股骨远端解剖数据测量及其与膝关节假体径线的匹配性探讨

目的　将股骨远端解剖结构相关数据与国内常用的膝关节假体参数进行对比,评估假体吻合度,为设计符合解剖结构的假体提供参考。 方法　①选100例无明显骨质缺损的华南地区成人股骨标本 (左51,右49), 拍数字化照片;②校正放大率后测量：机械轴长度、机械轴/解剖轴夹角、髁横径、髁间截骨面横径、外髁前后径、内髁前后径;③测量Zimmer NexGen LPS、Stryker Scrorpio NRG Knee-Flexed、United-U1、威高 GKPS假体的髁内外径宽、假体前髁高度及后髁高度。 结果　(1)股骨远端横径为(7.60±0.60) cm,股骨远端外侧髁高度为(5.90±0.76) cm,内侧髁高度为(5.73±0.74) cm,其间无明显相关性;(2) 4品牌假体的截骨长度均可适应股骨远端骨结构,但前髁截骨高度与4种品牌假体前髁高度对比,在设定容差范围内的涵盖率为24%~55%,股骨后髁高度与假体的后髁高度对比,涵盖率仅14%~21%。 结论　股骨远端解剖形态数据分布较为弥散,在关节置换过程中需个体化处理。假体径线与华南地区国人股骨远端形态存在一定差异。     

股骨髁间窝宽度CT测量的方法及意义

目的测量股骨髁间窝的宽度，为人工全膝关节置换术前假体的选择提供有效的方法。方法50例正常人，应用螺旋CT模拟全膝关节置换术中股骨切骨，对后髁切骨前后的髁间窝的宽度测量后进行比较。结果切骨前股骨髁间窝宽度为20．10±1．56mm，切骨后股骨髁间窝宽度为18．09±1．17mm。切骨前后股骨髁间窝的宽度有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论应用CT测量股骨髁间窝的宽度准确性较高，误差小，使术前假体的选择方便、准确。以股骨后髁切骨后髁间窝的宽度为截骨标准比较精确，可以在术中最大限度的保留正常骨质。     

股骨远端解剖形态性别差异与假体形态设计的关系

目的：通过三维螺旋CT重建正常人膝关节，测量股骨远端相关解剖参数，探讨男女性股骨远端的解剖特点对于关节表面假体形态的不同要求。方法：80侧正常成人膝关节，男性、女性各40侧，年龄18～72岁，行三维螺旋CT扫描，在GE Advantage workstation工作站上进行0．625mm层厚重建，测量股骨经上髁轴线宽度、内外侧髁高度、髁间高度及内外侧滑车前突距离，行模拟截骨后，测量各截骨面高度，比较各测量值性别问的差异。结果：男女性髁间高度、经上髁轴线宽度、外侧髁高度及内侧髁高度均有显著性差异（P〈0．001），男性各值均大于女性。股骨远端横径与纵径的比值亦为男性大于女性（P〈0．001），男性股骨内、外侧滑车前突距离均大于女性，均值差分别为1．2mm和0．7mm，均有显著性差异（P〈0．001）。结论：男女性之间股骨髁形态存在一定差别，股骨远端关节面假体形态的设计应该性别差异化，使假体与截骨面更好的吻合。以提高全膝关节置换术的手术效果。     

保留前后交叉韧带人工全膝关节假体的胫骨近端解剖测量

背景：目前使用的保留前后叉韧带的假体仍存在诸多问题。改良和设计保留前后交叉韧带膝关节假体相关的形态测量,特别是胫骨近端未曾见到过详细的报道和研究。 目的：通过对正常膝关节三维数字化模型进行相关的胫骨近端形态学的分析,从而为改良和设计保留前后交叉韧带人工全膝关节假体提供参考。 方法：40例正常志愿者进行膝关节的CT及MRI扫描,然后将膝关节CT、MRI断层影像数据导入Mimics 10.01进行图像分割与三维重建,重建出完整的膝关节三维实体数字化模型后再导入Geomagic Studio 11,在膝关节模型上测量前后交叉韧带在胫骨近端解剖参数,模拟截骨后测量胫骨近端截骨面的解剖参数。 结果与结论：前后交叉韧带总的宽度为(14.94±2.56) mm,性别间比较提示男性需适当增加横向的截骨宽度以避免损伤前后交叉韧带。胫骨髁间棘顶部的长度为(8.02±1.03) mm,底部的长度为(15.19± 1.71) mm,截骨后高度(9.13±0.88) mm,而且此梯形结构位于前后径48%-82%。胫骨截骨面内侧的内外径短于外侧的内外径,内侧前后径大于外侧的前后径,因而保留前后交叉韧带的假体更需要非对称性的设计。     

