农村留守儿童心理健康状况调查研究

目的调查初中阶段农村留守儿童心理健康状况及特点,为有针对性的展开留守儿童心理健康教育提供参考。方法采用王极盛的《中国中学生心理健康量表》对湖南省3个地区6所学校的670名留守初中生的心理健康状况进行测查。结果 1留守儿童的心理健康总检出率为57.14%;2留守儿童男生与女生在敌对和心理不平衡上差异显著(t=2.17,2.71,P0.05);3监护人为母亲的儿童在抑郁上的得分要低于监护人为父亲、祖父母的且差异显著(F=2.90,P0.05);4父母的打工年限会对留守儿童的人际关系紧张与敏感、焦虑等产生影响(F=3.09,2.94,P0.05)。结论留守儿童心理健康状况不容乐观,必须重视留守儿童的心理健康教育。     

留守儿童心理健康与父母同伴依恋的关系研究

目的 探讨留守儿童心理健康与父母依恋、同伴依恋之间的关系.方法 对327名重庆地区留守儿童施父母同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)和中国中学生心理健康量表(MSSMHS).结果 ①留守儿童心理健康总分及10个因子分均显著高于全国常模(P＜0.01).留守儿童的强迫、焦虑、抑郁和人际关系紧张与敏感因子性别差异显著(t=-2.020,-2.187,-2.151,-2.247;P＜0.05);②留守儿童的偏执和心理不平衡因子年级差异显著(F=3.051,4.160;P＜0.05);③留守儿童心理健康总分与同伴依恋、父亲依恋和母亲依恋呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).心理健康各因子与父母同伴依恋各难度存在不同程度的相关(P＜0.05);④留守儿童的父亲疏离、同伴信任、同伴疏离、母亲疏离和父亲信任共同预测心理健康水平,解释率为25.9％(P＜0.05).结论 通过调节父母、同伴依恋状况可改善留守儿童心理健康状况.     

西部贫困地区农村留守儿童心理健康现状

目的:了解以铜仁为例的西部贫困地区农村留守儿童的心理健康状况,为更好开展这类地区留守儿童的心理健康教育提供参考和借鉴。方法:采用华东师范大学周步成教授等人编制的中小学心理健康诊断测验(MHT),对铜仁地区458名农村留守儿童的心理健康水平进行调查,并以419名非留守儿童进行对照。结果:1留守儿童心理健康水平处于正常范围,但在学习焦虑(t=2.042,P0.05)、孤独倾向(t=5.130,P0.001)、恐怖倾向(t=2.155,P0.05)上的得分显著高于非留守儿童;2留守儿童在学习焦虑、对人焦虑、过敏倾向、冲动倾向上存在极显著的学年段差异(t=5.510,-3.987,-7.005,-3.829;P0.001);3留守儿童男生在学习焦虑(t=-2.017,P0.05)、自责倾向(t=-3.752,P0.001)、身体症状(t=-2.669,P0.01)3个因子的得分上显著低于留守儿童女生。结论:西部贫困地区农村留守儿童的心理健康总体水平属于正常范围之内,但从各因子得分看,其心理健康仍是我们要长时间关注的重点。     

西北地区农村留守儿童心理健康状况

目的调查农村留守儿童心理健康状况及其特点,对农村中小学开展心理健康教育提供参考。方法采用王极盛编写的《中学生心理健康量表》对陕西省宝鸡市4个地区15所学校的618名农村留守儿童的心理健康水平进行测查。结果农村留守儿童的心理健康问题的检出率为52%(非留守儿童为41.13%);农村留守与非留守儿童在的强迫(t=2.22,P0.05)、偏执(t=4.27,P0.01)、敌对(t=2.96,P0.01)、人际关系(t=2.21,P0.05)、适应不良(t=3.50,P0.01)、心理不平衡(t=2.65,P0.05)等6个因子上存在显著性差异;留守儿童中,男性在偏执(t=2.44,P0.05)和情绪稳定性(t=2.70,P0.01)上明显不如女性;父母双双监护的儿童心理健康状况好于单亲监护,单亲监护的留守儿童心理健康状况好于双亲外出。结论农村留守儿童心理健康水平不容乐观,要重视农村留守儿童的心理健康教育。     

