) process resulted in a lower mean TWA exposure, 28.3 ppm, as compared to 86.6 ppm for transfer operations. Five-minute peak samples taken during clothing transfer demonstrated significant exposure levels ranging from 11.3 to 533.8 ppm. A lower mean peak exposure (25.3 ppm) was found for firms with local exhaust ventilation at the recommended rate than for facilities with poorly or unventilated cleaning machines (159.7 ppm). The study points out the manner in which available control measures can be used optimally to reduce employee exposure. Increased involvement of trade associations and local health authorities is also recommended to promote the safe use of perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry.