肾上腺肿瘤的MSCT多期增强扫描应用价值

目的 探讨MSCT多期增强扫描对肾上腺肿瘤的诊断及鉴别价值.方法 收集经病理证实的肾上腺肿瘤患者70例共72个病灶的资料,包括醛固酮腺瘤23个、皮质醇腺瘤18个、嗜铬细胞瘤17个及转移瘤14个.结果 醛固酮腺瘤平扫CT均值≤20 HU,21个呈轻度均匀强化.皮质醇腺瘤平扫CT均值≤25 HU,12个呈中度均匀强化;15个嗜铬细胞瘤呈重度不均强化;12个转移瘤呈中度不均强化.动脉期强化率:醛固酮腺瘤＞嗜铬细胞瘤＞皮质醇腺瘤＞转移瘤;静脉期强化率:醛固酮腺瘤＞皮质醇腺瘤＞转移瘤,嗜铬细胞瘤＞转移瘤;相对造影剂清除率:醛固酮腺瘤＞皮质醇腺瘤＞嗜铬细胞瘤＞转移瘤.结论 肾上腺4种常见肿瘤的MSCT平扫、增强密度特征及其强化率、清除率存在差异,可作为这些肿瘤诊断及鉴别诊断的参考指标.     

多发嗜铬细胞瘤的CT诊断价值

目的:分析多发嗜铬细胞瘤的影像学表现及动态增强特征,以提高其诊断准确性。方法:经手术病理证实的多发嗜铬细胞瘤9例,其中双侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤7例,Von Hippel-Lindau病1例,腹膜后副神经节瘤并膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤1例。术前经螺旋CT和多层螺旋CT平扫、动脉期(30s)和门脉期(70～80s)扫描。对比剂采用欧乃派克或优维显,注射流率3ml/s。仔细复习CT扫描结果并与手术病理作回顾性对照分析。结果:9例嗜铬细胞瘤共18个病灶中,双侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤7例,双侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤并胰腺神经内分泌瘤和肾细胞肾癌1例(Von Hippel-Lindau病),腹膜后副神经节瘤并膀胱恶性嗜铬细胞瘤1例。良性病灶13个,恶性病灶5个。肿瘤呈圆形或椭圆形15个,不规则形3个。直径3.2～13.7cm,平均5.6cm。病灶直径<5.0cm3个,5.0～10.0cm13个,>10cm2个。肿瘤实质成分平扫CT值为34.2～53.0HU,平均42.7HU;动脉期CT值63.7～91.5HU,平均80.7HU;门脉期CT值75.1～126.4HU,平均98.1HU。8例双侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤16个病灶中,6例两侧病灶大小、形态、密度、动态增强强化程度和强化方式相仿,2例两侧大小不同,坏死、囊变不同,但动态增强强化程度和强化方式相仿。结论:多发嗜铬细胞瘤包括双侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤、副神经节瘤和脏器嗜铬细胞瘤,多位于双侧肾上腺,CT表现与肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤相仿,同一病例不同肿瘤的大小、形态、坏死囊变、动态增强强化方式和强化程度相仿,少数肿瘤大小不同,坏死囊变存在差异。     

肾上腺肿瘤的螺旋CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：总结肾上腺肿瘤的CT表现及特征,评价螺旋CT对肾上腺肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析36例经手术病理证实的各类肾上腺肿瘤的CT征象,提出诊断与鉴别诊断要求。结果：皮质腺瘤14例,大小、密度中等;皮质腺癌4例,肿块较大不规则,密度不均匀,中心有低密度坏死;嗜铬细胞瘤9例,单侧瘤体较大,平扫密度不均匀,实质部分强化明显;髓质脂肪瘤3例,低密度的脂肪显示是其特征性CT表现;转移瘤5例,多为肺癌转移,肿块呈圆形或不规则形,密度不均匀,中等强化;肾上腺囊肿1例,凹值低而均匀,壁薄规则。结论：肾上腺肿瘤CT表现有一定的特征性,认真分析,结合临床及生化检查,可对其作出定性诊断。     

