强迫选择条件下性别刻板印象对行为信息注意加工的影响:个人理论的调节作用

目的:考察在强迫选择条件下,个人理论对性别刻板印象相关信息注意加工的调节作用。方法:采用内隐个人理论测验挑选出63名动态论大学生和67名实体论大学生作为被试,通过再认测验考察在强迫选择条件下,个人理论对性别刻板印象相关信息注意加工的调节作用。结果:高认知负荷条件下,实体论者将更多的注意资源分配于与其刻板印象一致信息,而动态论者将更多的注意资源分配于与其刻板印象不一致信息;低认知负荷条件下,实体论者对与其刻板印象一致信息分配了更多的注意资源,但两类被试对与其刻板印象不一致信息及中性信息的注意资源分配均不存在差异。结论:刻板印象对行为信息注意加工的影响确实受到个人理论的调节。     

认知负荷对个人理论影响刻板印象相关信息加工的调节作用

目的:探讨不同认知负荷条件下个人理论对刻板印象相关信息加工的影响。方法:采用内隐个人理论测验作为筛选实验被试的工具,以再认准确性为指标来考察认知负荷对个人理论影响刻板印象相关信息加工的调节作用。结果:在高认知负荷条件下,实体论被试把更多的注意分配给与特质一致信息,而动态论被试则将更多的注意分配给与特质不一致信息;在低认知负荷条件下,两类被试对四类信息的注意分配无显著差异;在无认知负荷条件下,实体论被试在特质维度上的不一致性效应显著高于从属维度,而动态论被试在特质维度上的一致性效应显著高于从属维度。结论:个人对刻板印象相关信息的加工方式不仅受其个人理论的调节,而且与认知资源的充足度有关。     

权力刻板印象的内容及其对自发特质推理的影响

目的:从热情和能力两维度考察权力刻板印象的内容及其对自发特质推理的影响。方法:实验1采用内隐联想测验,分别从能力(实验1a)和热情(实验1b)两个维度考察权力刻板印象的内容;实验2采用探测词再认范式考察权力刻板印象对自发特质推理的影响。结果:实验1发现,被试倾向于将高能力词、低热情词与高权力者相联系,倾向于将低能力词、高热情词与低权力者相联系。实验2发现,被试再认热情特质词的反应时显著长于再认能力特质词,再认消极特质词的反应时显著长于再认积极特质词;当行为者是高权力者时,被试再认低热情特质词的反应时显著长于高热情特质词;当行为者是低权力者时,被试再认低能力特质词的反应时显著长于高能力特质词。结论:人们持有高权力者高能力低热情、低权力者低能力高热情的混合刻板印象;权力刻板印象对自发特质推理的影响主要表现为消极权力刻板印象的效应。     

大学生性别-学科刻板印象的加工模式实验研究

目的:探讨大学生性别-学科刻板印象的外显和内隐加工模式的一致性。方法:采用性别-学科刻板印象的问卷调查和内隐联想测验(Implicit Association Test,简称IAT)方法来测量180名大学生。结果:外显和内隐的性别-学科刻板印象出现了实验分离现象。在外显测试中被试认为男女性在学习文理类专业时无显著差异。但三个不同的内隐测量组被试却认为男女性在学习文史类专业时能力相当,学习理工类专业则男性明显优于女性。结论:外显性别-学科刻板印象趋向于自动加工与控制加工相结合,是一种"自下而上"、"三思而答"的加工模式。内隐性别-学科刻板印象倾向于一种自动化加工,采用的是"自上而下"的省时省力加工模式。     

反刻板印象对内隐性别刻板印象的影响:情绪的调节作用

目的:考察反刻板印象对抑制内隐学科性别刻板印象的效应及情绪的调节作用。方法:以175名大学生为被试,分为两个实验,采用内隐联想测验考察了启动反刻板印象对抑制内隐学科性别刻板印象的效应(实验1)及情绪的调节作用(实验2)。结果:实验1发现,启动反刻板印象组被试的D值显著小于不启动反刻板印象组被试的D值;实验2发现,积极情绪条件下,启动反刻板印象组被试的D值显著小于不启动反刻板印象组被试的D值,但消极情绪下,启动反刻板印象组被试的D值显著大于不启动反刻板印象组被试的D值。结论:启动反刻板印象能够有效地抑制内隐学科性别刻板印象;与消极情绪下启动反刻板印象相比,积极情绪下启动反刻板印象更能够抑制内隐学科性别刻板印象。     