高职院校学生应对方式与心理健康

目的:探讨高职院校学生应对方式与心理健康状况的相关关系,为进一步开展高职院校心理健康教育提供理论依据。方法:采用中学生应对方式量表和中国中学生心理健康量表对北京市某高职院校385名在校学生进行问卷调查。结果:在心理健康的强迫、偏执、敌对、焦虑、人际敏感和心理不平衡因子上高职院校学生的得分明显高于全国常模(t=2.47,3.24,1.97,2.90,2.29,-8.43;P0.05);男生在问题解决、合理化、忍耐因子上的得分显著高于女生(t=3.04,1.96,2.69;P0.05);女生在逃避、发泄情绪因子上的得分显著高于男生(t=-2.51,-2.07;P0.05);一年级学生在逃避和幻想因子上的得分显著高于其它两个年级组(t=3.04,1.96;P0.05);应对方式中的发泄情绪、幻想因子与心理健康总分及分量表得分呈显著正相关(P0.01);忍耐、逃避因子与心理健康总分及分量表得分呈不同程度的正相关(P0.05)。结论:高职院校学生总体心理健康水平偏低,并与应对方式有不同程度的相关。     

留守初中生心理健康状况与应对方式的关系研究

目的了解与探讨农村初中生的心理健康状况以及与应对方式之间的关系。方法采用中学生应对方式量表、中学生心理健康量表对阆中市千佛片区508名初中生进行调查分析。结果①留守初中生与非留守初中生在心理健康量表上的得分均〉2分,两者在强迫症状因子得分上差异显著（t=-4.362,P〈0.01）留守中学生显著高于非留守中学生;②留守学生中男生与女生在心理健康量表上强迫、偏执等7个因子得分上存在显著性差异（t=-4.362~0.867,P〈0.05）,其中女生得分要比男生高;③留守中学生采取的积极应对方式中：问题解决与偏执、抑郁、学习压力、适应不良、情绪不稳定得分呈显著负相关（r=-0.197~-0.107,P〈0.05）,积极合理化的解释与偏执、学习压力、适应不良、情绪不稳定得分呈显著负相关（r=-0.123~-0.092,P〈0.05）;消极应对方式中：忍耐因子除人际关系和适应不良外的8个因子得分均呈显著正相关（r=0.10~0.180,P〈0.05）,逃避因子与除强迫症状以外的9个因子均呈显著正相关（r=0.140~0.216,P〈0.05）,发泄情绪因子得分与除抑郁以外的9个因子得分均呈显著正相关（r=0.157~0.275,P〈0.05）,否认幻想因子得分与心理健康量表的10个因子得分均呈显著正相关（r=0.145~0.291,P〈0.05）。结论留守学生存在轻度的心理问题,应对方式可能是影响心理健康的一个因素,女生心理问题的检出率高于男生。     

农村留守儿童生活压力事件及心理健康状况调查分析

目的探讨农村留守儿童生活压力及心理健康状况。方法采用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)和心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对初中211名留守儿童和223名非留守儿童进行问卷调查。结果留守儿童学习压力、受惩罚、丧失因子、人际关系状况、健康适应及心理压力总分大于非留守儿童,心理健康状况中学习焦虑、自责倾向和躯体症状3个因子分显著高于非留守儿童(P0.05或P0.01);留守儿童心理健康状况存在性别差异,男生优于女生。结论农村留守儿童面临更多的负性生活压力事件,心理健康状况较差。     

留守儿童问题行为与应对方式的关系

目的分析农村留守儿童问题行为状况及其与应对方式的关系。方法采用外化问题行为量表、简易应对方式量表对498名留守儿童进行调查。结果留守儿童男生问题行为得分显著高于女生(t=3.09,P0.01);留守儿童问题行为和积极应对方式存在显著负相关(r=-0.155,P0.001),和消极应对方式存在显著正相关(r=0.148,P0.001);积极应对方式对问题行为有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.155,P0.001),消极应对方式对问题行为有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.162,P0.001)。结论积极应对方式是留守儿童问题行为的抑制性因素。     

甘肃农村留守初中生心理健康与人格特征关系

目的:了解农村留守初中学生心理健康状况、人格特征及其关系,为开展留守儿童心理健康教育提供科学依据。方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷儿童版(EPQ)对4所中学的886名学生进行问卷调查。比较留守与非留守儿童心理健康状况及人格特征差异,并对留守儿童心理健康及人格特征进行相关分析。结果:留守儿童在躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、精神病性症状、总分等方面的得分均高于非留守儿童,差异有统计学意义(t=2.696,P=0.007;t=3.125,P=0.003;t=3.462,P=0.001;t=2.444,P=0.015;t=2.046,P=0.041;t=2.290,P=0.022;t=2.521,P=0.012;t=2.972,P=0.003);在人格特征方面精神质、内外向方面得分低于非留守学生(t=2.740,P=0.006、t=5.544,P=0.000),在神经质、掩饰性两方面高于非留守学生(t=2.818,P=0.005;t=3.208,P=0.001);相关分析表明,精神质与SCL-90量表中除强迫症状、恐怖两因子外其余各因子得分均呈显著相关(P0.01),内外向与人际关系敏感呈正相关(r=0.155,P0.01),与其它各因子不相关(P0.05),神经质与SCL-90各因子呈正相关(P0.01),掩饰性与各因子呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结论:留守对儿童心理健康和人格发展有不利影响,心理健康和人格特征密切相关,应对留守初中生开展心理健康铺导,并注重健全人格的塑造。     