肾上腺多层CT灌注成像的临床应用研究

目的:研究肾上腺多层CT灌注成像对于肾上腺病变鉴别诊断的应用价值和病理基础。材料和方法:回顾性研究一组肾上腺病变的多层CT灌注成像,GE ADW4.2后处理工作站计算其灌注参数,包括血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、平均通过时间(MTT)和表面通透性(PS),并与临床实验室资料和病理结果对照。结果:嗜铬细胞瘤BF和PS明显大于肾上腺腺瘤、肾上腺增生、结核、淋巴瘤和转移瘤。恶性嗜铬细胞瘤PS高于良性嗜铬细胞瘤。肾上腺增生、功能性腺瘤和嗜铬细胞瘤等功能性肾上腺病变的BF、BV和PS高于肾上腺淋巴瘤、结核和转移瘤等功能下降的肾上腺病变。富脂类腺瘤和乏脂类腺瘤的灌注参数无明显差异。肾上腺病变的灌注参数和微血管密度表达有关。结论:多层CT灌注成像反映了肾上腺微血管状况,灌注参数的差异可作为肾上腺病变鉴别诊断的辅助方法。PS值的差异可能有助于良恶性嗜铬细胞瘤的鉴别。     

CT、MRI在肾上腺意外瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨CT和MRI对肾上腺意外瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析病理证实的28例肾上腺意外瘤的CT资料和其中21例MRI资料,观察其CT和MRI影像学表现,探索诊断和鉴别诊断要点。结果：囊肿6例,类圆形或椭圆形,边缘清晰光滑,密度或信号均匀,无强化,CT、MRI均确诊。髓质脂肪瘤8例,含有脂肪密度或信号为其特征性的CT、MRI表现而确诊。无功能皮质腺瘤9例,椭圆形或类圆形,边界清晰;密度或信号尚均匀,略强化。嗜铬细胞瘤1例,椭圆形,边界清,信号不均匀。神经纤维瘤1例,类圆形结节,边界清晰,密度或信号不均匀,中央大片坏死区,实性部分强化。转移瘤3例,1例瘤体较小者呈圆形或椭圆形,边缘欠规整,密度或信号均匀;2例瘤体较大,形态不规则,内见坏死,密度或信号不均匀,呈中等边缘强化。结论：CT、MRI对肾上腺意外瘤具有重要的诊断价值,有利于肿瘤定性和定位。但对于单侧较小的转移瘤和皮质腺瘤较难鉴别,确诊仍需结合临床及组织学检查。     

肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的多层螺旋CT诊断与临床分析

目的对肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)诊断与临床特征进行分析。方法对我院2010—2012年收治的60例肾上腺无功能性肿瘤患者进行回顾性分析。其中肾上腺节细胞神经瘤患者18例,肾上腺无功能腺瘤患者24例,转移瘤8例,无功能嗜铬细胞瘤患者10例,共64个病灶。采用Lightspeed VCT 64层螺旋CT扫描仪对其病灶行平扫及随后30 s、70 s、3 min动态增强扫描,并将其影像学表现进行比较分析。结果①肾上腺节细胞瘤形态上大多表现为卵圆形,边界模糊,密度均匀,有明显的桃尖征,病变部位多以右侧为主,可又钙化的情况出现;②肾上腺节细胞神经瘤在同一扫描或时间点的CT平均值与其他各病变类型差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中平扫时表现出密度高于无功能腺瘤,而低于嗜铬细胞瘤和转移瘤,而在增强扫描各时间点其密度则表现出明显低于其他各病变类型,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论临床上肾上腺节细胞神经瘤与其他各类型肾上腺无功能肿瘤相比,其MSCT表现在其病变形态、边界清晰度、肿瘤内钙化、发病部位与平扫CT平均值及增强扫描各时间点CT平均值均有明显的差异性,临床可根据其特点进行鉴别诊断,并对其手术治疗提供影像学依据。     

