肺癌所致恶性胸腔积液中Survivin、Ki-67的表达及意义

目的探讨Survivin蛋白、Ki-67在肺癌所致恶性胸腔积液中的表达及临床意义。方法采用细胞块结合免疫组化染色检测72例恶性胸腔积液和12例良性积液中Survivin蛋白和Ki-67的表达,分析比较两者在良、恶性胸腔积液中的表达及与临床病理特征的关系。结果72例恶性胸腔积液中Survivin、Ki-67的阳性率分别为66.7%(48/72)、72.2%(52/72),12例良性积液中均无表达;Survivin、Ki-67在小细胞癌组中阳性率为88.9%(16/18)、94.4%(17/18),明显高于非小细胞癌组59.3%(32/54)和64.8%(35/54),两组比较差异有显著性(P0.05);Survivin、Ki-67表达与有无淋巴结转移相关(P0.01),而与患者性别、年龄、有无吸烟及远处转移无关(P0.05);恶性胸腔积液中Survivin与Ki-67的表达呈正相关(r=0.680,P0.001)。结论肺癌所致恶性胸腔积液中Survivin、Ki-67的表达明显增高,且在小细胞癌与非小细胞癌间差异有显著性;细胞块结合免疫组化技术检测Survivin、Ki-67表达可作为肺癌诊断参考指标,两者在恶性胸腔积液发展中起协同作用。     

X染色体连锁的凋亡抑制蛋白和Caspase-3在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨X染色体连锁的凋亡抑制蛋白(Xiap)和Caspase-3在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达变化及其临床意义.方法:采用免疫组织化学两步法检测Xiap和Caspase-3在40例上皮性卵巢癌、20例卵巢上皮性交界性肿瘤、15例卵巢良性肿瘤和15例正常卵巢组织中的表达.结果:Xiap在正常卵巢组织、良性卵巢肿瘤、交界性卵巢肿瘤组织和上皮性卵巢癌中的阳性表达率呈逐渐增高趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).Caspase-3在交界性卵巢肿瘤和上皮性卵巢癌中的阳性表达率明显低于正常卵巢组织和良件卵巢肿瘤(P<0.01).上皮性卵巢癌中Xiap的阳性表达与临床分期、组织分级和生存状况有关(P<0.01);Caspase-3的阳性表达与临床分期和生存状况有关(P<0.01).结论:XIAP、Caspase-3的表达在上皮性卵巢癌的发生、发展过程中起重要作用,可能是上皮性卵巢癌预后不良的因素.     

卵巢癌血浆DNA含量及其与肿瘤基因表达的相关性分析

目的： 探讨上皮性卵巢癌血浆DNA改变特点及其与肿瘤基因表达的相关性。方法： 采用DNA定量检测试剂盒检测35例原发性上皮性卵巢癌、20例良性上皮性卵巢肿瘤和20例健康对照血浆DNA含量，并以免疫组织化学方法检测卵巢癌肿瘤组织Survivin、FHIT和nm23-H1的表达状况。结果： 健康组、良性组及恶性组血浆DNA水平分别为16.5 μg/L、87.6 μg/L和630.2 μg/L，恶性组与健康组、良性组相比，均有明显差异（P<0.01）；上皮性卵巢癌组血浆DNA水平与有无伴发腹水及淋巴结转移有明显相关性，其血浆DNA平均水平在术后明显下降。上皮性卵巢癌肿瘤组织nm23-H1和Survivin蛋白表达的阳性率分别为68.57%和60.00%，FHIT蛋白的缺失率为17.14%，血浆DNA水平明显差异仅可见于nm23-H1蛋白不同表达组别间。结论： 上皮性卵巢癌患者循环DNA含量明显高于对照组，而其水平变化则可能与肿瘤的侵袭转移能力相关。     

c-kit蛋白和血小板源生长因子受体α在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达

目的探讨c-kit蛋白、血小板源生长因子受体α(PDGFRα)在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及其与卵巢癌临床病理的关系.方法采用免疫组织化学法(SP法)检测c-kit蛋白、PDGFRα,分析c-kit蛋白、PDGFRα在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达与肿瘤分型、分化程度及国际妇产科联盟(FIGO)分期的关系.结果(1)c-kit蛋白在卵巢上皮性癌中表达的阳性率为50.70%,明显高于正常卵巢组织(10.00%)及良性卵巢肿瘤(20.00%)(P均<0.01).PDGFRα在卵巢上皮性癌中表达的阳性率为63.38%,明显高于正常卵巢组织(15.00%)及良性卵巢肿瘤(25.00%)(P均<0.01).(2)c-kit蛋白在浆液性卵巢癌中表达的阳性率高于黏液性卵巢癌(57.63%比16.67%,P<0.05),而PDGFRα在浆液性及黏液性卵巢癌中表达阳性率筹异无统计学意义(P>0.05).低分化卵巢癌组c-kit蛋白及PDGFRa表达的阳性率明显高于高中分化卵巢癌组(69.23%比40.00%,80.77%比53.33%,P<0.05).在Ⅲ～Ⅳ期与Ⅰ～Ⅱ期卵巢癌中c-kit蛋白及PDGFRα表达的阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(3)卵巢上皮性癌的c-kit蛋白和PDGFRα表达无相关性(P>0.05).结论 c-kit蛋白与PDGFRα的表达与卵巢上皮性癌细胞的分化程度相关联.对c-kit蛋白与PDGFRα的检测可用于判断卵巢上皮性肿瘤的恶性程度及其预后.     

