软骨源形态发生蛋白基因转染自体骨髓间充质细胞修复关节软骨缺损

背景：以支架或干细胞在一定程度上能够修复软骨缺损,但是研究中发现较大块的缺损修复效果还达不到令人满意的程度。基因转染后的干细胞能够不断的释放生长因子有可能够为软骨缺损研究带来突破。 目的：进一步验证软骨源形态发生蛋白转染的骨髓间充质干细胞是否会促进体内兔软骨修复。 方法：从兔骨髓内分离获得骨髓间充质干细胞,脂质体感染的方法将软骨源形态发生蛋白基因转染到骨髓间充质干细胞中。实验组移植转染后的细胞;单纯骨髓间充质干细胞组移植未转染的骨髓间充质干细胞;空白对照组缺损区不移植细胞。术后行组织学检测及组织学评分分析修复情况。 结果与结论：体内修复过程中,软骨源形态发生蛋白转染的骨髓间充质干细胞促进了软骨再生。透明软骨填充了软骨缺损区,并且深部区域显示了软骨下成骨。透明软骨的重建区域优于单纯骨髓间充质干细胞移植组。组织学评分实验组高于骨髓间充质干细胞对照组和空白组。提示转染软骨源形态发生蛋白基因的骨髓间充质干细胞能够促进和提高关节软骨的改建和修复。     

多孔丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石复合脂肪间充质干细胞修复兔关节软骨及软骨下骨缺损

背景：丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石是细胞立体培养的良好支架,是临床常用的骨缺损修复材料,具有良好的生物相容性。脂肪干细胞具有向骨及软骨细胞分化的潜能,适合骨软骨缺损修复。 目的：观察转化生长因子β1和胰岛素样生长因子1联合成软骨诱导脂肪干细胞与丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石复合后修复兔关节软骨及软骨下骨缺损的效果。 方法：取新西兰大白兔56只,2只用于传代培养脂肪间充质干细胞,以3×109 L-1浓度接种到丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石。其余54只新西兰大白兔,在股骨髁间制备软骨缺损模型,随机分为细胞复合材料组、单纯材料组和空白对照组,细胞复合材料组植入复合脂肪间充质干细胞的丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石;单纯材料组植入丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石;空白对照组不作任何植入。从大体、影像学、组织学观察比较缺损的修复情况。 结果与结论：12周时大体观察、CT、磁共振和组织学检查细胞材料复合组软骨及软骨下骨缺损区完全被软骨组织修复,修复组织与周围软骨色泽相近,支架材料基本吸收,未见明显退变和白细胞浸润,所有标本均未见丝素蛋白残留。单纯材料组缺损区缩小、部分修复,且呈纤维软骨样修复。空白对照组缺损无明显修复。提示复合脂肪间充质干细胞的丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石修复兔关节软骨及软骨下骨缺损能力优于单纯丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石材料。丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石复合脂肪间充质干细胞可形成透明软骨修复动物膝关节全层软骨缺损,重建关节的解剖结构和功能,可作为新型骨软骨组织工程支架。     