肾上腺肿瘤的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对肾上腺肿瘤的诊断价值,以提高认识和诊断的准确性.方法收集62例经临床随访或手术病理证实的肾上腺肿瘤患者的临床与CT资料.所有病例均行MSCT平扫和增强扫描,并行多平面重建(MPR).分析临床资料及MSCT图像.结果 肿瘤主要位于一侧(54/62),少数累及双侧(8/62);包括肾上腺腺瘤24例(其中肾上腺腺癌1例),肾上腺转移瘤22例,嗜铬细胞瘤2例,肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤5例,淋巴瘤5例,肾上腺囊肿4例;肿瘤直径在0.6～12.8 cm之间.不同性质的肿瘤,MSCT平扫时的密度均有不同,增强后各有不同的强化表现.结论 肾上腺肿瘤主要是腺瘤及转移瘤,不同种类的肿瘤有其不同的CT表现,MSCT特征结合临床能够提高诊断的准确率.     

肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT诊断

目的探讨螺旋cT扫描对肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法回顾性分析65例共73个肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的cT表现，与手术病理对照。结果65例肾上腺占位病变中，肾上腺增生12例，腺瘤18例，皮质癌7例，肾上腺转移癌11例，嗜铬细胞瘤7例，髓样脂肪瘤4例，神经节瘤2例，肾上腺畸胎瘤、血肿、囊肿及结核各1例。肾上腺良性病变直径多小于3cm，边界清晰（73．9％，34／46），48．4％的恶性肿瘤直径大于3cm。肾上腺转移瘤多双侧发病（6，11）。4例肾上腺髓脂瘤均呈脂肪为主型。结论螺旋CT扫描对肾上腺病变的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值，并有助于选择治疗方案和判断预后。     

腹膜后肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤的MDCT诊断

目的分析腹膜后肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤多层螺旋CT的影像表现。方法回顾性分析11例经手术病理证实的腹膜后肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤的CT影像资料,全部病例术前均行多层螺旋CT平扫及双期CT增强扫描,测量CT值变化并行统计学分析。结果 11例均为单发肿块,全部位于腹主动脉周围,腹主动脉左侧9例(81.82%,9/11),腹主动脉右侧1例(9.09%,1/11),腹主动脉前方邻近肠系膜血管1例(9.09%,1/11);CT平扫表现为境界清楚的圆形或椭圆形肿块10例(90.9%,10/11),1例呈轻度分叶状,肿块直径3cm～10cm,平均5.1cm,瘤体密度欠均匀,伴有不规则囊变和坏死。静脉注射非离子型碘对比剂增强后11例病灶均呈明显不均匀强化,内部有无强化低密度囊变区。分析肿块平扫与双期增强的CT值差异有统计学意义。结论肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤常位于腹主动脉旁,无临床症状。CT增强显示腹主动脉旁孤立类圆形富血供软组织肿块并囊变,应高度警惕嗜铬细胞瘤的可能,提示外科做进一步检查和充分的术前准备。     

嗜铬细胞瘤的MSCT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨嗜铬细胞瘤的CT表现特征及其鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性分析53例经病理证实的嗜铬细胞瘤CT表现,并与肾上腺腺瘤、肾上腺腺癌病例进行对比分析。结果：嗜铬细胞瘤多单侧发病,瘤体常较大,边界清楚,瘤体密度不均匀,其内可见坏死和囊变;增强扫描后瘤体实质部分或囊壁持续明显强化。恶性嗜铬细胞瘤CT表现为瘤体较大,边缘呈分叶状,常包埋临近大血管,浸润临近器官,局部有淋巴结转移或远处转移。结论：嗜铬细胞瘤的CT表现具有特征性,虽与某些肿瘤有一定重叠,但结合临床症状及实验室检查多可明确诊断。     