陕北地区农村留守儿童的心理状况调查

目的:探讨陕北地区农村留守儿童的心理状况及特点。方法:选择陕北地区2~6年级农村小学生为研究对象,采用多阶段抽样方法,采用心理健康诊断测验分别对延安地区和榆林地区农村留守儿童进行调查。结果:77.88%的留守儿童存在各种心理焦虑,各因子得分的均分为3.20~8.89,最高为学习焦虑,留守儿童和非留守儿童得分在对人焦虑上有差异(t=-2.147,P0.05);8个因子中,≥8分的检出率范围为2.97%~67.84%,检出率最低为孤独倾向,最高为学习焦虑,留守儿童和非留守儿童在对人焦虑(χ2=6.624,P=0.01)和孤独倾向(χ2=4.907,P=0.027)上有差异;男生心理问题检出率的范围在2.27%~64.39%,女生心理问题检出率范围在3.65%~71.17%,女生的自责和恐怖倾向检出率高于男生(P0.05),延安地区农村留守儿童心理焦虑检出率高于榆林地区。结论:陕北地区农村留守儿童具有较多的心理焦虑,尤其是学习焦虑,需要全社会共同参与和努力来改善。     

Adjunctive behavior in humans during game playing

Seven non-psychology university students, 4 men and 3 women, who ranged in age from 18 to 25 years were paid to participate in this experiment. Subjects received instructions about the nature of slot machines, which combinations would pay off, and how to operate a computer console with a visual display and keyboard which simulated such a machine characteristic of private clubs and gambling casinos. The keyboard space bar was utilized as a manipulandum and subjects were studiedon a variety of schedules. Both the appearance of a new poker card display and the payoffs were reinforcing. A comparison of baseline conditions composed of FI-5 sec and non-playing listening sessions with an FI-60 sec schedule revealed considerable adjunctive behavior induced during the longer interval schedule. Various types of movements, playing, and bizarre behaviors are described. There were large variations in the types and frequencies of behaviors emitted by different individuals. Results are interpreted in terms of an increase in motor excitability which seems to occur in some individuals on certain schedules of reinforcement.     

母亲行为与儿童行为问题的探讨

目的 :探讨母亲行为与儿童行为问题之间的关系。方法 :以山东省 765名 6-11岁儿童的母亲为被试 ,采用Achenbach’s儿童行为量表 (CBCL)和母亲行为问卷分别对儿童及其母亲进行评定。结果 :儿童行为问题的检出率为 12 0 % ,有行为问题儿童母亲的支持行为显著低于正常儿童 ,有行为问题儿童母亲的不支持行为显著高于正常儿童。结论 :母亲的不支持行为增加儿童的行为问题 ,母亲支持行为减少儿童的行为问题。母亲行为对儿童的行为问题有显著影响     

Effects of maternal care on the development, emotionality, and reproductive functions in male and female rats

Variations in maternal behavior induce long-lasting effects on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress. The aim of this study was to analyze developmental parameters, reproductive function, and anxiety-related behaviors of male and female rats raised by mothers that naturally display high and low levels of maternal licking behavior. Results showed that an increase in licking behavior received by the pups accelerated their eye opening and reduced fear behavior assessed in the open field test. Additionally, female offspring of high licking (HL) mothers showed decreased ovulation and lordosis intensity. In contrast, males from HL and low licking (LL) mothers did not differ in their reproductive function, suggesting a gender difference in maternal effects. Present results showed that individual differences in maternal behavior appear not only to be predictive of later emotionality and stress-responsivity in the offspring, but can also modulate the reproductive function of females. Maternal genetic factors, differences in the prenatal intrauterine milieu, or a combination of these cannot be excluded to explain the effects observed.     

