氨甲环酸对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术病人炎性反应的影响

目的 评价氨甲环酸对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术病人炎性反应的影响.方法 择期行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的病人60例,年龄45～64岁,体重指数16～ 22 kg/m2,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,NYHA心功能分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=30):对照组(C组)和氨甲环酸组(T组).麻醉诱导后T组经30 min静脉输注氨甲环酸1 g,然后以400 mg/h的速率持续输注至术毕;C组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于麻醉诱导前、术毕和术后24h时取中心静脉血样,测定Hb、Plt、凝血酶原时间、国际标准化比值和血浆D-二聚体、IL-6的浓度.于术后6和24h时记录胸管引流量.记录术后异体红细胞和血浆的使用情况.记录住院期间相关并发症的发生情况.结果 与C组比较,T组术毕和术后24h时D-二聚体和IL-6的浓度降低,术后胸管引流量、异体红细胞和血浆的使用率降低(P ＜0.05或0.01).两组各时点Hb、Plt、凝血酶原时间和国际标准化比值比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组住院期间未见相关并发症的发生.结论 氨甲环酸可减轻非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术病人的炎性反应.     

心肺转流冠状动脉旁路移植术前持续服用硫酸氯吡格雷和阿司匹林的患者氨甲环酸应用的有效性和安全性

目的 评价心肺转流冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)术前持续服用硫酸氯吡格雷(氯吡格雷)和阿司匹林的患者氨甲环酸应用的有效性和安全性.方法 本研究为前瞻性随机对照临床研究,将110例接受择期心肺转流CABG且术前持续服用氯吡格雷和阿司匹林直至术前7d以内的患者,随机分入氨甲环酸组和标准治疗组.氨甲环酸组在麻醉诱导后给予负荷量10 mg/kg静脉滴注,继以维持量10mg· kg-1·h-1持续静脉泵入直至手术结束;标准治疗组给予等量生理盐水.主要终点评价指标为围手术期异体红细胞输注量,次要终点评价指标为术后出血量、大出血发生率、二次开胸止血率、异体红细胞输注率以及异体血浆和血小板的输注量和输注率.结果 氨甲环酸组和标准治疗组的围手术期异体红细胞输注量分别为4.0(7.5)单位和6.0(6.0)单位(W=1021,P＜0.01).两组的术后引流量分别为930(750) ml和1210(910) ml(W=1042,P＜0.01),大出血发生率分别为50.9％和76.4％(x2=7.70,P＜0.01),二次开胸止血率分别为0和9.1％(x2=5.24,P=0.02);异体血浆输注量分别为400(600) ml和600 (650) ml(W=1072,P=0.01)、输注率分别为60.0％和85.5％(x2=8.98,P＜0.01),异体血制品总输注率分别为85.5％和98.2％(x2 =5.93,P=0.01).围手术期病死率、并发症和不良事件的发生率两组没有差异.结论 在心肺转流CABG前持续服用氯吡格雷和阿司匹林的患者中,氨甲环酸可以减少术后出血和异体输血,未观察到不良反应.     

CABG手术应用氯吡格雷和氨甲环酸对术后出血和异体输血的影响

目的 评估术前持续应用氯吡格雷和术中应用氨甲环酸对体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者术后出血和异体输血的影响及其相互作用.方法 采用2×2析因分析,第1个因素为术前抗血小板治疗,持续应用氯吡格雷至术前7天以内者纳入用药组(E组),未应用者纳入空白组(B组);第2个因素为术中抗纤溶治疗,氨甲环酸为T组,空白对照为P组.333例择期CABG患者,氨甲环酸为麻醉诱导后给予负荷量10 mg/kg静脉滴注,继以维持量10 mg·kg-1· h-1持续静脉泵入直至手术结束.结果 无论术前是否持续应用氯吡格雷,氨甲环酸都可显著降低术后出血量等指标(ET组对EP组,P＜0.01;BT组对BP组,P＜0.01).术前持续应用氯吡格雷可显著增加术后出血量(EP组对BP组,P＜0.05)、大出血发生比例和红细胞输注量(EP组对BP组,P＜0.01)、红细胞及血浆输注比例(EP组对BP组、P＜0.05)以及总输血比例(EP组对BP组,P＜0.01).术前持续应用氯吡格雷的患者接受氨甲环酸治疗后,所有出血和输血指标与术前未应用氯吡格雷者相似(ET组对BP组,P＜0.05).结论 CABG忠者术前持续应用氯吡格雷至术前7天以内可显著增加术后出血和异体输血,术中应用氨甲环酸可降低这一风险,并消除术前持续应用氯吡格雷对出血和输血的不良影响.     

氨甲环酸对老年全髋关节置换术患者的血液保护效果

目的 评价氨甲环酸对老年全髋关节置换术患者的血液保护效果.方法 择期全髋关节置换术患者160例,性别不限,年龄65-70岁,体重指数16-22 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将其分为2组(n=80):对照组(C组)和氨甲环酸组(T组).切皮前T组经15 m in静脉输注氨甲环酸15 mg/kg,C组给予等容量生理盐水.术中监测Hb、PIt、PT和APTT指导输血.记录术中出血量、术后12 h和48 h出血量,术中、术后异体血输注情况.记录术后并发症的发生情况.结果 两组术中出血量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与C组比较,T组术后出血量、异体红细胞使用率降低(p＜0.05),两组末见术后并发症的发生.结论 氨甲环酸对老年全髋关节置换术患者具有一定血液保护效应,但是临床价值有限.     

氨甲环酸对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术病人的血液保护作用

目的 评价氨甲环酸对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术病人的血液保护作用.方法 择期行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的病人260例,性别不限,年龄18～64岁,体重指数16～22 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,NYHA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级.采用随机数字表法,将病人随机分为2组(n=130):对照组(C组)和氨甲环酸组(T组).麻醉诱导后T组经30 min静脉输注氨甲环酸1 g,然后以400 mg/h的速率持续输注至术毕;C组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于麻醉诱导前、术毕和术后24 h时,取中心静脉血样,测定Hb、Plt、凝血酶原时间和国际标准化比值.于术后6和24 h时记录胸管引流量.记录术后异体红细胞和血浆的使用情况.记录住院期间死亡和并发症的发生情况.结果 两组各时点Hb、Plt、凝血酶原时间和国际标准化比值比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与C组比较,T组术后胸管引流量、异体红细胞和血浆的使用率均降低(P＜0.05或0.01).两组未见住院期间死亡和术后并发症的发生.结论 氨甲环酸对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术病人具有血液保护作用.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the blood-saving effect of tranexamic acid in off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB). Methods Two hundred and sixty ASA Ⅰ- Ⅲ and NYHA Ⅰ- Ⅲ patients of both sexes,aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index 16-22 kg/m2 , undergoing OPCAB, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 130 each): control group (group C) and tranexamic acid group (group T) . Anesthesia was induced with iv injection of midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, fentanyl 5-10μg/kg and pipecuronium 0.1 mg/kg. The patients were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated. PEr CO2 was maintained at 35-45 mm Hg. A bolus of tranexamic acid 1 g was infused intravenously within 30 min after indution followed by continuous infusion at 400 mg/h until the end of operation in group T. While equal volume of normal saline was given in control group. Anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of isoflurane and intermittent iv injection of fentanyl and pipecuronium. Venous blood samples were taken before induction, at the end of operation and at 24 h after operation for determination of Hb, platelet count (P1t), prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR). The volume of chest tube drainage was collected and recorded at 6 and 24 h after operation. The requirement for transfusion of allogeneic red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma was also recorded. Results There was no significant difference in Hb, Plt, PTand INR at each time point between the two groups ( P ＞ 0.05). The requirement for transfusion of allogeneic red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma was significantly reduced in group T as compared with group C ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ). No deaths and complications occurred during hospital stay in the two groups. Conclusion Tranexamic acid exerts the blood-saving effect in OPCAB.     

磷酸肌酸钠复合氨甲环酸对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者心肌和血液保护作用的研究

目的 研究在非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)中应用磷酸肌酸钠及氨甲环酸对缺血心肌的保护及血液保护作用.方法 将拟行OPCABG术的冠心病患者280例按完全随机法分为4组,每组70例,实验组、磷酸肌酸钠组、氨甲环酸组和对照组...     

氨甲环酸对全髋关节翻修术患者术后静脉血栓形成风险的影响

目的 评价氨甲环酸对全髋关节翻修术患者术后静脉血栓形成风险的影响.方法 择期全麻下行全髋关节翻修术患者56例,性别不限,年龄35 ～ 64岁,体重指数20 ～ 25 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者分为2组(n=28):对照组(C组)和氨甲环酸组(T组),T组气管插管后静脉注射氨甲环酸15 mg/kg,随后以10 mg·kg-1·h-1速率静脉输注至术毕,C组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于术前、术毕、术后6h及术后24h时采集静脉血样,测定血常规及凝血功能指标.记录术中出血量、自体血回收量、术后24h内引流量和异体输血情况.术后7d行下肢彩色多普勒超声检查,记录下肢深静脉血栓形成的发生情况.结果 与C组比较,T组术中出血量、自体血回收量和术后24h内引流量均减少,异体输血率降低,术毕及术后各时间点Hb和Hct均升高(P＜0.05),活化部分凝血酶原时间、凝血酶原时间和纤维蛋白原差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).C组和T组下肢深静脉血栓形成发生率分别为18％和14％,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 术中静脉注射氨甲环酸15 mg/kg负荷量,随后以10 mg·kg-1·h-1速率静脉输注不增加全髋关节翻修术患者术后静脉血栓的形成.     