内隐老化刻板印象的年龄差异及其与认知老化的关系

目的 利用语义联想原理,以反应时为指标,考察年轻人与不同阶段的老年人的内隐老化刻板印象的差异及其与词语记忆等认知功能老化的关系.方法 采用计算机测验程序对81名60～85 岁老年人和36名年轻人的内隐老化刻板印象和词语记忆进行了测量.结果 ①在控制教育年限的情况下,年龄越大,内隐老化刻板印象程度越高(r=0.712);②年轻人的内隐老化刻板印象显著低于老年人.60岁组和65岁组显著低于70岁组和75岁组.70岁是内隐老化刻板印象发展的一个转折点.男性被试的内隐老化刻板印象低于女性;③内隐老化刻板印象程度越高,词语记忆能力也越差,两者之间的相关系数为-0.455.结论 内隐老化刻板存在年龄差异,内隐老化刻板印象与老年人的认知老化有着密切的关系.     

补偿性刻板印象激活对公平感的影响

目的:探讨激活优势群体的消极特征和弱势群体的积极特征对民众公平体验的影响。方法:采用自编短文激活被试对贫、富群体在不同特征维度上的补偿或非补偿性刻板印象,随后用问卷测量公平感。结果:与非补偿条件相比,补偿性刻板印象激活条件下被试体验到更强的个人公平感,特征维度与激活条件间的交互作用不显著;激活热情维度上非补偿刻板印象的被试,其社会公平感显著低于其他条件下的被试。结论:补偿性刻板印象源于系统公正需求,能起到提升个人公平感和维护社会公平感的作用。     

性别刻板印象对个体注意偏好的影响:性别图式的调节作用

目的:考察性别图式在性别刻板印象对个体注意偏好影响中的调节作用.方法:从山东某高校抽取88名大学生,根据Bem性别角色量表筛选出性别图式化个体43人,非图式化个体34人,对比两组被试在点探测注意搜索任务中对性别刻板一致信息和不一致信息的注意偏好.结果:与性别刻板不一致信息相比,性别图式化个体更倾向于注意性别刻板一致信息;非图式化个体对性别刻板一致信息和不一致信息的注意偏好不存在显著差异.结论:性别图式化个体对性别刻板有关信息的注意偏好受性别刻板印象的影响,而非图式化个体对性别刻板有关信息的注意偏好不受性别刻板印象的影响,即性别图式在性别刻板印象对个体注意偏好的影响中起调节作用.     

大学生对不同教授年级教师性别的刻板印象

目的：验证大学生对不同教授年级教师职业是否存在性别刻板印象。方法：本研究采用内隐联想测验（IAT）的方法,以大学生为研究对象,采用2（男／女）×4（小学教师／初中教师／高中教师／大学教师）两因素实验设计,来研究大学生对不同教授年级教师职业性别刻板印象的状况。结果：对于不同教授年级组,大学生对教师性别刻板印象没有显著差异。而不同性别的大学生对教师职业性别刻板印象存在显著差异（F＝31．84,P＜0．01）。对于男性被试,男教师姓名与积极词汇之间的平均反应时小于男教师姓名与消极词汇之间的平均反应时,且差异显著（t＝－4．611,P＜0．01）。对于女性被试,女教师姓名与积极词汇之间的平均反应时小于女教师姓名与消极词汇之间的平均反应时,且差异显著（ t＝3．242,P＜0．01）。结论：大学生对与自己同性别的教师存在性别刻板印象,而对不同教授年级的教师则没有发现性别刻板印象的现象。     

源记忆下注意水平对基于刻板印象的记忆偏差影响

目的:考察在不同的注意水平条件下,刻板印象激活对于源记忆影响的偏差模式与机制。方法:采用2×2×3的混合实验设计,40名大学生为被试,采取刻板一致、刻板不一致句子为实验材料,以源错误率指标为因变量指标,同时结合了多项式加工树的认知分析模型。结果:在信息提取阶段激活刻板印象后,被试在完全注意水平下和分心注意水平下,都表现出与刻板印象一致特征的记忆偏差模式。结论:被试不仅仅有意识的利用刻板印象知识歪曲猜测反应,被试也会无意识的利用刻板印象知识歪曲猜测策略,产生记忆偏差。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.