PET imaging of adrenal cortical tumors with the 11beta-hydroxylase tracer 11C-metomidate.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate PET with the tracer 11C-metomidate as a method to identify adrenal cortical lesions. METHODS: PET with 11C-metomidate was performed in 15 patients with unilateral adrenal mass confirmed by CT. All patients subsequently underwent surgery, except 2 who underwent biopsy only. The lesions were histopathologically examined and diagnosed as adrenal cortical adenoma (n = 6; 3 nonfunctioning), adrenocortical carcinoma (n = 2), and nodular hyperplasia (n = 1). The remaining were noncortical lesions, including 1 pheochromocytoma, 1 myelolipoma, 2 adrenal cysts, and 2 metastases. RESULTS: All cortical lesions were easily identified because of exceedingly high uptake of 11C-metomidate, whereas the noncortical lesions showed very low uptake. High uptake was also seen in normal adrenal glands and in the stomach. The uptake was intermediate in the liver and low in other abdominal organs. Images obtained immediately after tracer injection displayed high uptake in the renal cortex and spleen. The tracer uptake in the cortical lesions increased throughout the examination. For quantitative evaluation of tracer binding in individual lesions, a model with the splenic radioactivity concentration assigned to represent nonspecific uptake was applied. Values derived with this method, however, did show the same specificity as the simpler standardized uptake value concept, with similar difference observed for cortical versus noncortical lesions. CONCLUSION: PET with 11C-metomidate has the potential to be an attractive method for the characterization of adrenal masses with the ability to discriminate lesions of adrenal cortical origin from noncortical lesions.     

Minor morphologic abnormalities of adrenal glands at CT: prognostic importance in patients with lung cancer

PURPOSE: To determine the prognostic importance of minor morphologic abnormalities of the adrenal glands at computed tomography (CT) in patients with lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by the committee on human research; written informed consent was not required. The authors retrospectively identified 197 patients with lung cancer who underwent serial chest or abdominal CT and did not have a focal adrenal mass at baseline CT. Two readers independently classified the morphologic features of each adrenal gland as normal, smoothly enlarged, or nodular at initial CT examination. They separately recorded the presence or absence of metastases to the adrenal glands (ie, any new focal adrenal mass) at final CT examination; a third independent reader arbitrated when interpretations were discordant (n = 11). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess for associations between baseline adrenal gland morphologic features and subsequent development of adrenal metastases. RESULTS: At initial CT, reader 1 classified 253 (64%), 70 (18%), and 71 (18%) of the 394 adrenal glands and reader 2 classified 258 (65%), 45 (11%), and 91 (23%) of these glands as normal, smoothly enlarged, or nodular, respectively. The readers had moderate interobserver agreement regarding the classification of adrenal gland morphologic features (kappa = 0.54). Metastases subsequently developed in 13 adrenal glands in 11 patients. Cox proportional hazard models revealed no significant association between baseline adrenal gland morphologic features and subsequent development of adrenal metastases (P = .50 and P = .20 for readers 1 and 2, respectively). CONCLUSION: In patients with lung cancer, smooth enlargement or nodularity of the adrenal glands at baseline CT is not associated with increased risk of subsequently developing adrenal metastases.     

CT-guided percutaneous biopsy of adrenal masses. Experience of the technic in 54 neoplasm patients