A startle-probe methodology for investigating the effects of active avoidance on negative emotional reactivity

This study introduces a new methodology for investigating the impact of active avoidance and behavioral control on defensive emotional reactivity using the startle reflex. A between-groups yoked design was devised that permitted manipulation of participants’ perception of control over an aversive event (loud noise) while precisely controlling motor activity and noxious stimulation. Startle responses to tactile (airpuff) probes were compared during threat/performance trials and neutral trials. Results conclusively demonstrated cross-modal startle potentiation in the context of a continuous motor performance task. Also, consistent with prior research, heart rate increased with perceived control. However, behavioral control per se did not appear to mitigate defensive emotion as indexed by startle potentiation. These findings indicate that other parameters may mediate the efficacy of active coping in addition to control, and that the startle probe paradigm can provide a valuable tool for investigating these parameters in future research.     

Maternal behavior in the rat: aspects of concaveation and neonatal androgen treatment

Evidence is presented to show that maternal responsiveness of lactating females differs from concaveation-induced maternal responsiveness of gonadectomized male and female rats of the Long-Evans strain. When rat pups were placed in a runway extension of the home cage lactating females retrieved the pups to a significantly greater degree than did the concaveation treated animals. The present experiment failed to show significant differences in concaveation-induced maternal responsiveness in gonadectomized males, females and neonatally androgenized females.     

An assessment of adjunctive behavior in a safety-signal paradigm

Three groups of rats were exposed to 0.4 mA shock presentations on a VT 30-sec schedule. Behavior was monitored during 35-sec shock-free periods inserted randomly after 15 of the 60 shocks per session. In the no-signal and random-signal control groups the behavior patterns which developed were similar to defense or fear reactions. In the safety-signal group, in which a tone signalled the 35-sec no-shock periods, a pattern of adjunctive and facultative behaviors developed including marked increases in grooming and rearing behaviors. No evidence of adjunctive drinking was found in any of the three groups.     

Boys with hypospadias: a survey of behavioral difficulties

Studied behavior problems and gender-role behavior of psychiatrically unselected boys (N = 69; ages 6-10 years) with mild or severe hypospadias, a genital anomaly. Parents completed standardized questionnaires in a postal survey. Subjects showed more behavior problems and lower social competency than nonclinical subjects but were better adjusted than a psychiatric-clinical control group. More severe anomalies were associated with increased behavior problems and poorer school performance. Boys with hypospadias had more cross-gender behavior which, however, was not associated with severity of the condition. Surgery-related hospitalizations were correlated with poorer school performance and increased cross-gender behavior. A history of hypospadias did not appear to have a lasting negative impact on the family.     

Genetically heterogeneous and selected lines of rats: Behavioral and reproductive comparison

Avoidance learning, open-field, and reproductive behaviors of a genetically heterogeneous stock (derived from a four-way cross of selected lines) were compared with the corresponding behaviors of the parental lines. The heterogeneous stock showed heterosis on the body development, fertility rate, litter size at birth and at weaning, and directional dominance on the avoidance learning and open-field measures.This research was supported in part by an operating Research Grant A0321 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to the author.     

Adaptive behavior in the fragile X syndrome: Profile and development

In this study we present data on the adaptive behavior profile and on the development of adaptive functioning in 39 fragile X [fra(X)] males, age 4–26 years. Social adaptability is relatively well developed as compared to cognitive level and especially self-help skills continue to grow with age despite a stagnation in intellectual growth. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Spontaneous Stereotypy in an Animal Model of Down Syndrome: Ts65Dn Mice

Stereotyped behaviors (e.g., body rocking) occur at high rates in individuals with mental retardation (e.g., Down syndrome). To determine if spontaneous stereotypy occurs in a murine model of Down syndrome, the home cage behavior of Ts65Dn and control mice was monitored during the dark cycle. Motor activity was further assessed in novel automated test chambers, with acoustic startle and rotor rod paradigms providing additional environmental challenges. Spontaneous stereotypy (repetitive jumping and cage top twirling) was observed in the home cage in approximately half of the Ts65Dn mice, compared with approximately 10% of diploid controls. Repetitive jumping was observed exclusively in the Ts65Dn mice. In the open field, although no differences were found between Ts65Dn and control mice, stereotypic Ts65Dn mice exhibited significantly less locomotor activity and rearing relative to control and nonstereotypic Ts65Dn mice. Ts65Dn mice attained significantly lower rotor rod speeds but did not differ from controls in the amplitude of the acoustic startle response. These environmental challenges did not increase stereotypy over home cage rates but induced stereotypy in two additional animals. The Ts65Dn model may aid in identifying genes associated with the development and expression of stereotypy.