可注射性壳聚糖/β-甘油磷酸二钠凝胶复合同种异体软骨细胞修复兔膝关节软骨缺损及威灵仙的干预效应

背景：组织工程技术已经成为关节软骨缺损修复的研究热点,生长因子是其中的重要部分,但是,生长因子疗效和安全性还不明确。研究发现,威灵仙能够维持和促进软骨细胞合成蛋白多糖与Ⅱ型胶原,并且能促进软骨细胞增殖及转化生长因子β1 mRNA的表达。 目的：探讨可注射性壳聚糖/β-甘油磷酸二钠凝胶复合软骨细胞凝胶修复关节软骨缺损的可行性及威灵仙的干预效应。 方法：于新西兰白兔膝关节的股骨滑车面用牙科钻制成深度为0.4 mm的软骨缺损,随机分为3组,威灵仙组、普通培养基组造模后注入壳聚糖/β-甘油磷酸二钠复合软骨细胞混悬液1 mL,在凝胶注入后第2天,分别给予关节腔注射威灵仙培养基或普通培养基1 mL,1次/d,连续给药7 d。单纯造模组不作特殊处理。术后6,12周后分别行大体、组织学(苏木精-伊红染色、TB染色)、Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学观察,并进行Wakitani评分。 结果与结论：威灵仙组、普通培养基组可见缺损关节面被较好地填充,并形成透明软骨样结构,威灵仙组表面平整度及与周围组织整合程度较普通培养基组好,组织学切片上可见类软骨形成并分泌软骨基质和特异性Ⅱ型胶原。单纯造模组未见修复,可见组织增生退变。威灵仙组修复组织与周围组织整合程度、组织学及Ⅱ型胶原分泌量均好于普通培养基组。威灵仙组、普通培养基组Wakitani评分显著低于单纯造模组(P < 0.01),且威灵仙组分值明显低于普通培养基组(P < 0.05)。结果提示可注射性壳聚糖/β-甘油磷酸二钠凝胶复合同种异体软骨细胞能够修复关节软骨缺损,且威灵仙能够促进其对软骨缺损的修复,威灵仙在组织工程技术修复关节软骨缺损中可能起到类生长因子作用。. 关键词：关节软骨缺损;修复;威灵仙;软骨细胞;壳聚糖;β-甘油磷酸二钠 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.16.005     

转化生长因子β及骨形态发生蛋白7修复膝关节软骨损伤中的应用与作用

目的：通过总结和分析关节软骨损伤修复相关方面的研究,阐述了转化生长因子β、骨形态发生蛋白7在膝关节软骨损伤修复中的价值和作用,为今后临床应用提供重要的参考依据。 资料来源：以Articular Cartilage Defects,Transforming Growth Factor-β,Bone Morphogenic Protein-7为检索词,检索science online,ElsecierSD数据库,Springer Link 电子期刊网等 (1991-01/2009-06);以关节软骨损伤,转化生长因子β,骨形态发生蛋白7为检索词,检索中国知网,万方数据库,清华同方数据库(1991-01/2009-06)。文献检索语种限制为英文和中文。 资料选择：纳入与生长因子有关的修复关节软骨损伤的文献,排除重复文献。 结局评价指标：①骨折的愈合情况。②骨细胞的增殖情况。③软骨形成 的能力。 结果：计算机初检得到95篇文献,根据纳入排除标准,对生长因子对尤其是转化生长因子β及骨形态发生蛋白7修复膝关节软骨损伤的文献进行分析。关节软骨损伤在运动员中非常多见,并且关节中的软骨组织修复能力较差。由于一旦损伤即产生永久性病变,且关节软骨损伤的传统治疗方法效果不显著,治疗的困难是运动医学亟待解决的问题。转化生长因子β是调节软骨形成的重要因子,对多种细胞具有刺激或抑制作用。通过提高软骨细胞的敏感性,在骨性关节炎的软骨损伤修复过程中起着中枢的作用,同时对体外软骨细胞的蛋白合成有调节作用,在诱导特殊肉芽组织方面也有重要作用。骨形态发生蛋白7能诱导间充质来源软骨和创面周围软骨产生特异性胶原及黏蛋白,对促进软骨损伤的修复具有明显的作用。 结论：转化生长因子β及骨形态发生蛋白7对膝关节软骨损伤有一定的作用,但是二者联合是否会促进关节软骨损伤的修复,有待于今后进一步的实验研究。     