Cross-sectional CT and US imaging have allowed the visualization of adrenal glands anatomy and abnormalities. In cancer patients a unilateral or bilateral adrenal enlargement may result from metastasis because the adrenal gland is one of the most common locations for metastasis in thoracic and abdominal tumors. We report our experience in 54 patients who underwent adrenal biopsy for unilateral (44 cases) or bilateral (10 cases) masses during CT examination mostly for lung cancer studies. Twenty-nine of 54 patients (53.7%) had metastatic deposits in the enlarged parenchyma. Other lesions included various pathologic conditions such as primary malignant tumors (2 carcinomas, 2 lymphomas, and 1 pheochromoblastoma) (5.5%), pheochromocytomas (3.7%), nonfunctioning adenomas (14.8%), and simple hyperplasias (12.4%). Eight of 10 patients with bilateral enlargement were metastatic; the extant 2 had simple hyperplasia. Biopsy was useless in 5 cases (9.2%), especially in the beginning and due to poor technique. All procedures were carried out with 18 and 19 G needles and under CT guidance, after standard scanning. The posterior approach was initially used, for both right (15%) and left (7.4%) lesions, but 3 pneumothoraces occurred. At present, we prefer transhepatic approach for the right adrenal gland: this access route is, in our experience, the safest and quickest. Left adrenal masses were approached anteriorly through the left hepatic lobe; when possible, in other patients, we used an oblique posterior transrenal approach, even though macroscopic hematuria occurred in 2 patients, without sequelae. We never used trans-splenic approach, even though this access has been described in literature for pancreatic masses. Transhepatic and transrenal CT-guided biopsy for adrenal masses in cancer patients provides, in our opinion, a correct and unquestionable diagnosis of possible metastasis, also for lesions smaller than 3 cm.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the adrenal glands: a comparison with computed tomography

This investigation compared magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of normal and abnormal adrenal glands. Thirty normal volunteers were studied with MRI, and the results were compared with a retrospective review of 30 normal CT examinations. CT identified both adrenal glands in all 30 patients. MRI identified both glands in 29 of 30 volunteers. There were no statistically significant differences between the two imaging techniques using chi-square analysis. Twenty-one patients with abnormal adrenal gland(s) detected with CT were also studied with MRI. The abnormalities studied included bilateral hyperplasia (three patients), adenoma (two), myelolipoma (one), adrenal metastases (six), adrenal hemorrhage (two), and neuroblastoma (seven). MRI detected the abnormal adrenal gland(s) in 20 of 21 patients. MRI was unable to detect calcifications in the lesions studied but more clearly showed the relations of adrenal masses to the major vascular structures. MRI demonstrated corticomedullary differentiation in patients with adrenal hyperplasia and in some normal volunteers. The CT and MRI features of the adrenal lesions are discussed.     

儿茶酚胺增多症的CT定位诊断（附33例分析）

目的：总结肾上腺内外儿茶酚胺分泌性病变的ＣＴ定位经验。材料与方法：分析３３例儿茶酚胺增多症的临床及ＣＴ扫描资料。其中３２例经手术病理证实。１例ＣＴ定位失败，手术切除左肾上腺，病理报告正常，患者１０月后死于心肾功能衰竭。结果：ＣＴ探测肾上腺内嗜铬细胞瘤的准确率为１００％（ｎ＝２３）。１例左肾上腺髓质增生未能定位。ＣＴ定位了９例肾上腺外病灶中的８例功能性副神经节瘤，其发生部位是肾门（ｎ＝４）、主动脉旁     

Adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: an uncommon cause of primary adrenal hypercortisolism

PURPOSE: To describe the imaging findings in the adrenal glands of 12 patients with adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (AIMAH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings in the adrenal glands were reviewed retrospectively in 12 patients (three men, nine women) with ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome and with bilateral nonpigmented multinodular adrenal hyperplasia. The results of pituitary MR imaging, adrenal scintigraphy, and petrosal sampling were available in nine, five, and six patients, respectively. Eleven patients underwent bilateral and one patient underwent unilateral adrenalectomy. RESULTS: Eleven patients had enlarged multinodular adrenal glands: Nodules were 0.1-5.5 cm. The combined weight of both adrenal specimens for the 11 bilateral adrenalectomy specimens was 28-297 g, with a mean weight of 122 g. Glands were hypointense compared with the liver on T1-weighted images and were hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Pituitary MR imaging findings were negative in nine of nine patients. Iodomethylnorcholesterol scintigraphy showed bilateral uptake in four of five patients. Petrosal sinus sampling revealed no petrosal-to-peripheral ACTH gradients before corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation in six of six patients, but three patients had gradients after CRH stimulation. After undergoing bilateral or unilateral adrenalectomy, all patients were cured. CONCLUSION: AIMAH is a rare cause of ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome, with characteristic CT findings of massively enlarged multinodular adrenal glands. Bilateral adrenalectomy is indicated on the basis of clinical and CT findings.     

