肿瘤靶向性MR分子探针的标记及研究进展

使用MR分子成像技术对肿瘤细胞进行标记、显像的关键在于MR分子探针的运用。运用不同的分子识别系统合成靶向性探针,从肿瘤的基因、分子水平特异性地诊断肿瘤的发生是肿瘤成像的基础。针对肿瘤细胞的各种MR靶向分子探针标记方法进行综述。     

肿瘤靶向性MR分子探针的标记及研究进展

使用MR分子成像技术对肿瘤细胞进行标记、显像的关键在于MR分子探针的运用。运用不同的分子识别系统合成靶向性探针,从肿瘤的基因、分子水平特异性地诊断肿瘤的发生是肿瘤成像的基础。针对肿瘤细胞的各种MR靶向分子探针标记方法进行综述。     

磁共振钆靶向对比剂的研究现状及展望

特异性MR靶向对比剂通过与体内特定的靶点结合显示活体分子靶点状态,为临床提供分子水平的信息。选择针对特定靶点的特异性运载体和良好的MR显像剂,是构建良好分子探针的一个关键因素。钆剂作为临床常用的MR对比剂,在构建分子探针上具有诸多优势,目前在MR分子成像领域进行了大量实验研究。就目前研究常用的分子靶点和分子探针,对MR钆靶向对比剂的研究现状及展望进行综述。     

肿瘤MR分子影像学研究进展

MR分子影像学以分子生物学为基础,借助MRI技术在活体状态下从分子、基因水平对肿瘤进行更早期、更特异性诊断与监测治疗效果。目前关于MR分子影像研究多集中于MR特异性分子探针的制备、肿瘤血管形成显像、报告基因显像、波谱显像等方面,由于MR具有精确的空间定位及功能成像等优势,因此在肿瘤分子影像研究中具有极大的发展潜力,将在21世纪肿瘤的诊断与治疗中发挥重要作用。MR分子影像学以分子生物学为基础,借助MRI技术在活体状态下从分子、基因水平对肿瘤进行更早期、更特异性诊断与监测治疗效果。目前关于MR分子影像研究多集中于MR特异性分子探针的制备、肿瘤血管形成显像、报告基因显像、波谱显像等方面,由于MR具有精确的空间定位及功能成像等优势,因此在肿瘤分子影像研究中具有极大的发展潜力,将在21世纪肿瘤的诊断与治疗中发挥重要作用。     

肿瘤MR分子影像学研究进展

MR分子影像学以分子生物学为基础，借助MRI技术在活体状态下从分子、基因水平对肿瘤进行更早期、更特异性诊断与监测治疗效果。目前关于MR分子影像研究多集中于MR特异性分子探针的制备、肿瘤血管形成显像、报告基因显像、波谱显像等方面，由于MR具有精确的空间定位及功能成像等优势，因此在肿瘤分子影像研究中具有极大的发展潜力，将在21世纪肿瘤的诊断与治疗中发挥重要作用。     

靶向血管生成的分子探针构建及体外细胞MR成像的初步研究

目的 探讨体外细胞MR成像的可行性.方法 通过GoldMagTM-CS纳米金磁微粒与抗整合素αvβ3抗体非共价键偶联方法 构建特异性分子探针.培养ECV304细胞,利用激光共聚焦显微镜及流式细胞术,观察该探针与αvβ3整合素结合的特异性.建立MR扫描序列,将已构建的MR探针标记ECV304细胞,进行MR成像.结果 成功构建了靶向血管生成的特异性MR分子探针;构建的MR分子探针能与ECV304细胞特异性地结合;并可特异性显著降低T2*序列信号,而非特异抗体偶联的探针对细胞MR信号无显著影响.结论 应用纳米金磁微粒及抗整合素αvβ3抗体构建的MR分子探针,能与ECV304细胞特异结合,并显著影响其T2*序列MR信号,提示该探针有望应用于活体的肿瘤新生血管的特异性显像.     

磁共振肿瘤分子成像研究进展

磁共振成像是分子影像学的重要研究手段。磁共振分子成像能够对肿瘤进行早期及特异性的诊断,并能监测抗肿瘤治疗的效果。就磁共振肿瘤分子成像在MR分子探针、血管成像、报告基因及肿瘤内其他分子成像方面的研究进展进行综述。     

肿瘤细胞凋亡核素显像分子探针研究进展

测定肿瘤细胞凋亡是早期评价肿瘤疗效的指标之一, 放射性核素凋亡显像是目前研究最为广泛、技术最为成熟的体内肿瘤细胞凋亡分子影像学检测技术, 能在活体内动态、无创地检测抗肿瘤治疗引起的细胞凋亡, 有助于肿瘤疗效的早期评判和预后分析, 其中特异性分子探针技术的研究开发是放射性核素凋亡显像的关键技术之一。笔者将目前有代表性的肿瘤细胞凋亡核素显像分子探针进行了总结。     

