2型糖尿病及合并大血管病变患者C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6水平观察

目的 观察C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）在2型糖尿病（DM）及其合并大血管病变时的血清浓度变化。探讨血清CRP、IL-6与2型糖尿病及其大血管并发症的关系。方法用ELISA方法测定60例2型DM患者（伴或不伴大血管病变各30例）及29例对照组体检健康者血清CRP、IL-6水平。结果 （1）2型DM伴有或不伴有大血管病变患者血清CRP、IL-6水平较对照组明显增高（P〈0．01）。（2）2型DM伴有大血管病变患者血清CRP、IL-6水平较不伴有大血管病变患者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（3）CRP水平与胰岛素敏感指数、胰岛素分泌功能指数成负相关（P〈0．05）。CRP水平与空腹、餐后2h血糖正相关（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），与病程、GHbA1C、IL-6证相关（P〈0．01）。IL-6与餐后2h血糖正相关（P〈0．05）。结论 CRP、IL-6在2型DM发病过程、病情发展中均起重要作用。     

支气管肺炎患儿TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8检测的临床意义

目的 观察支气管肺炎患儿肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）水平变化及相互之间的关系。进-步探讨支气管肺炎临床预测的炎症指标。方法 分别采用放射性免疫分析法，对30例支气管肺炎患儿进行血清TNF—α，IL-6，IL-8的检测；并与30例正常健康儿进行比较。结果 支气管肺炎患儿TNF—α，IL-6和IL-8水平均显著高于正常健康儿组（P〈0．01）。治疗lOd后TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8与治疗前比较水平明显降低。TNF—α仍高于正常组（P〈0．01），而IL-6和IL-8治疗后已基本接近正常健康儿组，与正常健康儿组比较无显著意义（P〉0、05）。结论 细胞因子TNF—α，IL-6，IL-8以不同方式参与了小儿支气管肺炎的发病机制。检测支气管肺炎患儿血清中TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8的水平，对评价炎症程度及其病情和预后判断均有重要的价值。     

丹红注射液治疗2型糖尿病合并冠心病的临床疗效及细胞因子水平变化

目的探讨丹红注射液治疗2型糖尿病合并冠心病的临床疗效及细胞因子水平变化。方法选择临床确诊的住院和门诊2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者75例,在行常规治疗基础上加用丹红注射液。结果治疗后临床总有效率为96．0％;心电图改善,总有效率为93．3％。丹红注射液无明显毒副作用。2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者外周血血清TNF-α及IL-6水平均显著性高于对照组（P〈0．05）,TNF—α水平与IL-6水平呈显著性正相关（r=0．785,P〈0．05）;治疗后均显著降低（P〈0．05）。结论2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者体内存在TNF—α及IL-6的异常表达,参与了2型糖尿病合并冠心病的发生发展。丹红注射液对2型糖尿病合并冠心病有较好的疗效及改善炎性细胞因子水平．是一种安全、有效的药物．疗效确切可靠．值得推广使用。     

丹参注射液对过敏性紫癜患儿TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的影响

目的观察丹参注射液对过敏性紫癜（AP）患儿血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）,白细胞介素（IL-6,IL-8）等细胞因子的调节作用。方法选择AP患儿62例,随机分为观察纽和治疗组各31例,选择30例健康儿童作为正常对照组。观察组和治疗组在治疗前和治疗10天后,以ELISA双抗体夹心法检测TNF—α,IL-6,IL-8的血清水平。对照组儿童则抽血一次查TNF-α,IL-6．IL-8的水平备对照。结果观察组和治疗组治疗前后TNF—α,IL-6,IL-8的水平比较差异显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）．观察纽与治疗组治疗前TNF-α,IL-6,IL-8水平比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,治疗后两组间比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论丹参注射液可调节AP患儿的TNF—α,IL-6,IL-8的表达水平。     

TNF-α值与2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的　探讨肿瘤坏死因子 -α(TNF -α)与 2型糖尿病胰岛素的关系。方法　用homa -R法选取有胰岛素抵抗 (IR组 )和无胰岛素抵抗 (NIR组 )的 2型糖尿病患者各 2 0例。另以 2 0名年龄及体重指数相匹配的人群的作为对照组 ,分别检测其空腹血糖、胰岛素 ,计算Homa -R值 ,用ELISA法检测TNF -α。结果　IR组的TNF -α与NIR组及对照组相比较明显增高 ,有统计学意义(P <0 0 5 ) ,IR组的空腹胰岛素水平及胰岛素抵抗指标Homa -R也显著高于NIR组及对照组 (P值为 <0 0 1) ,而三组间年龄、BMI、血脂、脂蛋白、血压均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　血浆TNF -α水平与胰岛素抵抗呈密切相关 ,在 2型DM中有重要病理意义 ,可作为评估有无胰岛素抵抗的一项重要参考指标     