中国汉族人与美国高加索白人膝关节几何形态的比较

背景:有研究显示中国人膝关节胫骨近端前后径和横径均小于美国高加索人,所以在膝关节形态学方面存在一定差异,因此常发生进口假体系统应用于国人后出现匹配度不高的现象。目的:测量中国人和美国人股骨远端、胫骨近端的几何形态学参数,比较其差异。方法:选择北京清华长庚医院骨科拟行前交叉韧带重建的中国汉族患者50例,以及美国匹兹堡大学运动医学中心拟行前交叉韧带重建的高加索白人后裔患者40例,对90例受试者膝关节进行CT扫描,使用AW Volume Share 5软件进行三维重建,利用Geomagic软件对胫骨近端和股骨远端的各项参数进行测量。结果与结论:①股骨近端测量参数中,中国人的外侧胫骨平台内外径小于美国人(P=0.027),外侧胫骨平台后倾角大于美国人(P<0.05);两组间胫骨平台内外径、内侧胫骨平台外径、内侧胫骨平台前后径、外侧胫骨平台前后径与内侧胫骨平台后倾角比较差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);②股骨远端测量参数中,中国人的股骨远端横径、外侧髁内外径、内侧髁前后径、外侧髁前后径及髁间窝高度均小于美国人(P<0.05),股骨外翻角大于美国人(P<0.05);两组间内侧髁内外径、髁间窝宽度及滑车沟宽度比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);③结果表明,中国人与美国人在膝关节形态学的多个参数存在差异,有必要针对中国人设计更为个体化的膝关节假体。     

全膝关节置换中的改良截骨

背景：近年来全膝关节置换在临床应用普遍,置换技术及假体设计理念均获得极大改善和提高,但尚无截骨顺序方面的研究。 目的：探讨改良截骨方法在全膝关节置换过程中应用的临床效果。 方法：对60例患者的60膝行全膝关节置换,原发疾病包括骨关节炎52例,类风湿性关节炎6例,创伤性关节炎2例,均为后稳定型膝关节,应用强生PFC-Sigma PS型假体或LINK Gemini PS型假体。在极度屈膝下,先行股骨截骨,包括股骨远端前方后方斜面截骨(某些类型还包括股骨髁间截骨)。髌骨不常规置换,再行胫骨平台截骨。记录手术时间,置换后引流量,置换前及置换后6,12周膝关节活动度及美国特种外科医院膝关节评分,并进行统计学分析。 结果与结论：60例患者均获得随访,随访时间3-14个月。手术时间平均(51.3±12.5) min,置换后引流量平均(302±39) mL。置换后6,12周患者膝关节活动度及美国特种外科医院膝关节评分均较置换前明显改善(P < 0.01)。2例患者置换后1个月出现低度感染,经抗感染治疗后好转,未出现假体排异反应。提示全膝关节置换过程中先行股骨截骨可以为胫骨的操作获得更大的空间,方便切除半月板,并可安全地进一步松解周围软组织。操作简便,可以缩短手术时间,减少术中失血,具有良好的修复效果。     

一种组合式个性化人工膝关节假体数字化设计方法

目的 提出一种组合式个性化人工膝关节假体结构,解决膝关节股骨肿瘤保肢手术由于截骨位置差异性较大,很难采用标准型人工膝关节假体满足个性化需求的问题。方法 首先将患部关节区域CT数据进行三维重建,并利用MRI增强扫描技术建立肿瘤的三维模型,再通过肿瘤模型与患部关节模型进行位置匹配,在三维模型上确定手术截骨位置,根据截骨尺寸设计个性化的股骨柄与标准股骨髁假体进行有效组合,形成一种组合式个性化人工膝关节假体。结果 根据本文设计方法的结果加工成型,骨科临床医生分析膝关节假体结构与人体膝关节生理结构相符,达到个性化假体设计要求,能够重建患者膝关节功能。结论 这种膝关节假体结构有利于降低个性化膝关节假体设计加工成本,缩短设计加工周期,有望提高患者生命质量。     

