大鼠脑出血后血肿周围脑组织p75NTR的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

目的研究大鼠脑出血后不同时期血肿周围组织中p75NTR的表达规律及与其细胞凋亡的相关性。方法采用自体动脉血注入右侧尾状核制备大鼠脑出血动物模型,分别于脑出血后6h、24h、72h和10d处死大鼠获取血肿周围脑组织标本,通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,免疫组化法及实时荧光定量PCR检测p75NTR蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果脑出血后6hpp75NTR蛋白和nRNA表达水平即上升,24h继续升高,72h到达高峰,至10d仍维持在较高水平,与对照组相比均差异显著（P〈0．05）。脑出血后细胞凋亡率的动态变化趋势与p75NTR蛋白及mRNA表达变化一致,两者之间呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。结论脑出血后p75NTR可能参与介导脑细胞凋亡。     

大鼠脑出血后不同时期神经营养因子受体p75、神经生长因子前体、酪氨酸激酶A的表达及其与细胞凋亡的相关性

目的研究脑出血后血肿周围组织中神经营养因子受体p75(p75NTR)、神经生长因子前体(pro NGF)、酪氨酸激酶A(TrkA)的表达及细胞凋亡率,进一步探讨其在脑出血后的细胞凋亡中所发挥的作用。方法制作大鼠脑出血模型,于术后6 h、24 h、72 h、10 d处死各组大鼠获取所需脑组织标本,应用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,免疫组化SP法检测p75 NTR、TrkA、pro NGF的蛋白表达水平,实时荧光定量PCR检测p75 NTR、TrkA的基因表达水平。结果脑出血后p75 NTR、proNGF表达水平及p75 NTR/TrkA值与对照组比较显著升高(P 0. 01),且动态变化规律与脑细胞凋亡率相似;72 h后TrkA的动态变化规律与细胞凋亡率相反。结论脑出血后pro NGF与p75 NTR的结合可能参与介导脑细胞凋亡,p75 NTR/TrkA值增高时,pro NGF及p75 NTR以介导细胞凋亡为主; TrkA在脑出血后72 h内神经营养作用被抑制,72 h后可能发挥神经营养作用。     

早期脑出血后细胞凋亡与p75NTR、TrkA的相关性研究

目的 探讨p75NTR、TrkA在高血压脑出血(hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage,HICH)早期的表达情况,初步阐明其与细胞凋亡的关系.方法 收集20例HICH病人脑出血后早期血肿周围不同部位组织标本,分为血肿表面组、半暗带组、脑皮质下区组;并在三组中将标本按出血时间(＞7h、≤7 h)、出血量(＞60 ml、≤60 ml)分组.采用免疫组化检测三组中p75NTR、TrkA的表达,TUNEL方法检测凋亡细胞率,统计分析p75NTR、TrkA及凋亡细胞的相关性.结果 TUNEL法检测结果:脑出血后越靠近血肿凋亡细胞越多(P＜0.01).HICH早期越靠近血肿表面p75NTR表达增加(P＜0.01),并与凋亡细胞率成正比(P＜0.05);TrkA在脑出血后有表达,不同部位TrkA表达无差异(P＞0.05),与细胞凋亡无明显关系(P＞0.05).血肿表面组p75NTR/TrkA比率较其余两组上升(F=4.851,P=0.011).随着出血时间延长、出血量增加,p75NTR表达增加(P＜0.05),而TrkA表达无变化(P＞0.05).结论 HICH早期病人p75NTR在TrkA低表达或者无活性环境中促进细胞凋亡,TrkA与细胞凋亡无相关,p75NTR/TrkA比率变化影响出血后细胞凋亡.     

脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织中P75NTR、TrkA的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

目的 通过对人脑出血后血肿周围不同区域组织中的P75NTR、TrkA表达的检测,探讨其在脑出血后血肿周围组织细胞凋亡中的作用. 方法采集脑出血血肿清除术患者的脑组织标本,分别运用DNA断裂原位末端标记(TUNEL)法及免疫组化技术检测血肿周围及远隔部位组织中细胞凋亡率与P75NTR、TrkA的表达. 结果相对于远隔部位组织,脑出血后血肿周围组织中的细胞凋亡率与P75NTR的表达水平明显增加(P<0.05),而TrkA的表达水平并没有明显变化(P>0.05).P75NTR的阳性细胞率与TUNEL阳性细胞率呈正相关(r=0.628,p=0.000). 结论脑出血后血肿周围组织中凋亡细胞明显增多,P75NTR介导的细胞凋亡通路可能发挥了重要的作用;TrkA在脑出血发生后并没有增量表达以增加细胞存活,未起到拮抗P75NTR介导的细胞凋亡作用.     

脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织中P75NTR、TrkA的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

目的 通过对人脑出血后血肿周围不同区域组织中的P75NTR、TrkA表达的检测,探讨其在脑出血后血肿周围组织细胞凋亡中的作用. 方法采集脑出血血肿清除术患者的脑组织标本,分别运用DNA断裂原位末端标记(TUNEL)法及免疫组化技术检测血肿周围及远隔部位组织中细胞凋亡率与P75NTR、TrkA的表达. 结果相对于远隔部位组织,脑出血后血肿周围组织中的细胞凋亡率与P75NTR的表达水平明显增加(P<0.05),而TrkA的表达水平并没有明显变化(P>0.05).P75NTR的阳性细胞率与TUNEL阳性细胞率呈正相关(r=0.628,p=0.000). 结论脑出血后血肿周围组织中凋亡细胞明显增多,P75NTR介导的细胞凋亡通路可能发挥了重要的作用;TrkA在脑出血发生后并没有增量表达以增加细胞存活,未起到拮抗P75NTR介导的细胞凋亡作用.     

脑出血后血脑屏障紧密连接蛋白occludin的表达变化

目的 探讨脑出血后血脑屏障微血管内皮细胞间紧密连接蛋白occludin的表达变化. 方法 将SD雄性大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常对照组和脑出血组,再按时间因素将脑出血组分为出血后6h、24h、48h、72h、7d、14d6个亚组.采用脑内注入自体血法制作脑出血模型.HE染色观察脑出血后血肿周围脑组织的形态学改变;透射电镜观察脑出血后血肿周围紧密连接的超微结构改变;免疫荧光染色检测脑出血后血肿周围紧密连接蛋白occludin的表达分布状况;定量RT-PCR检测脑出血后血肿周围脑组织中occludin mRNA的表达状况. 结果 与正常对照组相比,脑出血组血肿周围脑组织出现水肿,在48 h左右尤为明显,局部可见明显脑细胞坏死及炎细胞浸润.脑出血后血肿周围紧密连接发生明显破坏,内皮细胞间出现裂隙.免疫荧光染色结果显示:正常对照组紧密连接蛋白occludin呈强阳性表达.脑出血后6hoccludin的表达即开始下降,呈阳性表达;脑出血后24～72h occludin的表达维持在较低水平,呈弱阳性表达.定量RT-PCR结果显示:脑出血后血肿周围脑组织中occludin mRNA相对含量明显降低,在6～72 h持续维持在较低水平,与正常对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 脑出血发生后,紧密连接蛋白occludin 的表达下降,这可能是脑出血发生后血脑屏障破坏及脑水肿发生发展的重要分子基础之一.     

大鼠脑出血后Fas表达与神经细胞凋亡的关系及氟桂利嗪的干预作用

目的 观察大鼠脑血肿周围脑组织Fas的表达和神经细胞的凋亡,探讨氟桂利嗪能否下调血肿周围Fas的表达而减轻神经细胞凋亡.方法 采用自体股动脉血注入大鼠尾壳核建立脑出血模型,分别于术后6h、12h、24h、2d、4d 5个时间点取脑组织,应用免疫组化方法 检测血肿周围组织Fas的表达情况,TUNEL法检测血肿周围神经细胞凋亡.结果 脑出血组大鼠脑血肿周围组织Fas的表达及细胞凋亡明显高于其他组(P＜0.01),氟桂利嗪治疗组上述指标均低于脑出血组(P＜0.01),而高于假手术组(P＜0.01), Fas的表达与血肿周围神经细胞的凋亡呈正相关(r=0.953,P <0.05).结论 Fas、神经细胞凋亡参与了大鼠脑血肿周围脑组织损伤的病理生理过程;氟桂利嗪能抑制血肿周围Fas的表达,减轻神经细胞凋亡.     