黄连素对新诊断2型糖尿病患者内皮功能、白介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-a的影响

目的探讨黄连素对新诊断2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者内皮细胞功能、白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-a（TNF—a）的影响。方法选取60例新诊断为T2DM的患者作为治疗组,随机分为两组,每组30人,分别给予黄连素联合胰岛素治疗及单纯胰岛素治疗,检测两组患者治疗前后血糖水平、血管性假血友病因子（vwF）、血栓调节蛋白（TM）和内皮细胞蛋白C受体（EPCR）、白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-a（TNF—a）水平,并与对照组（体检健康人群n=30）相应指标进行比较。结果治疗前黄连素组和单纯胰岛素组的空腹血糖、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白、VwF、TM、EPCR、IL-6、TNF—a差异无统计学意义,治疗前黄连素组和单纯胰岛素组的VwF、TM、EPCR、IL-6、TNF-a均高于对照组（P〈0．05）;黄连素组和单纯胰岛素组治疗后的空腹血糖、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白、VwF、TM、EPCR、IL-6、TNF—a低于治疗前（P〈0．05）;治疗后黄连素组和单纯胰岛素组的空腹血糖、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白差异无统计学意义,治疗后黄连素组的VwF、EPCR、IL-6低于单纯胰岛素组（P＜0．05）。结论黄连素能够通过抑制炎症因子对2型糖尿病患者的血管内皮功能起到更好的保护作用。     

成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病患者血清中IL-10和TGF-β的变化及意义

目的探讨成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病（LADA）患者外周血细胞因子白细胞介素-10（IL-10）、转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）的变化与意义。方法以双抗夹心ELISA法检测30例LADA、30例2型糖尿病（T2DM）、30例正常对照外周血血清IL-10、TGF-β水平。结果LADA组、2型糖尿病组的IL-10水平均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05），而LADA组低于2型糖尿病组（P〈0．05）。LADA组的TGF-β水平低于正常对照组（P〈0．05），但与2型糖尿病组相比没有统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论LADA患者和2型糖尿病患者体内均存在着细胞免疫的紊乱。与2型糖尿病患者相比，LADA患者体内血清IL-10浓度降低，不能有效地维持自身的免疫耐受，可能是导致其胰岛β细胞功能加速衰退的重要因素。     

老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平与胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的探讨老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法收集70例老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者和70例老年正常对照者，采用放免法检测血清瘦素水平，并测定空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、甘油三酯（TG）等；采用稳态模型公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IK）来评价胰岛素抵抗的程度。结果老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清瘦素、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及HOMA-IR均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01或0．05）；瘦素水平与胰岛素抵抗指数正相关，与胰岛素敏感指数负相关（P〈0．05）；Logistic回归分析显示，瘦素的升高与老年Ⅱ型糖尿病的发病密切相关。结论老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平显著升高，且与胰岛素抵抗明显相关。     

小剂量阿司匹林对2型糖尿病患者亚临床大血管病变影响的研究

目的研究小剂量阿司匹林对2型糖尿病伴亚临床大血管病变患者高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF—α）脂联素（APN）、瘦素（LEP）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）和平均颈动脉内膜中层厚度（C-IMT）的影响。方法通过颈动脉彩超筛查获得C-IMT≥0．9mm的2型糖尿病患者110例,随机分入阿司匹林（0．1g,1次／d）实验组（56例）和对照组（54例）观察1年。分别观察患者干预前后空腹血糖（FPG）、胰岛素（FINS）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、血脂和hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、APN、LEP血清浓度及C—IMT变化情况。结果经过1年观察发现,实验组hs—CRP、IL-6、LEP较对照组比较明显下降（P〈0．05）,但两组TNF-α、APN差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。实验组治疗前后C—IMT无明显变化,对照组在1年以后的C—IMT有增厚（P〈0．01）,两组治疗后差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论阿司匹林具有减轻2型糖尿病患者炎症反应,延缓亚临床大血管病变进展的作用。     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者血清脂联素与胰岛素抵抗研究

目的分析2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）患者血清脂联素与胰岛素抵抗关系。方法测定2型糖尿病105例,其中合并NAFLD者73例,及正常对照组30例的脂联素、BMI、HOMA-IR等指标。结果T2DM合并重度NAFL组BMI、WHR、FINS、TG、VLDL、HOMA-IR均较T2DM无NAFL组显著增高（P〈0．0l或P〈0．05）;T2DM合并重度NAFL组BMI、WHR、FINS、HOMA．IR均较T2DM合并轻度NAFL组显著增高（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。T2DM合并重度NAFL组血清脂联素水平显著低于他DM无NAFL组与T2DM合并轻度NAFL组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。Logistic逐步回归分析显示BMI、TG、脂联素、HO-MA-IR与T2DM合并NAFL密切相关（13=0．225,0．385,-0．548,0．421,P〈0．05）。结论2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝以胰岛素抵抗为基础,脂联素与NAFL密切相关。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.