PI3K/AKT信号通路与Survivin在上皮性卵巢肿瘤中的表达及相关性

目的：探讨PI3K/AKT信号通路中PI3K、AKT及Survivin在上皮性卵巢肿瘤中的表达及其相关性。方法：应用免疫组织化学SP法及Image-ProPlus图像分析软件检测PI3K、AKT、Survivin蛋白分别在30例正常卵巢组织、30例上皮性卵巢良性肿瘤、30例上皮性卵巢交界性肿瘤及30例上皮性卵巢癌中的表达情况。结果：PI3K、AKT、Survivin在恶性组中的阳性表达率显著高于其它三组,其表达与患者临床病理特征无关,PI3K与Survivin、PI3K与AKT及AKT与Survivin之间的表达呈正相关。结论：PI3K/AKT信号通路中PI3K、AKT及凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin与上皮性卵巢癌的发生、发展有关;联合检测PI3K、AKT、Survivin有望成为上皮性卵巢癌临床诊断与鉴别诊断的参考指标。     

HER2状态与脑膜瘤分级及复发的相关性

目的 探讨HER2、细胞增殖指标Ki-67、胸苷激酶1(TK1)与脑膜瘤分级和良性脑膜瘤复发的相关性.方法 按2007年WHO神经系统肿瘤分类分级标准选取良性未复发的脑膜瘤、不典型脑膜瘤及恶性脑膜瘤石蜡标本各20例,并选取间期良性复发的脑膜瘤石蜡标本20例,将实验对象分为4组:良性非复发组、良性复发组、不典型组及恶性组.采用免疫组织化学MaxVision法对4组石蜡切片进行HER2、Ki-67、TK1蛋白的检测;并运用双色荧光原位杂交(FISH)法检测HER2蛋白表达阳性样本的HER2基因扩增情况.结果 免疫组织化学:(1)良性非复发组、良性复发组、不典型组和恶性组脑膜瘤的HER2阳性的例数分别为3例(15%)、6例(30%)、7例(35%)和10例(50%),随恶性程度增加,HER2蛋白阳性率升高(P<0.05);良性复发组HER2阳性率高于良性非复发组(P<0.05);(2)良性非复发组Ki-67和TK1的标记指数(U)均分别低于不典型组和恶性组(P<0.05);不典型组低于恶性组(P<0.05),随着恶性程度增高,Ki-67、TK1 LI升高;且良性复发组高于良性非复发组(P<0.05);(3)HER2与Ki-67、TK1均呈正相关(均P<0.01),Ki-67与TK1呈正相关(P<0.05).FISH法:(1)在26例HER2蛋白阳性表达的脑膜瘤组织中HER2/neu基因的扩增率为26.9%(7/26);HER2蛋白表达3+、2+者HER2/neu基因扩增比例分别为3,/4和4/6,均多于1+者(均P<0.01),3+者与2+者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(2)26例HER2蛋白阳性表达的脑膜瘤组织中9例存在17号染色体的非整倍性(34.6%),但HER2蛋白表达1+、2+、3+者间17号染色体的非整倍性出现率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).结论 HER2阳性且Ki-67或TK1 LI高提示脑膜瘤恶性程度较高或复发可能性较大.脑膜瘤组织中存在HER2/neu基因的扩增.HER2、Ki-67和TK1蛋白可能可以作为临床判断脑膜瘤生物学行为的参考指标.     

胃癌及癌前病变的克隆性分析及其与Ki-67表达的相关性

目的 通过人雄激素受体基因位点克隆性分析技术对胃癌及其癌前病变进行克隆性分析,探讨胃癌发生发展过程中单克隆发生率的变化趋势及与Ki-67表达之间的关系及其意义.方法 肠型胃癌根治标本24例,胃镜活检标本150例.采用激光显微切割技术准确获取病变腺上皮细胞,基因组DNA经甲基化敏感的Hpa Ⅱ限制性内切酶消化后,PCR扩增人雄激素受体基因,采用基因扫描技术对PCR产物进行分析.应用免疫组织化学EnVision二步法检测Ki-67在以上病变组织中的表达,并探讨其与克隆性分析结果的相关性.结果 单克隆发生率在胃黏膜肠上皮化生(15.63%,5/32)、低级别上皮内瘤变(22.22%,10/45)、高级别上皮内瘤变(69.44%,25/36)及肠型胃癌(100.0%,20/20)中逐渐增加,除胃黏膜肠上皮化生和低级别上皮内瘤变之间的差异没有统计学意义(P=0.47),其他各组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).Ki-67的阳性表达率随着病变的发展而不断升高.低级别上皮内瘤变组织中单克隆病例的Ki-67的阳性表达率显著高于多克隆病例(P<0.01),且克隆性与Ki-67的阳性表达率之间存在显著相关性(P<0.01).结论 单克隆的发生率及Ki-67的阳性表达率在胃癌发生发展过程中逐渐增加.且单克隆病变的发生与Ki-67的表达存在一定的相关性,两者的联合可用于胃癌的早期诊断及易感性的预测.     