右美托咪定对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者认知功能障碍发生的影响

目的 评价右美托咪定对患者非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者认知功能障碍发生的影响.方法 择期非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者58例,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,年龄51 ～ 63岁,采用随机数字表法分为2组(n=29):对照组(C组)和右美托咪定组(D组).两组麻醉诱导及麻醉维持方法相同.D组于气管插管后静脉输注右美托咪定负荷剂量1 μg/kg,泵注时间15min,继之以0.5 μg· kg-1·h-1的速率输注至术毕,C组静脉输注等容量生理盐水.于麻醉诱导前24h和术后24、48和72 h时记录患者MMSE评分,判断术后72 h内认知功能障碍的发生情况,记录术中舒芬太尼用量和气管拔管时间.结果 与C组比较,D组术后24和48 h时MMSE评分升高,术后72 h内认知功能障碍发生率降低(P＜0.05),术中舒芬太尼用量和气管拔管时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 右美托咪定可明显降低非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者认知功能障碍的发生.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性肾损伤的危险因素临床分析

目的 探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素;明确体外循环是否是冠状动脉旁路移植术后独立危险因素.方法 根据AKI诊断标准:选择2010年9月-2013年11月在南京市第一医院行冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者209例,分为AKI组55例和非AKI组154例,通过单因素及多因素分析比较两组间可能的相关危险因素.结果 单因素分析中,AKI组中的性别(女性)、年龄、体重指数、高血压、基础血肌酐水平、心脏射血分数、冠状动脉粥样硬化数目、体外循环、主动脉球囊反博的循环支持、术后的低心排血量、乳酸水平均比非AKI组高(P＜0.05).多因素分析中,AKI组与非AKI组相比,基础血肌酐水平、心脏射血分数、体外循环、术后的低心排血量差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 围术期的多种因素与冠状动脉旁路移植术后AKI的发生密切相关,基础血肌酐水平、心脏射血分数、体外循环、术后的低心排血量是冠状动脉旁路移植术后独立危险因素,采用非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术,有利于肾脏保护.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后二次开胸止血67例

目的 探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)术后二次开胸止血的相关危险因素及出血的常见部位.方法 2000年1月至2011年7月期间行CABG术2765例,发生二次开胸止血67例(占2.4％),对相关危险因素进行单因素分析并总结常见的出血部位.结果 应用乳内动脉、术前停用抗血小板药物＜5天、合并有高血压、CABG+其他手术、年龄＞70岁等,是引起术后二次开胸止血的危险因素(P＜0.05).与是否体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植、LABP的应用、合并糖尿病、旁路移植的支数无相关性(P＞0.05).48例出血部位明确,依次是:乳内动脉及其创面、静脉旁路血管、胸骨、升主动脉插管口、胸腺窝、膈肌切口、钢丝孔.结论 术前充分准备、尽可能避免相关危险因素、术中止血操作仔细,可减少术后出血的发生.     

Beating coronary bypass with right-heart bypass

Two patients with bilateral obstructive carotid artery disease underwent beating heart coronary bypass including revascularization of the circumflex branch using right-heart bypass in a stable hemodynamic state. Without this mechanical support, lifting the left ventricle for the exposure of the posterior wall could impair the hemodynamic state of the patient. Right-heart bypass in addition to aortic no-touch technique can be a safer option for complete coronary revascularization in patients at high risk for neurological complications.     

Coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass.

The purpose of this article is twofold: to describe our technique for performing coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass (off pump) and to demonstrate that this operation is safe, in terms of mortality and certain indices of morbidity. Very little has been published in regard to off-bypass operations. From 1985 through 1990, 220 patients underwent operation off bypass; 220 on-pump controls were retrospectively matched for number of grafts, left ventricular function, and date of operation. Groups were compared in terms of mortality and ten indicators of morbidity. The same analysis was performed for ten subgroups. We found no statistically significant difference between groups in mortality (off pump, 1.4% [3/220]; on pump, 2.4% [5/220]), which held across all subgroups. Patients undergoing operation off pump required blood far less often (not transfused: off pump, 72.7% [160/220]; on pump, 54.6% [116/220]; p = 0.005 by Fisher's exact test), and the low output state occurred statistically less frequently off pump (off pump, 5.5% [12/220]; on-pump, 12.7% [28/220]; p = 0.01 by Fisher's exact test). Further research should be directed to which subgroups can be operated on to advantage off pump and which, if any, groups of patients should be confined to on-bypass operations.     