骨髓间充质干细胞定向诱导移植修复关节软骨

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞在不同诱导条件下具有向中胚层组织细胞如成骨细胞、成软骨细胞、肌细胞、脂肪细胞等分化的能力。 目的：验证用组织工程方法诱导分化骨髓间充质干细胞修复兔关节软骨损伤的效果。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验,于2005-05-03/2007-12-30在沈阳医学院临床中心实验室完成。 材料：20只两三月龄的健康新西兰白兔,雌雄不限。 方法：①诱导分化体外培养的兔骨髓间充质干细胞。实验组加入地塞米松、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、维生素C培养1周,再将转化生长因子β替换碱性成纤维细胞生长因子培养3周;以不加诱导剂细胞做对照。②取20只兔,建立膝关节软骨缺损模型,随机分为3组。实验组10只膝关节内植入经诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞;对照组植入未经诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞;空白对照组植入生理盐水。分别于术后2,4,6,8周时处死实验组处死2只,对照组和空白对照组各处死1只进行各项指标检测。 主要观察指标：①细胞形态学。②碱性磷酸酶活性的测定。③大体标本观察。④X射线观察。⑤组织切片观察。 结果：①经诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞,细胞形态发生明显变化,逐渐由长梭形变为多角形,类似于软骨细胞样形态。②骨髓间充质干细胞经诱导4周后,其碱性磷酸酶活性明显增强(P < 0.05)。③术后8周,实验组标本修复组织表面光滑,与周围软骨间界限模糊不清;X射线表现为关节间隙变宽,软骨下骨质囊变得到改善;组织切片观察显示与正常软骨细胞基本上一致。 结论：自体间充质干细胞移植可修复关节软骨损伤。     

组织工程软骨种子细胞的定向诱导分化

背景：软骨修复一直是骨科治疗难题和研究热点。随着组织工程学的发展,近年来应用种子细胞诱导分化为软骨细胞,构建组织工程软骨修复软骨缺损的思路倍受关注,并已取得一定成功。 目的：讨论组织工程软骨的种子细胞选择、成软骨定向诱导分化的培养条件,尤其是细胞因子、诱导方法、培养方式等因素的作用。 方法：计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库及PubMed 数据库2000-01/2010-09相关文章,检索词为“软骨形成,软骨缺损,刺激因子,软骨修复,组织工程,chondrification, cartilage defect; stimulating factor,cartilage repair,tissue engineering”。语种限定为：中文与英文。纳入与软骨形成、诱导分化、组织工程支架方面的基础和临床研究,排除内容陈旧及重复研究。计算机初检得到155篇文献,根据纳入排除标准,最终纳入41篇。 结果与结论：种子细胞在特定细胞因子作用下可定向分化为软骨细胞。通过选择合适的种子细胞及细胞因子定向诱导分化构建组织工程软骨,能够为成功治愈关节软骨缺损提供新思路。软骨定向分化因子转化生长因子β、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、骨生成蛋白、胰岛素样生长因子、生长激素等调控诱导可通过介质添加物、基因转染、不同培养方式等几种方式促进向软骨方向转化。相信随着软骨定向诱导分化研究的深入,为临床上运用软骨组织工程学来解决关节软骨缺损修复这一难题提供了有效依据,有广泛的临床应用前景。     

人重组骨形态发生蛋白2及碱性成纤维细胞因子纤维蛋白复合物修复兔陈旧性关节软骨缺损：18周组织学观察

背景：纤维蛋白的天然网状结构为骨髓细胞黏附、增殖提供了良好的三维空间环境，且同时又限制了人重组骨形态发生蛋白2和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的快速扩散，使两者随着纤维蛋白的逐渐降解而缓慢释放，最终诱导间充质细胞向软骨转化。 目的：观察人重组骨形态发生蛋白2和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子分别复合纤维蛋白后，修复兔陈旧性关节软骨缺损的效果。 设计、时间及地点：组织形态学观察，于2005-07/2006-02在石河子大学医学院完成。 材料：清洁级健康8周龄新西兰大白兔18只36膝，随机分为3组：人重组骨形态发生蛋白2组、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子组、对照组，6只12膝/组。人重组骨形态发生蛋白2，碱性成纤维细胞生长因子为英国BioSource产品；冻干人纤维蛋白原为上海莱士血制品有限公司产品。 方法：各组兔均于双侧膝关节股骨髌股关节面制备直径4 mm、深3 mm的全层软骨缺损，4周后在原切口再次开腔，清除缺损区内的纤维组织，钻通骨髓腔，成为陈旧性关节损伤。人重组骨形态发生蛋白2组用注射器注入人重组骨形态发生蛋白2+冻干人纤维蛋白原，使复合物添满缺损区；碱性成纤维细胞生长因子组同法注入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子+冻干人纤维蛋白原；对照组单纯注入等量的冻干人纤维蛋白原。 主要观察指标：光镜及电镜观察骨缺损区组织修复及软骨再生情况，并进行组织学评分。 结果：18只兔（36膝）均进入结果分析。人重组骨形态发生蛋白2组修复后10，14周，软骨缺损被白色半透明坚硬组织平滑修复，富有光泽，与正常软骨边界清楚，至18周时修复组织与正常软骨边界模糊，质地坚硬，表面平滑光润；碱性成纤维细胞生长因子组修复后10，14，18周时均有1膝关节缺损区未能完全修复；对照组全程均未见软骨修复。与对照组比较，人重组骨形态发生蛋白2组、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子组再生软骨组织学评分均明显降低（P < 0.01），且前组下降幅度优于后组（P < 0.05）。 结论：人重组骨形态发生蛋白2纤维蛋白复合物可有效修复兔陈旧性关节软骨缺损，且短期效果优于碱性成纤维细胞生长因子纤维蛋白复合物。     