全膝关节置换术截骨导板的仿生设计与制造

目的 设计制造一种考虑假体尺寸的全膝关节置换术截骨导板(简称截骨导板),实现术中快速、精准定位、辅助截骨的目的。方法 截骨导板采用德国EOS公司的FORMIGA P 110三维(3D)打印设备制造,打印材料为聚十二内酰胺(PA12)。通过CT、股骨3D重建、假体逆向重建获得股骨远端与假体的数字模型,用计算机手术预演确定合理尺寸的假体,固定股骨远端与假体的接触面作为截骨平面,以该平面为基准逐步装配其他部件。3D打印设备模型输入格式为病理性股骨标准模板库(STL),采用选择性激光烧结(SLS)技术生产截骨导板,打印主体材料为聚十二内酰胺(PA12)。制造成品灭菌消毒后,于2019年至2021年用于3例因严重骨关节炎实施的截骨手术,其中男性2例,女性1例;患处位于左侧1例,右侧2例;年龄54～67岁,平均年龄59岁。术中医生严格按照截骨导板使用指南实施截骨手术。统计术中和术后失血量、手术时间、髋膝踝角、胫股角、美国膝关节协会评分(AKS)与美国特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节功能评分对手术结果进行评估。结果 成功打印制造截骨导板,主要尺寸：固定钉钉孔到截骨平面的垂直距离10.17～12.51 m...     

磁共振图像测量膝关节置换股骨假体旋转对线

背景：磁共振图像三维测量法不仅能观察和测量一个方向或一个平面的膝关节径线,也可多方向测量多个平面径线和角度。  目的：评价磁共振图像测量在临床上膝关节置换中假体旋转对线中的应用。 方法：以“磁共振,置换”为中文关键词,以“magnetic resonance imaging,replacement”为英文关键词。采用计算机检索2001-01/2009-10有关磁共振图像测量在临床上膝关节置换中假体旋转对线中应用的文章。 结果与结论：磁共振和CT同是三维测量,均能测量股骨外上髁最凸点、股骨内上髁沟最低点、股骨内上髁最凸点与膝关节后侧及远端关节线的距离,测量内上髁沟深度、宽度,并测量股骨远端内外上髁的前后径大小,以及测量股骨假体旋转角度,所测量的数据在临床上均有应用意义,且磁共振成像显示软组织远胜于CT,故磁共振图像测量可作为一种较理想的临床膝关节置换中假体旋转对线的测量方法。     

有限元分析全膝关节置换股骨假体置入定位参数及临床优化验证

文章快速阅读：  文题释义：全膝关节置换三维有限元仿真模型：是指对股骨假体截骨定位参数进行正交实验,选择股骨假体的平移量、外旋度数、外翻度数3个参数作为正交实验的相关因素,创建全膝关节置换膝关节的有限元模型。活动平台型膝关节假体：其聚乙烯衬垫与托盘不固定,之间能够自由滑动和旋转,可以减少聚乙烯磨损和假体松动的风险,现阶段临床应用比较多的是活动性膝关节假体,该假体能够扩大相应界面与聚乙烯衬垫的接触面积,减少接触应力。   背景：三维有限元仿真分析在生物力学中有着广泛应用,但在膝关节置换中的研究不多,对股骨假体的研究也比较少。目的：有限元分析膝关节置换股骨假体置入的优化定位参数,并对Gemini-PS膝关节假体全膝关节置换进行临床验证。方法：①构建全膝关节置换膝关节有限元模型,对股骨假体截骨定位参数进行正交实验,选择股骨假体的平移量A、外旋度数B、外翻度数C 3个参数作为正交实验的相关因素,每个参数取3个值建立正交表,创建9个实验组合的全膝关节置换膝关节的有限元模型,对9个模型进行有限元分析,通过优化处理进行方差和极差分析。②纳入42例(47膝)中老年膝骨关节炎患者,采用Gemini-PS 膝关节假体进行全膝关节置换,采用美国特种外科医院膝关节评分及美国膝关节协会评分评价置换前后膝关节功能,以疼痛目测类比评分评估置换前后膝关节疼痛程度。结果与结论：①聚乙烯衬底表面压应力峰值最小的为平移0 mm,外旋3°,外翻6°组合,压应力峰值为15.9 MPa;聚乙烯衬垫表面压应力的影响因素中,内外平移的影响大于外旋角度的影响大于外翻角度的影响;通过极差分析和方差分析发现股骨假体置入的最佳定位参数组合为平移0 mm,外旋3°,外翻6°;通过仿真计算证明正交实验是有效的;②42例患者均得到随访,随访时间12-36个月,1例发生术口下段皮下脂肪液化;置换后末次随访患膝美国特种外科医院膝关节评分及美国膝关节协会评分均较置换前显著提高(P < 0.05);置换后疼痛目测类比评分较置换前显著降低(P < 0.05)。X射线检查未发现骨溶解、假体脱位及松动等并发症,置换后膝关节功能恢复良好;③结果提示,股骨假体置入位置的微小变化都会引起聚乙烯衬垫表面压应力峰值的异常分布,全膝关节置换术中对股骨假体进行准确定位可以取得良好的置换效果。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程 ORCID:0000-0002-3861-0467(徐高伟)     