MR分子探针与分子成像的研究进展

MR分子成像是在传统MR成像基础上引入相应的分子探针,从而将传统的非特异性物理成像转变为特异性分子成像,以同时获得被检对象的解剖及生物学信息。MR分子成像的出现为基础研究、疾病的诊断及治疗提供了一种全新的研究和检查方法,目前已成为分子成像领域的研究热点和重要内容。针对MR分子成像的技术特点,结合当前MR分子探针及成像研究的最新进展,对MR分子成像的新方法及最新成果进行简要综述,从而为相关基础及临床研究提供参考与指导。     

PSCA特异性MR分子探针的构建及其免疫活性检测

目的应用纳米金磁微粒标记抗人前列腺干细胞抗原(PSCA)单抗7F5,构建PSCA特异性MR分子探针7F5@GoldMag,检测其理化性质和免疫活性。方法将金磁微粒作为MR对比剂标记7F5,应用非共价键偶联方法构建PSCA特异性MR分子探针7F5@GoldMag,计算偶联效率;采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察、流式细胞术、透射电镜观察等方法,检测探针与前列腺癌PC-3细胞结合的特异性。结果成功构建了PSCA特异性MR分子探针7F5@GoldMag。流式细胞术检测结果:7F5@GoldMag与PC-3细胞结合率为92.1%;激光共聚焦显微镜观察见PC-3细胞与7F5@GoldMag有特异性结合,红色荧光位于细胞膜;透射电镜观察PC-3近细胞膜处可见多个团块状致密电子密度颗粒聚集。结论 PSCA特异性MR分子探针7F5@GoldMag可与前列腺癌PC-3细胞特异性结合。     

Iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance contrast agent for tumor imaging via folate receptor-targeted delivery

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: Targeted delivery is a highly desirable strategy for diagnostic imaging because of enhanced efficacy and reduced dosage/toxicity. Receptor-targeting was used to deliver contrast-producing superparamagnetic iron oxide (IO) nanoparticle to receptor-expressing tumors for in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nanometer-sized, dextran-coated (maghemite) IO particles were prepared by a precipitation method. They were tethered with N-hydroxysuccinimide-folate and fluorescence isothiocyanate (FITC). For in vitro study of delivery specificity and efficiency, KB cells, a human nasopharyngeal epidermal carcinoma cell line expressing surface receptors for folic acid, were used as positive targets, and A549 cells, a human lung carcinoma cell line which lacks folate receptors, were used as negative control targets. In vivo MR images were obtained using mouse models with subcutaneous tumor xenografts grown from implanted KB cells. RESULTS: Internalization of nanoparticles into targeted cells only occurred when IO was conjugated to folate and when the folate receptors are available and accessible on the cells. The endocytosis was efficient and rapid, as 97.5% KB cells cultured with folate-FITC-IO showed FITC uptake after 1 hour of incubation. In in vivo MR imaging, an average intensity decrease of 38% was observed from precontrast to postcontrast images of the tumor, which was about three times the intensity decrease observed at a non-tumor-bearing muscle. CONCLUSION: Successful in vivo MR imaging of folate receptor-expressing tumors targeted by IO nanoparticles was demonstrated for the first time.     

RGD-targeted paramagnetic liposomes for early detection of tumor: in vitro and in vivo studies

Magnetic resonance molecular imaging has emerged as a potential approach for tumor diagnosis in the last few decades. This approach consists of the delivery of MR contrast agents to the tumor by specific targeted carriers. For this purpose, a lipopeptide was constructed by using a cyclic RGD peptide headgroup coupled to palmitic acid anchors via a KGG tripeptide spacer. Targeted paramagnetic liposomes were then prepared by the incorporation of RGD-coupled-lipopeptides into lipid bilayers for specific bounding to tumor. In vitro, study demonstrated that RGD-targeted liposomes exhibited a better binding affinity to targeted cells than non-targeted liposomes. MR imaging of mice bearing A549 tumors with the RGD-targeted paramagnetic liposomes also resulted in a greater signal enhancement of tumor compared to non-targeted liposomes and pure contrast agents groups. In addition, biodistribution study also showed specific tumor targeting of RGD-targeted paramagnetic liposomes in vivo. Therefore, RGD-targeted paramagnetic liposomes prepared in the present study may be a more promising method for early tumor diagnosis.     

Direct hepatic tumor injection in rats: Can it be used for analysis of MR imaging contrast agents?