动物源性骨软骨支架复合骨髓间充质干细胞/软骨细胞修复兔膝关节骨软骨复合缺损

摘要 背景：以往支架材料修复骨软骨的实验大都存在骨软骨耦合界面修复不良的情况。 目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞/软骨细胞复合动物源性骨软骨支架修复兔膝关节骨软骨复合缺损的可行性。 方法：将新西兰大白兔随机抽签分为实验组、对照组、空白组,制作单侧膝关节骨软骨复合缺损后,实验组于骨缺损处植入自体骨髓间充质干细胞/诱导分化的软骨细胞与同种异体动物源性骨软骨复合支架,对照组于骨缺损处植入同种异体动物源性骨软骨支架、空白组未植入任何材料。术后4,8,12周行大体观察、苏木精-伊红染色、甲苯胺蓝染色。 结果与结论：实验组大体观察见复合缺损区完全修复,局部无凹陷,新生组织和周围组织融合,苏木精-伊红染色和甲苯胺蓝染色见软骨缺损区由新生的透明软骨样组织修复,细胞柱状排列,极性好,软骨陷窝明显,骨缺损区由骨样组织修复,新生软骨和软骨下骨以及宿主骨界面耦合良好,甲苯胺蓝染色阳性率和组织学评分优于对照组、空白组(P < 0.05)。说明诱导分化的自体软骨细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞共培养复合动物源性骨软骨支架所构建的细胞-支架复合体能成功修复兔膝关节软骨和软骨下骨的复合缺损,是一种理想的骨软骨复合缺损修复方法。 关键词：动物源性;支架;骨髓间充质干细胞;软骨细胞;修复;缺损 中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2011,15 (12): 2265-2269.     

胰岛素样生长因子1与转化生长因子β2促进组织工程软骨构建的体外实验

背景：软骨组织的再生能力差,软骨组织工程能利用较少的细胞、支架材料和细胞因子对缺损进行修复。 目的：观察胰岛素样生长因子1与转化生长因子β2联合应用对组织工程软骨形成的影响。 方法：用酶消化法获取人软骨细胞,将培养的细胞以4×109 L-1的细胞浓度接种在藻酸钙凝珠支架上,分别加入200 μg/L胰岛素样生长因子1和(或)1 μg/L转化生长因子β2进行立体培养。于培养的第3,5,7,9,11,13天,进行细胞计数,观察软骨细胞的增殖情况。培养2周后,进行大体形态观察和阿尔新蓝-过碘酸雪夫氏染色 (AB-PAS)及抗Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色。 结果与结论：细胞计数及免疫组织化学染色显示,胰岛素样生长因子1和转化生长因子β2均能促进软骨细胞增殖和软骨相关基质黏多糖及Ⅱ型胶原的分泌,其中胰岛素样生长因子1的作用主要体现在促细胞增殖方面,而转化生长因子β2的作用主要体现在促进软骨相关基质形成方面,二者联合应用具有促进组织工程软骨形成的协同作用。     