Comparative anatomical measurements of osseous structures in the ovine and human knee

The ovine stifle has been increasingly used as a large animal model for the human knee. Still, comparative anatomical measurements of the knee in sheep and humans are missing. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe and measure the osseous anatomy of the ovine stifle in comparison to the human knee. Twenty-four stifles of skeletal-mature merino-sheep and 24 human cadaver knees were obtained and distances between selected anatomical structures of the distal femur, the proximal tibia, and the patella were measured digitally and documented. Based on these, intercondylar ratio, tibial aspect ratio, patella aspect ratio and the cortical index were calculated. Regarding epicondylar width, lateral condylar width, medial condylar width and the tibial dimensions, the ovine stifle can be considered as a human knee scaled down by one third. However, sheep have a smaller trochlear width and a narrower femoral intercondylar notch than humans resulting in lower relative values for intercondylar width and intercondylar height. The distal femur's cortical index is the same in both species. In contrast, sheep have a massive bone stock below their tibial plateau and a proximal tibial shaft with remarkably thick cortical bone. The ovine stifle can be regarded as a useful model for the human knee. However, future studies should consider the differences in the femoral intercondylar notch width, the patellofemoral joint's biomechanics and the proximal tibia's cortical bone stock.     

外侧副韧带松弛的内翻膝患者在TKA术中的胫骨截骨量分析

目的　探讨合并外侧副韧带松弛的内翻膝患者的截骨量是否受影响。 方法　选取本院2016年至2018年行膝关节置换的内翻膝患者92例,其中25例合并外侧副韧带松弛的患者为观察组;其余患者为对照组。两组均采用等量截骨法进行截骨。术中测量股骨远端外髁、股骨后外髁、胫骨外侧平台截骨量,随访测量胫股解剖角（anatomic tibiofemoral angle,ATFA）、髌骨倾斜角（patellar tilt angle,PTA）、股骨后髁偏距（posterior condylar offset,PCO）。采用美国膝关节协会评分（AKS）、美国特种外科医院（HSS）评分以及关节活动度评价关节功能。 结果　两组股骨远端外髁截骨量差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,观察组术中胫骨外侧平台截骨量低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者术后6周、6个月及12个月ATFA、PTA、PCO、AKS评分、HSS评分及膝关节活动度无统计学差异（P>0.05）。 结论　合并外侧副韧带松弛的内翻膝患者的胫骨外侧平台截骨量较小。     

人体膝关节股骨后髁角度的MRI测量

背景：全膝关节置换过程中股骨假体旋转力线良好非常重要,研究显示后髁角度是确定力线的重要依据,后髁角度为股骨后髁轴与股骨手术髁上轴之间角度,MRI测量可清晰显示后髁软骨、外上髁突起及内上髁凹陷,从而保证测量数据的准确。 目的：测量保定北部地区人群中膝关节后髁角度,为临床实施全膝关节置换过程中确定股骨假体旋转力线提供影像学依据。 方法：应用核磁共振机对入选中青年人群膝关节进行扫描,取膝关节伸直中立位,扫描平面垂直于膝关节机械轴,选择T1像上最佳膝关节轴位平面,由两名观察者独自分析图像,通过Bravo viewer 6.0影像软件观察股骨内上髁存在率,画出股骨髁上轴线及后髁线并测量两条轴线之间角度,即股骨后髁角度。 结果与结论：入选人群男性股骨后髁角度为(2.73±1.28)°,女性股骨后髁角度为(2.35±1.37)°,不同性别间差异无显著性意义。提示MRI测量股骨后髁角具有较大优越性,人工全膝关节置换过程中髁上轴线变异性较小,可参照后髁角度定位安装股骨假体,避免膝关节置换后并发症发生。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