The value of CT scanning and percutaneous fine needle aspiration of adrenal masses in biopsy-proven lung cancer.

Pre-operative CT scans of 546 patients with biopsy-proven primary bronchial carcinoma were reviewed. Twenty-two patients had a solid adrenal tumour (2 bilateral). Sixteen underwent percutaneous fine needle aspiration (FNA). Malignant cells were aspirated in five, eight revealed benign cells and in three cases there was insufficient material for diagnostic purposes. Six patients did not undergo FNA, four of these were considered to have benign adenomas on CT. This was confirmed by the unchanged CT image at more than 21 months follow-up. The five subjects with FNA-proven metastases died at a median of 14 months (range 3-24 months). All five would have been regarded as operable on their staging chest CT scan. Five patients with a negative biopsy underwent surgery, two died of metastases at 6 and 11 months respectively and one died of post-operative complications. The other two have unchanged adrenal lesions on CT at 9 months and 25 months. The CT appearances of these lesions were analysed. Well defined, low attenuation lesions which had a smooth attenuation rim or only involved part of the gland were benign and the survivors had unchanged CT appearances at follow-up (six lesions in five patients). Of these four lesions were less than or equal to 2 cm in diameter. Low attenuation lesions without a rim were malignant (n = 2). These latter both measured more than 2 cm in diameter. The CT appearances of many adrenal lesions were insufficiently distinctive to exclude malignancy and biopsy was necessary to establish a diagnosis.     

Accuracy of adrenal biopsy guided by ultrasound and CT

We reviewed the results of fine needle biopsy of the adrenal glands guided by ultrasonography or CT in 56 patients. The final diagnoses, obtained at operation, autopsy or follow-up were: metastasis (n = 22), adenoma (n = 21), adrenal cyst (n = 6), hematoma (n = 3), lymphoma (n = 1), pheochromocytoma (n = 1), lymph node (n = 1), and amyloid mass (n = 1). Sufficient cytologic material was obtained in 96.4% (54/56). The overall accuracy to differentiate benign from malignant disease was 85.7% (48/56), 2 were false-negative, one was false-positive. The biopsy was inconclusive ("possibly malignant") in 3 patients, 2 of whom had an additional cutting needle biopsy yielding a correct positive finding. No complications occurred. We conclude that in disseminated malignant disease with suspected adrenal metastases diagnostic results can be obtained with guided fine needle biopsy. Biopsy in primary adrenal lesions is helpful, especially if the aspirate of the lesion turns out to be composed of something other than adrenal cells.     

肝豆状核变性的颅脑CT分析

目的 :分析肝豆状核变性的颅脑CT表现 ,评价CT对肝豆状核变性的临床诊断价值。方法 :对临床及实验室检查证实的 110例肝豆状核变性患者均进行颅脑CT平扫 ,部分给予增强扫描。结果 :颅脑CT无异常发现 2 0例 ,有异常发现 90例 ,阳性率为 81.8%。主要表现为各灰质核团区显示低密度影和 /或脑萎缩改变。其中双侧或单侧豆状核 5 2例 (单侧 8例 ) ,双侧丘脑 2 9例 ,双侧大脑脚 4例 ,桥脑 2例 ,双侧尾状核头 2例 ,双侧侧脑室旁 2例 ,双侧额叶 2例 ,双侧小脑齿状核 1例。脑萎缩 60例 ,仅表现为脑萎缩者 2 2例。结论 :颅脑CT对肝豆状核变性有很高的诊断价值 ,可为临床提供诊断和治疗依据。