转化生长因子β1与骨形态发生蛋白2对关节软骨损伤修复的价值

关节软骨损伤的修复,一直是医学界及运动损伤领域所关注的问题。随着分子生物技术的应用和发展,生长因子在关节软骨损伤中的作用显得尤为重要。文章通过分析关节软骨损伤修复难的原因,阐述众多生长因子中转化生长因子β1与骨形态发生蛋白2对关节软骨损伤修复的作用及机制,并对存在的问题进行了归纳,为今后的实验研究提供重要的参考依据。     

CYP1A1 and GSTM1/T1 Genetic Variation in Predicting Risk for Cerebral Infarction

Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is involved in the production of arachidonic acid-derived vasoactive substance. We hypothesized that CYP1A1 polymorphism might be related to pathological conditions associated with cerebral infarction (CI). We investigated the effect of genetic polymorphism in the 3′-flanking region (T6235C) of CYP1A1 gene in 353 patients with CI and 376 controls. The distributions of T6235C CYP1A1 genotypes in patients with (TT: 36.0%; TC/CT: 64.0%; n = 353) and without CI (TT: 44.7%; TC/CT: 55.3%; n = 376) indicate that the C allele is associated with CI (P = 0.017, odds ratio (O.R.) = 1.44; 95% confidence interval (C. I.) = 1.07–1.94). Furthermore, we examined whether the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene, which is one of detoxification enzyme, influence the risk of CI. GST M1 null genotype increased the relative risk for the CI in the subjects with the CYP1A1 C allele (P = 0.015, O.R. = 1.47; C. I. = 1.08–2.00). We conclude that T6235C CYP1A1 polymorphism is a risk factor for the development of CI and suggest that GST polymorphism contribute to the odds of CI.     

Adult GM1 gangliosidosis--biochemical studies--1]

To address the pathogenesis of GM1 gangliosidosis, especially adult form, intracellular signal transduction pathway of EGF in skin fibroblasts from patients with this disorder was examined. For this purpose, skin fibroblasts from 2 different patients with adult form of the disorder and from 4 different normal controls were used. The results showed that 1) EGF-receptor autophosphorylation was diminished in skin fibroblasts from patients with altered time course of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reaction. 2) The amount of EGF-receptor protein was decreased in cells from patients compared with that of controls. 3) 125I-EGF binding + internalization studies revealed decreased rate of EGF binding and internalization in patient cells. 4) Ribosomal S6 protein phosphorylation was strongly enhanced in naive cells from patients, but the reactivity to EGF was diminished compared with control cells. These data strongly suggest that patient fibroblasts have abnormalities in the intracellular signal transduction pathway of EGF. This paper is considered to be the first report demonstrating abnormalities in EGF-signal transducing system in human disorders.     

DRB1*1502-DQB1*0601-DQA1*0103 and DRB1*04-DQB1*0302 in Jewish hypersomnolent patients

OBJECTIVES: Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder with a genetic association with the haplotype DRB1*1501, DQA1*0102, DQB1*0602. This haplotype has been described in different ethnic groups suffering from narcolepsy (Japanese, Caucasian, African Americans, Jews). In a recent study we have found the haplotype DRB1*1502, DQB1*0601, DQA1*0103 in three patients with hypersomnolence. The similarity of this haplotype to the narcoleptic haplotype DRB1*1501, DQB1*0602 and DQA1*0102 has raised the question of whether this haplotype is a marker for sleepiness, or rather indicates a variant of non-cataplectic narcolepsy. This study was conducted to further investigate this question. METHODS: HLA-DNA analysis was carried out in 20 healthy Jewish patients (age 23.9+/-6.3 years; 13 Ashkenazi, seven non-Ashkenazi) who had objective measures of hypersomnolence. All underwent whole-night polysomnography, multiple sleep latency test and tissue typing. RESULTS: HLA-DNA analysis revealed HLA-DR2 in eight patients of whom five (25%) carried the haplotype DRB1*1502, DQB1*0601, DQA1*0103 (vs. 1.4% in the Israeli population, P<0.0001). Six patients were diagnosed as non-cataplectic narcoleptics. Five of them carried the haplotype DRB1*1502, DQB1*0601, DQA1*0103. Forty percent of the patients carried the haplotype DRB1*04, DQB1*0302, which was not statistically different from its prevalence in the healthy Israeli population (25%). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report describing the haplotype DRB1*1502, DQB1*0601, DQA1*0103 in narcoleptic patients (non-cataplectic). This haplotype is close but different from the already known narcoleptic haplotype DRB1*1501, DQA1*0102, DQB1*0602. We assume that this haplotype represents a variant of non-cataplectic narcolepsy rather than association with hypersomnolence. However, in order to conclude whether this haplotype is a marker for the lack of cataplexy, or represents a variant of non-cataplectic narcolepsy, a larger group of patients should be investigated.     