Multivessel sequential bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass

Background Multivessel sequential coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass has become a reality. Initially the revascularization of posterior coronary arteries (obtuse marginal branches of the circumflex artery) was difficult due to access and difficulty in stabilization of the heart as well as compromising the haemodynamic status of the heart. With stabilization of the heart with Octopus II (Medtronic, Inc. Minnesota, USA) we have demonstrated that sequential grafts as well as composite arterial grafts can easily and safely be used in complete arterial revascularization of the myocardium. Methods From January 1, 1996 till December 31, 1999, 832 consecutive patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass. From July 1998, seventy-nine patients operated had atleast 1 conduit used as a sequential graft and 12 patients had composite ‘Y’ grafts. Before July 1999, 67 patients (61 sequential and 6 ‘Y’ conduits) underwent surgery without mechanical stabilization (Group A) and after July 1999 in 24 patients (18 sequential and 6 ‘Y’ conduits) mechanical stabilization (Octopus II) was used. Results Total number of sequential anastomosis including composite grafts was not significantly different in both groups. But due to Octopus II stabilization, number of anastomosis in composite ‘Y’ graft group significantly increased from 2.96 ±0.2 to 4.02 ±0.3. Also intramyocardial coronary artery revascularization which was only 10.4% in Group A increased to 20.8% in Group B. In Group A only 8.9% composite grafts were performed while in Group B it was 25% which was statistically significant. Conclusions Cardiac stabilization with Octopus II has improved ability for revascularization of remote coronary arteries arising from circumflex. Although overall anastomoses have not increased, the number of patients receiving composite grafts using all arterial conduits have increased significantly. Patency rates of all sequential conduits as well as composite grafts have remained equally good in both groups.     

Coronary artery bypass surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass

In the years 1994 and 1995, 1087 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting at our institution. Of these, 297 were operated on without cardiopulmonary bypass. 239 were male, and 58 were female. Their ages ranged from 28 to 81 years (54.43 ± 9.63). Of the total, 294 were operated on electively, two as a coronary reoperations, and one as an emergency after a failed percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty procedure. In all patients complete revascularization was the aim, and a cardiopulmonary bypass team was kept on standby. Median sternotomy was performed as the exposure in all patients, except a patient who underwent a coronary reoperation through a left thoracotomy incision. The average of the distal anastomoses was 1.51 ± 0.6, ranging from 1 to 3. The left internal thoracic artery was used in 292 operations, which was an individual graft in 284, a sequential graft in five, and a free graft in four. Major complications in the early postoperative period were noted in three patients as reoperation for excessive bleeding. One patient had reoperation for left internal thoracic artery spasm, and one patient had lower extremity ischemia caused by intraoartic balloon counterpulsation. Hospital mortality was 0.3% with one patient. It is our belief that in selected cases coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass is a safe procedure with the advantage of improvement in recovery during the postoperative period.     

Cardiopulmonary bypass

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) facilitates surgery on the surface and within the chambers of the heart. It provides the function of the heart and lungs, giving the blood momentum and carrying out gas exchange, respectively. CPB allows the heart and lungs to be isolated from the systemic circulation.     

Cardiopulmonary bypass

The purpose of cardiopulmonary bypass is to maintain perfusion and oxygenation of the vital organs in the absence of heart and lung function, usually to facilitate surgery on the heart, but occasionally in other situations. Although the intricacies of the modern extracorporeal circuit and the conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass are the domain of the clinical perfusion scientist (‘perfusionist’), safe surgery mandates a good understanding of some fundamentals by the anaesthetist and the surgeon. This review is aimed at the anaesthetist. First, we will systematically examine the main components of the extracorporeal circuit, travelling in the direction that blood travels, from the venous cannula to the arterial cannula. Then we will describe the process of preparing for bypass, ‘going on’, conducting a bypass run, and weaning and separation from bypass. It is crucial to have clear communication between the surgeon, perfusionist and anaesthetist. This can be difficult for the novice because a quite specific language has evolved in cardiac operating theatres to signal key events in the cardiopulmonary bypass sequence. As we go through this article, we will highlight commonly used terminology and expressions used.     

Cardiopulmonary bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass is an essential component of many cardiac surgical procedures, temporarily taking over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery. Components of the bypass circuit are described and the preparation for and management of bypass outlined. Cross clamping the ascending aorta risks causing myocardial ischaemia, which is prevented by use of a cardioplegic solution to stop the heart from beating or an ‘intermittent cross clamp fibrillation’ technique. Blood conversation is provided by suckers, vents and red blood cell salvage. Safety, side effects and associated therapies are discussed.