急性脑出血患者血肿周围组织IL-17与NF-κB p65的表达

目的分析急性脑出血患者血肿周围组织中IL-17和NF-κB p65表达水平,探讨IL-17/NF-κB信号通路的生物学意义。方法将赤壁市人民医院2014-03—2015-09收治的48例急性脑出血患者依照手术取材时间不同分为4组(6h组,6~24h组,24~72h组,72h组),6例远离血肿病灶区的脑组织作对照组;检测IL-17mRNA及NF-κB p65核蛋白水平。结果对照组与6h组IL-17mRNA表达水平比较无明显差异(P0.05),其余三实验组IL-17 mRNA表达水平显著高于对照组(P0.05);24~72h组血肿周围组织中IL-17 mRNA水平最高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组血肿周围组织中NF-κB p65水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05);24~72h组血肿周围组织中NF-κB p65水平最高(P0.05)。结论急性脑出血患者血肿周围组织通过上调IL-17及NF-κB p65的表达加重炎性反应,诱发细胞损伤,造成病情恶化。     

实验性脑出血大鼠脑内Caspase-3mRNA的表达作用研究

目的动态观察实验性脑出血大鼠脑内血肿周围神经细胞凋亡情况和Caspas-3蛋白及mRNA表达水平的变化,探讨脑H{血后血肿周围神经细胞损伤机制。方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为生理盐水对照组、假手术组和脑出血模型组,分为术后3h,6h,12h,24h,48h,3d,5d,7d共8个时相点,采用尾状核注射自体非抗凝动脉血复制大鼠脑出血模型,术后制作冰冻切片,对切片进行TUNEL染色,以及Caspase-5免疫组化和原位杂交染色,之后利用图像分析仪,观察阳性细胞数。结果脑出血后3h血肿周围尚无凋亡细胞出现,6h有凋亡发生,以后逐渐增多,3d达高峰后逐渐下降,生理盐水对照组仅有少量TUNEL阳性细胞。假手术组及生理盐水对照组3h无Caspase-3蛋白和mRNA表达,生理盐水对照组6h以后有少量表达,脑出血模型组在6hCaspase-3蛋白和mRNA开始表达,3d时Caspase-3的蛋白达到高峰,5d以后逐渐下降,24hCaspase-3mRNA表达达高峰,5d以后逐渐下降。脑出血后血肿周围脑组织Caspase-3蛋白的表达与TUNEL阳性细胞数呈正相关（r=0．515,P〈0．05）;Caspase-3蛋白表达与mRNA表达呈正相关（r=0．625,P〈0．05）。结论脑出血后血肿周围神经细胞损伤有凋亡机制参与,在出血后6h发生凋亡,第3天达高峰。Caspase-3的表达在Caspase-5蛋白水平变化趋势与脑m血后细胞凋亡的趋势一致,Caspase-3的mRNA水平的表达高峰时间先于Caspase-3蛋白的表达及凋亡的发生,提示Caspase-3的表达决定脑出血后细胞凋亡的发生,在脑出血后细胞凋亡中起促进作用。     

抑肽酶对大鼠血肿周围脑组织炎症反应和细胞凋亡的影响

目的 通过抑肽酶干预,研究大鼠血肿周围脑组织炎症和细胞凋亡的关系,以探讨脑出血后继发性损伤的机制.方法 采用立体定向手术脑尾状核胶原酶注射诱导大鼠脑出血模型,用抑肽酶进行干预,于不同时相点测定TUNEL阳性细胞,用组织病理学HE染色观察不同时相点的炎症浸润情况,用免疫组织化学测定IL-1β的蛋白表达水平.结果 模型组TUNEL阳性细胞造模后6h即出现,24h明显增加,3d达到高峰,7d时仍有较多表达;HE染色见6h血肿内及周围有少量散在白细胞,24h明显增加,48h到高峰,3d时稍减少,7d时仍有较多的白细胞浸润.模型组血肿周围脑组织的IL-1β阳性细胞数在6h即有增加,48h左右达高峰;抑肽酶组与模型组比较,TUNEL阳性细胞在24h、48h、72h时明显减少(P＜0.01);HE染色可见浸润白细胞数目在24h、48h、72h时明显减少(P＜0.01).抑肽酶组IL-1β相应各时间点的阳性表达明显减少,尤以48h、72h较为明显.结论抑肽酶能明显抑制脑出血后的炎症反应和细胞凋亡;而抑制炎症反应很可能是减少脑出血神经细胞凋亡的有效途径之一.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -