肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作临床分析

目的探讨肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作的临床表现及诊断,提高临床医师对这一症候的认识。方法采用动态脑电图、经颅多普勒超声、颈部血管超声、头部核磁共振、核磁共振血管成像、全脑血管造影等辅助检查,对4例肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作患者进行临床表现、辅助检查及影像学资料分析。结果4例患者均表现为肢体发作性短暂不能控制的抖动,其发作均有明显诱因,其中2例曾被误诊为癫,给予抗癫治疗无效。全部患者均有抖动肢体对侧至少1条以上颅内和（或）颅外动脉严重狭窄或闭塞,头部核磁共振3例显示抖动肢体对侧分水岭脑梗死,发作期脑电图检查未见癫波释放,给予抗血小板聚集、扩容或者血管内支架治疗后,症状均消失。结论肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作常表现为发作性、无意识的肢体抖动,和局灶性运动性癫发作相似,易误诊为局灶性癫,通常提示大血管严重的狭窄或闭塞,低灌注是其最可能的发病机制,通过脑电图及全脑血管造影等检查可以明确诊断,防止漏诊及误诊。     

肢体抖动短暂性脑缺血发作临床分析(附4例报告)

目的 探讨肢体抖动短暂性脑缺血发作(LS-TIA)的临床特点,提高临床医生对本病的认识.方法 回顾性总结我科收治的4例LS-TIA患者的临床资料,4例均进行经颅多普勒超声及脑电图检查,3例进行头部核磁共振(MRI)检查,2例进行核磁血管成像(MRA)及氙CT脑血流成像,1例进行数字减影血管造影(DSA),结合相关文献进行分析及探讨.结果 4例均表现为发作性短暂不自主的肢体抖动伴或不伴肢体无力.抖动肢体对侧有不同程度的血管狭窄或闭塞(包括颈内动脉、大脑中动脉及大脑前动脉),给予抗血小板聚集治疗后,症状逐渐缓解.结论 发作性肢体抖动要考虑到LS-TIA的可能,其通常提示大血管严重狭窄或闭塞,经抗栓治疗有效.     

肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作临床分析

目的 通过3例典型患者的病史和辅助检查，结合文献复习，探讨肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作的临床表现及诊断，以提高诊断的准确率。方法 采用动态脑电图、超声多普勒、磁共振成像、磁共振动脉血管造影、全脑血管造影等辅助检查，对3例肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作患者进行临床表现、辅助检查及影像学资料分析。结果 3例患者均有肢体抖动的临床表现，其中2例曾被误诊为继发性癫痫，给予抗癫痫治疗无效，行全脑血管造影、脑电图等检查。全脑血管造影提示3例颈内动脉系统均存在严重闭塞或狭窄性病变，而发作期脑电图检查未见癫痫波释放。给予抗血小板聚集等药物治疗，但仍偶有发作。2例施行血管内支架植入术后发作完全停止，1例由于血管迂曲明显，手术未获成功，经内科保守治疗症状缓解出院。结论 肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作为临床少见短暂性脑缺血发作，其发作形式常表现为发作性、无意识的一侧肢体无力及抖动，和局灶性运动性癫痫发作相似，易误诊为局灶性癫痫。通过脑电图及全脑血管造影等检查可以明确诊断，从而提高对该病诊断的准确率，防止漏诊及误诊。     

肢体抖动短暂性脑缺血发作二例

目的探讨肢体抖动短暂性脑缺血发作的临床特点。方法分析本院神经内科2例肢体抖动短暂性脑缺血发作(LS-TIA)患者的临床资料。结果 2例患者均在60岁以后发病,临床表现为活动后肢体抖动、无力,休息后缓解。例1头颅MRA显示颅内动脉粥样硬化样改变,抖动肢体对侧血管大脑中动脉M2段轻度狭窄,同侧颈内动脉颅内段中度狭窄,前交通动脉中度狭窄;例2头颈CTA显示抖动肢体对侧颈内动脉起始部狭窄约70%~80%,大脑中动脉M1段起始部闭塞。例1患者视频脑电图(VEEG)监测到3次肢体抖动发作,未发现异常癫痫波。2例患者在常规治疗下均给予扩容治疗以提高大脑血流灌注,发作次数均减少,1个月后其中1例进展为脑卒中。结论 LS-TIA是TIA的一种罕见的发作形式,应注意与局灶性运动性癫痫发作相区别,尽早诊断及提高大脑血流灌注可以减少发作或减低卒中发生的风险。     

CT灌注成像与经颅多普勒超声对后循环短暂性脑缺血发作的诊断价值

目的 探讨CT灌注成像、经颅多普勒超声对后循环短暂性脑缺血发作的诊断价值.方法 对42例后循环短暂性脑缺血发作的患者进行后循环CT灌注成像、经颅多普勒超声检查.结果 CT灌注成像显示低灌注者33例;经颅多普勒超声显示36例患者,共49条血管异常,其中血管狭窄VA 12条,BA 4条,动脉硬化VA 30条,BA 3条;TCD检查提示血管异常的36例患者中,CTPI检查提示低灌注32例.结论 CT灌注成像和经颅多普勒超声是筛选及早期发现血管病变部位的有效手段,利于TIA的诊断和治疗方案的选择.     

肢体抖动型短暂性脑缺血发作的临床和血管相关检查分析及长期随访

目的分析肢体抖动型短暂性脑缺血发作(limb-shaking transient ischemic attack,LS-TIA)的临床及血管病变特点。方法采用回顾性分析方法,收集我院2011年1月²013年10月间以发作性肢体抖动为临床表现的TIA患者,收集患者的临床资料及治疗方案,记录临床和影像学随访结果,记录随访期间有无脑血管事件发生。结果共收集肢体抖动型TIA患者5例,均存在抖动肢体对侧的颅内外大动脉重度狭窄或闭塞,除1例烟雾病患者,其余4例均接受抗血小板、强化他汀治疗,其中2例接受颈内动脉支架植入术治疗。发病后6个月复查头部MRI均未见新发梗死灶,临床随访62013年10月间以发作性肢体抖动为临床表现的TIA患者,收集患者的临床资料及治疗方案,记录临床和影像学随访结果,记录随访期间有无脑血管事件发生。结果共收集肢体抖动型TIA患者5例,均存在抖动肢体对侧的颅内外大动脉重度狭窄或闭塞,除1例烟雾病患者,其余4例均接受抗血小板、强化他汀治疗,其中2例接受颈内动脉支架植入术治疗。发病后6个月复查头部MRI均未见新发梗死灶,临床随访6³3个月,均无脑血管事件发生。结论单侧肢体抖动是TIA的一种发作形式,多存在对侧的颅内外大动脉重度狭窄或闭塞,血管重建治疗及规范的药物治疗对减少脑血管事件可能均有效。     

偏侧舞蹈症短暂性脑缺血发作1例并文献复习

目的 提高对以"偏侧舞蹈症"为主要表现的短暂性脑缺血发作的认识.方法 复习并总结15例以"偏侧舞蹈症"为主要表现的短暂性脑缺血发作患者的一般情况、既往史、主要临床特征、颈部血管超声、经颅多普勒、数字减影血管造影检查、头颅核磁共振及CT.结果 偏侧舞蹈短暂性脑缺血发作主要临床特点为:(1)均以发作性粗大的肢体舞蹈样运动为特征,发作突然,缓解迅速;(2)多见中老年人;(3)分别存在一种或几种短暂性脑缺血发作的危险因素;(4)部分患者患肢对侧颈内动脉狭窄;(5)头颅CT检查多数正常;(6)给予抗血小板聚积、改善微循环,对症给予安定、氟哌啶醇等治疗,疗效好;(7)多数预后好,无复发.结论 中老年患者出现发作性偏侧舞蹈,应考虑短暂性脑缺血发作,积极完善辅助检查,明确诊断,给予抗血小板聚积、改善微循环等治疗,防止形成脑梗死.     

CT脑灌注成像与CT血管成像对颈动脉狭窄性短暂性脑缺血发作的诊断价值

目的探讨CT脑灌注成像与CT血管成像对颈动脉狭窄所致短暂性脑缺血发作的诊断价值。方法对我院2012-01—2014-01收治的36例临床诊断为短暂性脑缺血发作患者的影像学资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者均行颅CT平扫、CT脑灌注成像和CT血管成像检查,测定兴趣区及对侧相应区域局部脑血流量(rCBF)、局部脑血容量(rCBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)和达峰时间(TTP),评价颈动脉的狭窄程度与斑块的性质。结果 36例患者行CT平扫均未发现与临床症状相对应的病灶,CT血管造影显示责任血管狭窄28例,发现颈动脉斑块54块,而CT灌注成像显示异常24例,阳性率85.71%,其中病灶侧TTP、rCBF、MTT值与对照侧比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),而rCBV与对照侧对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);CT血管造影显示责任血管无狭窄8例,而CT灌注成像异常3例,阳性率37.5%,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Ⅰ期患者MTT低于Ⅱ期,rCBF高于Ⅱ期,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期rCBV相似,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。经半年随访,其中5例发展成为脑梗死。结论 CT脑灌注成像结合CTA可同时观察短暂性脑缺血发作患者脑组织的血流动力学变化与颈内动脉的血管形态变化,对短暂性脑缺血发作的诊断具有重要价值,值得临床推广应用。     

CT灌注成像联合CT血管造影在颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作中的应用研究

目的探讨CT灌注成像联合CT血管造影在颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作中的应用价值。方法颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作患者63例,于症状发作后7d内采用东芝320排螺旋CT行头部CT灌注成像以及CT血管造影,观察并比较感兴趣区以及镜像区CT灌注成像各参数,以及两种影像学检查的符合情况。结果比较感兴趣区与镜像区CT灌注成像各参数发现,感兴趣区与镜像区脑血容量无显著性差异(P0.05);感兴趣的脑血流量显著低于镜像区(P0.05);感兴趣区的造影剂通过时间显著短于镜像区(P0.05)。CT血管造影发现责任血管狭窄54例,其中灌注异常患者43例,CT血管造影未发现责任血管狭窄9例,灌注异常3例,CT灌注异常在有责任血管狭窄的阳性率显著高于无责任血管狭窄(P0.05)。结论 CT灌注成像可反映颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的脑灌注状态,CT血管造影可用于检测责任血管的病变情况,CT灌注成像联合CT血管造影可为颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的病因以及为诊断提供影像学依据。     

64层螺旋CT脑灌注联合CT血管造影对颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的诊断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT脑灌注联合CT血管造影对颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的诊断价值。方法选取因颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞在我院进行治疗的80例患者,对其进行64层螺旋CT脑灌注、CT血管造影扫描。观察64层螺旋CT脑灌注的平均通过时间、对比脑血流量、脑血容量、对比剂峰值时间,观察血管造影后患者的劲内动脉狭窄程度。结果短暂性脑缺血发作、急性脑梗死患者患侧的对比剂峰值时间均明显长于健侧的对比剂峰值时间,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用64层螺旋CT脑灌注联合CT血管造影,能同时诊断颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的脑部血流灌注及颈动脉狭窄的程度。     

Bilateral ballism as limb-shaking transient ischemic attacks treated with unilateral carotid artery stent placement

Bilateral limb-shaking transient ischemic attack (LS-TIA) is a rare disease involving carotid artery stenosis, characterized by ballism-like involuntary movements of the arms and legs. We describe the case report of a male patient in his 80s presented with continuous bilateral ballism in the arms and legs and tongue dyskinesia. Magnetic resonance imaging showed no ischemic lesions, while cerebral angiography revealed right internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion and 80% stenosis of the left ICA. 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer single-photon emission computed tomography demonstrated hypoperfusion in the right cerebral cortex but hyperperfusion in both basal ganglia. Left ICA stenting was performed, and involuntary limb shaking disappeared. This case report highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and treatment of bilateral ballism as LS-TIA.     

Intracranial dissection mimicking transient cerebral arteriopathy in childhood arterial ischemic stroke

Transient cerebral arteriopathy is a frequent cause of childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Differentiating this condition from intracranial carotid artery dissection is challenging but important for initial treatment. We describe 4 cases from the International Pediatric Stroke Study of intracranial carotid artery dissection, initially misdiagnosed as transient cerebral arteriopathy. Presentations were abrupt, with focal neurological deficits in 4, preceding headache in 3, and minor trauma in 1. Infarcts involved the anterior circulation, and magnetic resonance angiography showed unilateral arterial stenosis/occlusion. None had evidence of dissection. All received anticoagulation or thrombolysis. Three died from refractory intracranial hypertension. Intracranial carotid artery dissection was confirmed postmortem (n = 3) and on dedicated MR wall imaging showing intramural hematoma (n = 1). In differentiating transient cerebral arteriopathy from intracranial carotid artery dissection, routine magnetic resonance angiography is unreliable and adjunctive conventional angiography, gadolinium magnetic resonance angiography, or dedicated MRI wall imaging should be considered.     

Vasodilatory Responses and Magnetic Resonance Angiography

This study measured the responses of both extracranial (internal carotid arteries) and intracranial (middle cerebral/angular, basilar arteries) intravascular arterial volume flow rates to acetazolamide using phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography. Twenty-eight newly studied patients were subdivided into four groups: Group I-Nonocclusive, asymptomatic (n = 7, or 14 carotid and middle cerebral/angular artery sides); Group II-unilateral carotid transient ischemic attacks, nonhemodynamic (embolic), varying stenoses (n = 11); Group III-unilateral carotid transient ischemic attacks, hemodynamic, varying stenoses (n = 5); and Group IV-unilateral carotid occlusion, asymptomatic (n = 5). The data were separated into nonischemic and ischemic sides so as to illustrate group differences based on vasodilatory responses to acetazolamide. For example, the percent change in volume flow rates over baseline values for the ischemic-side middle cerebral arteries of Group III was significantly the lowest of all of the vasodilatory responses (?25 ± 11% vs 40 ± 14% for group II ischemic middle cerebral/angular artery sides, p = 0.008). Group III patients also had significantly lower standing blood pressures (p = 0.012), higher number of transient ischemic attacks (p = 0.008), and shorter duration of events (p = 0.013). Determinations of volume flow rate continue to assist in determining the degree of hemodynamic compromise of a particular vascular territory.     

Clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular hypoplasias in childhood

The aim of the study was to analyze cerebrovascular hypoplasia in childhood and its clinical manifestations in a clinical population of 205 children aged 3 to 14 years. Cerebrovascular hypoplasias were diagnosed using angiography (n=63), magnetic resonance angiography, and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Hypoplasias were localized in the internal carotid artery in 41.9% of patients, in the middle cerebral artery in 54.1%, the anterior cerebral artery in 1.0%, and in the vertebro-basilar system in 3.0%. Clinical manifestations included transient ischemic attacks (21% of patients), cerebral infarcts (17%), progressive unilateral cerebral hemisphere atrophy (1.0%), focal and secondary generalized epileptic seizures (56.1%), and migraine-like headache (4.9%). Hypoplasias of the internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery manifested as focal and secondary generalized epileptic seizures, transient ischemic attacks, cerebral infarcts, migraine-like headache, and progressive unilateral cerebral hemisphere atrophy, in descending order of frequency. Hypoplasias in the anterior cerebral artery or the basilar artery caused cerebral infarcts, and hypoplasias in the vertebral arteries caused transient ischemic attacks. This article discusses the pathophysiology of ischemia in the territory of the hypoplastic cerebral artery in childhood, as well as possibilities for noninvasive neuroimaging for diagnosis of cerebrovascular hypoplasias.     

External Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting Followed by Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Anastomosis

A 31-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a small infarct at left basal ganglia. Digital subtraction angiography showed left cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion and severe stenosis of the ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA) with collateral cerebral circulation fed by ECAs. Based on the results of a functional evaluation of cerebral blood flow, we performed preventive ECA angioplasty and stenting for advanced ECA stenosis to ensure sufficient blood flow to the superficial temporal artery. Eight weeks later, superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis was performed. His postoperative course was uneventful and no additional transient ischemic attacks have occurred. To our knowledge, this is the first report of preventive angioplasty and stenting for advanced narrowing of an ECA before STA-MCA anastomosis for ipsilateral ICA occlusion.     

Moyamoya disease associated with hereditary spherocytosis

A 5-year-old girl with hereditary spherocytosis presented with two episodes of transient ischemic attacks within a month. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging angiography revealed a left internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery stenosis, with an extensive vascular mesh in the thalamic area indicative of moyamoya disease. Treatment consisted of supporting cerebral perfusion with blood transfusions, and splenectomy to prevent recurrence. Moyamoya disease is a very unusual cerebrovascular disorder in childhood and its association with hereditary spherocytosis is rarely reported.     

成人烟雾病17例临床表现和影像学特点分析

目的探讨成人烟雾病的临床和影像学改变特点。方法回顾性分析17例经常规数字减影血管造影(DSA)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)和/或MRI检查确诊的成人烟雾病患者的临床和影像学资料。结果 17例患者中表现为缺血性脑卒中12例(70.6%),主要表现为偏瘫、失语、头痛及智能减退,还可表现为短暂性脑缺血发作;出血性脑卒中5例(29.4%),主要表现为头痛、意识障碍、偏瘫及抽搐。MRI检查发现缺血性脑卒中累及额叶8例,底节区3例,深部脑白质3例,枕叶3例,颞叶1例;累及单侧半球4例,双侧半球8例;脑萎缩6例。环池内烟雾血管影1例,双侧大脑中动脉累及10例。出血性脑卒中患者中单纯脑室出血2例,蛛网膜下腔出血1例,脑室出血并脑干出血1例,脑室出血并丘脑出血1例。MRA均发现双侧颈内动脉或其分支狭窄或闭塞。全脑DSA检查7例,其中双侧颈内动脉狭窄、闭塞5例,双侧大脑前动脉狭窄或闭塞4例,双侧大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞3例。结论成人烟雾病临床表现多样,临床特点与责任病灶及支配血管相关;MRI和/或MRA有助于烟雾病的早期诊断,确诊需行全脑DSA检查。     

Sickle cell anemia with moyamoya disease: outcomes after EDAS procedure

Moyamoya disease is a relatively uncommon neurovascular complication of sickle cell anemia. We report a case series of six patients with sickle cell anemia who developed moyamoya disease and underwent encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis procedures. These six patients presented with either cerebrovascular accidents, transient ischemic attacks, or seizures, and subsequent magnetic resonance imaging scans were suggestive of moyamoya-like changes in the cerebral vasculature. Conventional cerebral angiography was used to confirm the diagnosis in all six patients. Four of six patients manifested a cerebrovascular accident before surgery, and two of these patients were compliant on a transfusion protocol at the time of their cerebrovascular accident. Bilateral (n = 4) or unilateral (n = 2) encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis procedures were performed without any complications. The patient who was stroke-free preoperatively had a cerebrovascular accident 2 weeks after the procedure; otherwise, all patients have remained free of neurovascular complications with an average follow-up of 33 months. Collateral anastomoses between external and internal carotid arteries were established by magnetic resonance angiography in three patients. The encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis procedure is a safe and effective treatment option in patients with sickle cell anemia who develop moyamoya disease.