Polycystin-1 can interact with homer 1/Vesl-1 in postnatal hippocampal neurons

Polycystin-1 (PC-1) has been identified as critical to development of the nervous system, but the significance of PC-1 expression in neurons remains undefined, and little is known of its roles outside the kidney, where mutation results in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). In kidney, PC-1 interacts with cadherins, catenins, and its cognate calcium channel polycystin-2 (PC-2), which in turn interacts with a number of actin-regulatory proteins. Because some of the proteins that interact with PC-1 in kidney also participate in synaptic remodeling and plasticity in the hippocampus, we decided to test PC-1's potential to interact with a recently discovered type of plasticity-associated protein (homer 1a/Vesl-1S) in postnatal mouse hippocampus. Homer 1a/Vesl-1S is an activity-induced protein believed to participate in synaptic remodeling/plasticity responses to temporal lobe seizure and learning. Here we report the following. 1) PC-1 contains a homer-binding motif (PPxxF), which lies within its purported cytoplasmic domain. 2) Immunoreactivity for PC-1 (PC-1-ir) is highly colocalized with homer 1a immunoreactivity (H1a-ir) in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. 3) PC-1-ir and H1a-ir are present and appear to be colocalized in mouse hippocampus but not cortex on postnatal day 2 (P2), when higher frequencies of spontaneous activity are normal for hippocampus compared with cortex. 4) An endogenous PC-1-ir band with the correct size for the reported C-terminal G-protein-sensitive domain cleavage product of PC-1 (approximately 150 kDa) coimmunoprecipitates with endogenous homer 1/Vesl-1 proteins from mouse brain, suggesting that PC-1 can interact with homer 1/Vesl-1 proteins in postnatal hippocampal neurons.     

IL-1Rrp2 expression and IL-1F9 (IL-1H1) actions in brain cells

The recently discovered IL-1F9 (IL-1H1) is a putative member of the interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines that has been shown to activate nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) in Jurkat cells transfected with the orphan receptor IL-1 receptor-related protein (IL-1Rrp)2. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate expression of IL-1Rrp2 and to determine if IL-1F9 induces known IL-1 signaling pathways in the different cell types of the mouse brain in culture. Messenger RNA for IL-1Rrp2 was not detected in primary neurones by RT-PCR, but significant constitutive expression was found in mixed glial cells, particularly in astrocytes and microglia, which was strongly decreased by exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS induced the release of IL-6, and activated NFkappaB and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in microglial cultures. IL-1beta induced release of IL-6 and activated NFkappaB, p38, JNK and ERK1/2 in mixed glial cultures, which was completely abolished in the presence of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). When injected intracerebroventrically in the rat, IL-1beta increased core body temperature, and reduced body weight and food intake. In contrast, IL-1F9 failed to induce any of these responses either in vivo or in vitro. These results demonstrate that glial cells may be a target for the new ligand IL-1F9, since high expression of IL-1Rrp2 mRNA was detected in these cells. However, IL-1F9 failed to induce any of the classical IL-1beta responses, suggesting that it may trigger alternative pathway(s).