Survivin和Smac在卵巢黏液性肿瘤中的表达及意义

目的 探讨Survivin和Smae在卵巢黏液性肿瘤中的表达及意义.方法 应用免疫组织化学SABC法检测55例原发性卵巢黏液性肿瘤中的Survivin和Smac表达,并应用免疫电镜胶体金标记法观察Smac在原发性卵巢黏液性肿瘤中的亚细胞定位及表达趋势.结果 (1)Survivin在良性、交界性和恶性组的阳性表达率分别为2/20、12/15和20/20,呈升高趋势,其中良性与交界性、良性与恶性组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).良性、交界性和恶性组Survivin的胞核阳性表达率分别为1/20、6/15和5/20,其中良性与交界性组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Smae在良性、交界性和恶性组的阳性表达率分别为19/20、9/15和3/20,呈降低趋势,三组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或<0.05).Survivin和Smac之间呈负相关(r=-0.153,P<0.01).(2)良性、交界性和恶性组线粒体内Smae金标颗粒计数分别为24.1±7.2、11.1±1.9和5.2±1.7,三组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或<0.05);线粒体外计数分别为4.7±3.0、2.9±1.0和1.7±1.3,三组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 随着卵巢黏液性肿瘤的恶性进展,凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin表达上调,促凋亡蛋白Smac表达下调;下调的Smac蛋白表达主要为储存在线粒体膜间的非活性形式蛋白,而非释放到胞质中的活性形式蛋白.     

PTEN蛋白和FHIT蛋白在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达及临床病理意义

目的检测抑癌基因蛋白PTEN、FHIT表达在卵巢癌发展中的作用及相关病理机制。方法采用免疫组化法检测45例卵巢癌组织、10例卵巢交界性肿瘤、10例卵巢良性肿瘤、5例正常卵巢组织中PTEN和FHIT蛋白表达，并比较这两种蛋白表达与临床病理特征的关系。结果卵巢癌和交界性卵巢肿瘤组织中PTEN蛋白和FHIT蛋白表达显著低于卵巢囊肿和正常卵巢（P〈0．05），在上皮性卵巢癌中这两种蛋白表达与组织分化程度正相关（P〈0．05），它们表达降低或失活与卵巢癌淋巴结转移相关（P〈0．005），但与组织学类型无显著相关性。PTEN蛋白表达与恶性肿瘤临床分期负相关．FHIT蛋白表达与临床分期无显著相关性。这两种蛋白在上皮性卵巢癌中表达的相关性有统计学意义（P=0．0343）。结论在卵巢癌发生过程中PTEN蛋白表达降低起到重要作用，预示着卵巢癌的不良预后；FHIT蛋白缺失是恶性上皮性卵巢肿瘤的特征，其表达缺失在卵巢肿瘤的发生发展中起一定作用，可能与上皮性卵巢癌的恶性进展及转移有关．这两种蛋白可能协同促进卵巢癌的发生、发展、浸润及转移。     

吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶在上皮性卵巢癌组织中的表达及其与预后相关性的研究

目的:研究吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶(IDO)在上皮性卵巢癌组织中的表达及其与预后的相关性。方法:通过免疫组化的方法测定IDO在卵巢良性上皮性肿瘤、交界性上皮性肿瘤和恶性上皮性肿瘤组织中的表达。结果:IDO在卵巢恶性肿瘤中表达显著高于卵巢良性肿瘤(P<0.05)。IDO的表达与组织学分级显著相关(P<0.05)。IDO的阳性表达在复发和死亡组中明显高于生存组(P<0.05)。IDO(+)者的生存率曲线、平均生存时间明显低于IDO(-)者(P<0.05)。结论:低分化、高度恶性的卵巢癌细胞更可能表达IDO,IDO阳性表达与卵巢癌不良预后显著相关。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

类赖氨酰氧化酶2与肿瘤转移和发生

类赖氨酰氧化酶2(lysyl oxidase-like 2,LOXL2)是赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)基因家族的成员之一,其表达产物能促进胶原沉积.LOXL2的过表达能促进纤维化,并与肿瘤侵袭、转移及不良预后有关.目前大部分学者认为LOXL2是一种转移促进基因,也有实验支持其是一种肿瘤抑制基因.研究发现LOXL2可以通过激活Snail/Ecadherin通路或Src/FAK通路促进转移.LOXL2有望作为肿瘤生物标志物,用于预后判断,成为一个新的治疗靶点.