CXCL16与动脉粥样硬化

趋化因子是一组具有趋化作用的细胞因子,能吸引免疫细胞到免疫应答局部,参与免疫调节和免疫病理反应.目前,已知的趋化因子可分为CC、CXC、C及CX3C 4个家族和诱导性及组成性两类.CXCL16是近年在人动脉粥样硬化损伤部位的巨噬细胞中发现的一种趋化因子,同时也是一种膜结合蛋白,起到清道夫受体的作用.它属于CXC家族,同时具有CC家族和CX3C家族（如：不规则趋化因子Fractalkine）趋化因子的特征,它包含跨膜区和黏蛋白样结构。我们从CXCL16的基本特征、病理生理功能尤其与动脉粥样硬化关系的研究现状和最新进展作一简要综述。     

血清CXC趋化因子配体16水平与冠心病的相关性

目的 探讨血清可溶性CXC趋化因子配体16与冠心病的关系,以及其与冠状动脉狭窄严重程度的相关性.方法 研究对象分为急性冠状动脉综合征组(n=29)、稳定型心绞痛组(n=26)及对照组(n=21).酶联免疫吸附法测定血清CXC趋化因子配体16水平,比较三组患者间血清CXC趋化因子配体16水平;Logistic回归分析CXC趋化因子配体16水平与急性冠状动脉综合征的相关性,Spearman相关分析其与冠状动脉狭窄严重程度的相关性.结果 血清CXC趋化因子配体16水平在急性冠状动脉综合征组显著增高,其与急性冠状动脉综合征呈正相关,而与用药情况、血脂及C反应蛋白水平无相关.急性冠状动脉综合征组血清CXC趋化因子配体16与Gensi-ni评分不相关.结论 血清可溶性CXC趋化因子配体16水平在急性冠状动脉综合征病人显著增高,是独立于C反应蛋白及血脂水平的生物标志物.血清可溶性CXC趋化因子配体16与冠状动脉狭窄严重程度不相关.     

CXC趋化因子配体16及其受体与动脉粥样硬化的关系

CXC趋化因子配体16(CXCL16)是一种具有黏附分子、趋化因子、清道夫受体功能的趋化因子家族中的一员,可促进活化的T淋巴细胞与内皮细胞间的黏附,平滑肌细胞的增殖及抗原递呈细胞在炎症部位的聚集,增加巨噬细胞对氧化型低密度脂蛋白的摄取,促进泡沫细胞形成,并参与到动脉粥样硬化、血管狭窄、炎症反应的发生发展中。CXCL16及其受体与动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脑卒中等血液循环系统疾病的发生、严重程度及预后相关,并在临床疾病发生预测中有一定作用。     

趋化因子CXC配体16的生物学效应研究进展

能与磷脂酰丝氨酸和氧化型低密度脂蛋白结合的清道夫受体和趋化因子CXC配体16是同一种基因的不同命名。该蛋白质属于CXC家族,主要在抗原呈递细胞、平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞和T细胞中表达。作为清道夫受体,它以跨膜结合型存在,能与氧化型低密度脂蛋白结合。可能参与了巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞的形成,导致动脉粥样硬化。作为趋化因子,它以分泌型存在时,主要在免疫系统、中枢神经系统和肿瘤等方面起重要作用。     

炎症皮肤趋化因子在皮肤利什曼病中的差异表达

趋化因子是一类分子量较小的(8～10kDa)趋化细胞因子。依照N端最先出现的两个保守半胱氨酸残基排列方式的不同，趋化因子可分成两大类：CXC和CC。在CXC亚类两个半胱氨酸问插入了另一个氨基酸。在CC亚类两个半胱氨酸紧邻排列。趋化因子能触发整合素激活，并有助于在流动情况下捕获白细胞，而在脾脏有助于引导淋巴细胞进驻次级淋巴器官。     

动脉粥样硬化过程中的炎症反应

大量证据显示在动脉粥样硬化发生发展过程中出现炎症反应以及免疫系统的活化,动脉粥样硬化被公认是一个炎症反应.本文将阐述在动脉粥样硬化炎症反应过程中出现的免疫系统的作用,炎症反应中有重要影响的细胞受体、趋化因子、细胞因子、酶和活性多肽,以及针对炎症反应对动脉粥样硬化的治疗.     

CXCL10与CXCR3在ARDS中的研究进展

CXC趋化因子配体10 (CXCL10)又称γ干扰素诱导蛋白10 (IP-10),属于CXC类非ELR亚族趋化因子之一,是γ干扰素诱导产生的可以趋化多种炎症细胞如T淋巴细胞,单核细胞和自然杀伤细胞的一类蛋白质.CXCL10通过与特异性CXC趋化因子受体3(CXCR3)结合调节炎症反应,促进ARDS的病理过程.本文旨在阐述CXCL10与CXCR3在ARDS中的作用,为ARDS的治疗提供新思路.     

CD40/CD40L及相关炎症介质研究现状及其与脑缺血和再灌注损伤的关系

动脉粥样硬化是心脑血管病的病理学基础。CD40/CD40L在动脉粥样硬化形成中起重要作用,并有望成为卒中的预测因素。随着溶栓治疗在急性脑梗死治疗中的实施,血循环重建后可出现再灌注损伤。CD40/CD40L和其他细胞因子、黏附分子、趋化因子和免疫细胞都参与了这两个过程。     

CD40／CD40L及相关炎症介质研究现状及其与脑缺血和再灌注损伤的关系

动脉粥样硬化是心脑血管病的病理学基础。CD40／CD40L在动脉粥样硬化形成中起重要作用，并有望成为卒中的预测因素。随着溶拴治疗在急性恼梗死治疗中的实施，血循环重建后可出现再灌注损伤CCD40／CD40L和其他细胞因子、黏附分子、趋化因子和免疫细胞都参与了这两个过程。     

趋化因子CXCL16与动脉粥样硬化炎症反应

动脉粥样硬化(AS)的炎症学说越来越受到重视,趋化因子在炎症反应中具有重要作用。最近发现的趋化因子CXCL16除了能使炎症细胞定向迁移外,还能促进细胞间的黏附、平滑肌的增殖、血管新生,其同时是可以结合磷脂酰丝氨酸和氧化型低密度脂蛋白的清道夫受体。充分参与炎症反应的CXCL16在AS病变处聚集,了解其所发挥的作用可能有助于进一步认识AS炎症反应,并提供新的防治措施。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.