With a recently described rat model technique for direct hepatic injection of tumor cells for imaging research, there were concerns that the injection itself might produce lesions detectable with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, thereby producing false-positive results. To examine this possibility, the authors prospectively studied 14 Sprague-Dawley rats after direct hepatic injection of cells from a rat hepatoma cell line. The rats were imaged with a variety of pulse sequences before and after intravenous injection of the contrast agent manganese dipyridoxal diphosphate at a dose of 8 mumol/kg. No intrahepatic lesions could be detected with MR imaging during the first 6 days after direct hepatic injection of the tumor cells. Therefore, the direct injection technique should be accurate for evaluating various MR imaging sequences and contrast agents for early hepatic tumor detection.     

Novel oncologic drugs: what they do and how they affect images

Targeted therapies are designed to interfere with specific aberrant biologic pathways involved in tumor development. The main classes of novel oncologic drugs include antiangiogenic drugs, antivascular agents, drugs interfering with EGFR-HER2 or KIT receptors, inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and hormonal therapies. Cancer cells usurp normal signal transduction pathways used by growth factors to stimulate proliferation and sustain viability. The interaction of growth factors with their receptors activates different intracellular pathways affecting key tumor biologic processes such as neoangiogenesis, tumor metabolism, and tumor proliferation. The response of tumors to anticancer therapy can be evaluated with anatomic response assessment, qualitative response assessment, and response assessment with functional and molecular imaging. Angiogenesis can be measured by means of perfusion imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging allows imaging evaluation of tumor cellularity. The main imaging techniques for studying tumor metabolism in vivo are positron emission tomography and MR spectroscopy. Familiarity with imaging findings secondary to tumor response to targeted therapies may help the radiologist better assist the clinician in accurate evaluation of tumor response to these anticancer treatments. Functional and molecular imaging techniques may provide valuable data and augment conventional assessment of tumor response to targeted therapies. Supplemental material available at http://radiographics.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/rg.317115108/-/DC1.     

"Seeing inside the body": MR imaging of gene expression

The goal of this review is to describe the developments and recent advances that are enabling applications of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for non-invasive imaging of gene expression. Guiding application of this technology has been the need to test, in vivo and in real time, hypotheses developed in multiple scientific fields. Advances made in the human genome project and our increasing understanding of the molecular basis of normal and disease physiology have defined questions that will only be answered when specific molecular imaging modalities are developed. In this review we will briefly summarize the salient features of MR imaging to provide the backdrop for a more detailed discussion of specific applications of MR imaging of gene expression. We will conclude with the insights gained from genomic approaches and how they might be exploited for MR imaging of gene expression in the future.     

椎体压缩性骨折的磁共振诊断

目的分析椎体良、恶性压缩性骨折的MRI表现.材料和方法22例椎体良性压缩性骨折及49例病理性压缩性骨折患者,男43例,女28例,年龄34～76岁,平均58.3岁.全部行MR平扫+增强扫描.结果压缩椎体的信号改变对骨折甚为敏感,但对良、恶性骨折的鉴别缺乏特异性.压缩椎体残留有正常的骨髓信号者多见于良性骨折(P＜0.001).压缩椎体后缘膨出、椎管狭窄常见于病理性骨折(P＜0.001).椎弓根受侵(P＜0.001)及椎旁软组织肿块(P＜0.001)是病理性骨折所特有的征象.增强后椎体信号均匀与否对诊断有帮助(P＜0.001).结论病理性压缩性骨折多表现为椎弓根信号异常,椎体后缘明显膨隆,椎管狭窄,椎旁软组织肿块及增强后压缩椎体不均匀强化.椎弓根变形膨大一般不出现于良性骨折.     

MR imaging of the liver in primary hepatocellular carcinoma

In 10 patients with hepatoma, magnetic resonance (MR) and CT of the liver were subjectively compared and correlated with surgical or autopsy findings. In five cases MR defined the extent of the tumor better. Magnetic resonance was particularly useful in differentiating the tumor from otherwise abnormal areas of the liver, mostly focal cirrhosis. Magnetic resonance has the advantage of demonstrating major vessels in relation to the hepatoma without injection of any contrast agent. Calcifications well visualized on CT are not seen on MR. The lack of dynamic bolus CT in the majority of our cases as well as our inability to examine the entire liver with all three MR pulse sequences because of time restraint are significant limitations of this retrospective study.     

Sclerosing perineurioma: tumor of the hand with a short T2

We present two cases of sclerosing perineurioma, a rare soft tissue tumor, in the palm and the ring finger respectively, presenting as a small, painless and subcutaneous mass. This tumor has a predilection for the digits and palms of young, predominantly male adults. In the present cases the tumors showed very low signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. Histologically they contained abundant collagen and hyalinized stroma, which would account for areas of low signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen and human erythrocyte glucose transporter 1 and negative for S-100 protein. To the best of our knowledge, the appearance of sclerosing perineurioma on MR imaging has not been previously reported in the English-language literature. Sclerosing perineurioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hand tumors when the tumor shows low signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images.