Anthropometric measurements of knee joints in Thai population: Correlation to the sizing of current knee prostheses

Anthropometric data on the distal femoral condyle and the proximal tibia of 200 knees in 200 Thai subjects were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The data including the resected femoral anterior-posterior (AP) length, the resected femoral medial-lateral (ML) width, the resected tibial AP length and the resected tibial ML width were measured. A characterization of the aspect ratio (the ML to AP dimensions) was made for the distal part of the femur and the aspect ratio (the AP to ML dimensions) was made for the proximal part of the tibia. All parameters were compared to the size of the total knee prosthesis with four prosthetic systems which currently used in Thailand: NexGen (Zimmer), P.F.C. Sigma (Depuy-Johnson & Johnson), Genesis II (Smith & nephew), and Scorpio (Stryker). The results of this study could provide fundamental data for the design of knee prostheses suitable for the Thai population.     

膝关节置换时股骨髓内定位对假体排列的影响

BACKGROUND: The femoral intramedullary guides in total knee arthroplasty require high precision, complex operation, it is very important for prosthesis and joint function to choose more precise positioning method and determine the correct needle point. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of needle point position on prosthesis arrangement when applying different femoral intramedullary guides methods in total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Totally 80 patients who received the treatment of total knee arthroplasty in Changshu No.1 People’s Hospital from January 2012 to July 2015 were selected and divided into test and control groups according to random number table (n=40/group). The patients in the test group accepted CT scan for femoral   intramedullary guides. The theoretical position of femoral intramedullary guides entry point was marked using radiographic parameters. In the control group, the traditional total knee arthroplasty technology was used to mark the entry point of femoral intramedullary guides. The needle point position when applying different femoral intramedullary guide methods was observed. The effect of femoral intramedullary guides on prosthesis arrangement in total knee arthroplasty was discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the distance from entry point to femoral anatomic line on positive and lateral X-ray film in the test group was shorter, femoral prosthesis lateral angle and physiological valgus angle were closer to the theoretical value, distance from intersection of femur axis and femoral condyle to block center was shorter; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that compared with the traditional two-dimensional intramedullary positioning, the needle point position of three-dimensional CT scan stimulative positioning is more accurate. The location more concentrates on within intercondylar fossa 2-5 mm, more front of intercondylar fossa 3-10 mm, three-dimensional CT scan stimulative positioning is a reliable choice for femoral intramedullary guides.      

股骨内髁参数对单髁置换中截骨及假体设计的参考意义

BACKGROUND: Knee-parameter measurements play an important role in the designing of the knee prosthesis. Currently, we have more and more research of the total knee replacement, while uni-condylar knee replacement study is few.  OBJECTIVE: To obtain the parameters of the normal femoral condyles and explore its correlation with osteotomy and prosthesis design of the knee joint during uni-condylar knee replacement. METHODS: Normal knee joints of 60 cases (60 knees) were selected. We measured the parameters by using thin-section CT scan and post-processing techniques, including arc diameter of the lowest point of the femoral condyle on the coronal plane, arc diameter of the distal point of the posterior condyle of the femur on the transverse plane, arc diameter of the distal point of the posterior condyle of the femur on the sagittal plane, and arc diameter of the lowest point of the femoral condyle on the sagittal plane, and analyzed the correlation with sex and height.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The diameter of the arc that passes through the lowest point of femoral medial condyle in the coronal plane was (42.685±1.389) mm. The diameter of the arc that passes through the farthest point of posterior of femoral medial condyle in the cross-section was (42.732±1.440) mm. The diameter of the arc that passes through the lowest point of femoral medial condyle on the sagittal plane was (45.473±1.332) mm. The diameter of the arc that passes through the farthest point of posterior of femoral medial condyle on the sagittal plane was (42.587±1.446) mm. The results illustrate that knee condyle related parameters were positively correlated with height. Parameters in males were significantly greater than in females. The diameter of the arc that passes through the lowest point of femoral medial condyle on the sagittal plane was significantly larger than that of the farthest point of femoral posterior medial condyle on the sagittal plane (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference among the diameter of the arc that passes through the lowest point of femoral medial condyle on the coronal plane, the diameter of the arc that passes through the farthest point of posterior of femoral medial condyle on the cross-section and that of the farthest point of femoral posterior medial condyle on the sagittal plane.