改进的原位肛门重建术的临床应用

观察低位直肠痈根治术后即时行改进的原位肛¨重建术的效果,对38例低位直肠癌患者行Miles术后即时行改进的原位肛门重建术。原位肛门晕建术的改进：（1）肛门内括约肌重建为双层双环肌套;（2）肛门外括约肌的重建为肛门外括约肌浅部与深部的重建;（3）直肠瓣为三个重建人工直肠瓣;（4）直肠角与肛尾韧带缝合固定形成090。角,即重建的商肠角。结果表明,本组38例患者术后5～6d即有便意感,2～3周即仃控便能力,术后1个月即可排成形便,每口1～2次。肛门控液总优良率为94．7％（36／38）。术后5年生存牢为76．3％（29／38）。结果表明,低位直肠癌根治术后即时行改进的原位肛门重建术,既能避免腹壁人工肛门的痛苦,又口I提高患者的生活质量和远期生存率,效果显著。关键词低位直肠痛;根治术;改进的原化肛门重建术;效果摘要为观察低位直肠癌根治术后即时行改进的原位肛门重建术的效果,对38例低位直肠癌患者行Miles术后即时行改进的原位肛门重建术。原位肛门重建术的改进：（1）肛门内括约肌重建为双层双环肌套;（2）肛门外括约肌的重建为肛门外括约肌浅部与深部的重建;（3）直肠瓣为三个重建人工直肠瓣;（4）直肠角与肛尾韧带缝合固定形成〈90°角,即重建的直肠角。结果表明,本组38例患者术后5～6d即有便意感,2～3周即有控便能力,术后1个月即可排成形便,每日1～2次。肛门控液总优良率为94．7％（36／38）。术后5年生存率为76．3％（29／38）。结果表明,低位直肠癌根治术后即时行改进的原位肛门重建术,既能避免腹壁人工肛门的痛苦,又可提高患者的生活质量和远期生存率,效果显著。     

改良联合术在原位肛门重建中的应用

为探讨低位直肠癌根治术后即时行改良联合术重建原位肛门的效果,对38例低位直肠癌患者行Miles术后即时行Ⅰ期改良联合术原位肛门整形重建。改良联合术：（1）肛门内括约肌为双层双环肌套Ⅰ（2）肛门外括约肌重建包括外括约肌的重建和外括约肌浅部与深部的重建;（3）直肠瓣为三个交叉的重建人工直肠瓣;（4）直肠后壁与肛尾韧带缝合固定形成的〈90°的角为重建的直肠角。结果显示,38例患者术后5～6d有便意感,2～3周有控便能力。术后随访总优良率达94．7％I5年生存率达76．3％。结果表明,低位直肠癌根治术后即时行改良联合术原位肛门整形重建效果显著,既能避免腹壁人工肛门的痛苦,又可提高患者的生活质量和远期生存率。     

原位肛门整形重建术不同术式及其远期效果的比较研究

目的:分析3组低位直肠癌Miles术后I期不同术式原位肛门整形重建术的不同远期效果。探讨原位肛门重建功能与结构的关系。方法:3组患者:①单纯重建组:即单纯作肛门外括约肌重建的原位肛门重建组,20例;②联合术组:即采用4项联合术原位肛门重建术组,32例;③改进组:即改进的联合术组,38例。术后3个月起开始随访,随访时间,3个月￣5年以上。并测试其直肠肛管功能及≥5年生存率。结果:3组患者术后进行随访,只有改进组对干稀便皆无失禁。测试其直肠内液体存留时间、肛管静息压、缩窄压、直肠静息压和最大直肠内压等。各项测试结果皆与正常人对照组无显著差异。≥5年生存率达76.32%。结论:3组效果比较,改进组的原位肛门重建术远期效果良好,功能已达到常人水平,说明原位肛门结构重建必需达到功能重建,才能达到正常人生活质量和提高远期生存率。     

原位肛门整形重建术的研究

目的：探讨改进的内外括约肌在原位肛门整形重建术中的应用及其手术效果。方法：改进包括：①肛门内括约肌改进为双层双环肌套；②肛门外括约肌改进为股薄肌采用“围巾式”环绕结肠末端一周，其远端剖为两条，一条缝合固定于耻骨韧带；另一条缝合固定于骶尾韧带，即为肛门外括约肌重建和外括约肌浅部和深部的重建。结果：38例术后肛门外形及功能和远期生活质量、生存率均更为满意。术后随访总优良率达94．73％；远期生存率达76．32％。结论：低位直肠癌Miles术后，同时行改进的内外括约肌原位肛门整形重建的效果是可行的，更接近正常的肛门解剖结构和生理功能。     

四联术式原位肛门整形重建改进的研究

目的：探讨低位直肠癌患者行Miles术同时，Ⅰ期行原位肛门重建的四联术式的方法、效果、意义，以及四联术的改进之处.方法：90例低位直肠癌行Miles术后，按不同手术方式分为两组行原位肛门重建：①四联术式组：70例，按四项联合术进行原位肛门重建，其中38例重建法作了改进;②单纯术组：20例，单行Ⅰ期肛门外括约肌重建术重建原位肛门;③另以32例正常健康人，作为肛门功能研究测定的对照组.结果：①四联术式组术后排便功能及肛门内液体存留时间优于单纯组;②四联术式组中采用改进重建38例，排便功能显著优于未改进者.结论：低位直肠癌Miles术后Ⅰ期原位肛门重建宜采用改进的四联术式，才能建立肛门基本的正常解剖结构和生理功能。     

改进的联合术原位肛门整形重建的直肠肛管功能测试

目的:测试低位直肠癌行iMles术后Ⅰ期改进的联合术原位肛门整形重建术的直肠肛管功能。方法:38例低位直肠癌iMles术后行Ⅰ期改进的4项联合术原位肛门重建术。测试其直肠内液体存留时间、肛管静息压、缩窄压、直肠静息压和最大直肠内压等。结果:各项测试结果皆与正常人对照组无显著性差异。结论:低位直肠癌切除后即用改进的Ⅰ期联合术原位肛门重建术,直肠肛管功能的测试结果说明其功能已接近正常人水平,说明此术式的改进在结构和功能重建上已达正常人要求。     

用球海绵体肌及带蒂小肠段重建肛门的研究

我们自１９９０年１２月至１９９２年８月，对４０例肛管直肠恶性肿瘤病人施行腹会阴联合切除，同期原位肛门重建术。手术要点：用球海绵体肌重建肛门外括约肌，用带蒂小肠段重建肛门内括约肌，重建直肠内角、瓣、生理弯曲及直肠乙状结肠交界等。临床观察及功能测试表明：重建肛门直肠符合正常肛门直肠的解剖生理、功能满意。为肛管直肠等疾病的手术治疗提供了一种新的术式。     

结肠折叠在原位肛门重建术中控便功能的实验研究

观察结肠折叠在原位肛门重建术中对控便功能所起的作用以及其必要性。将20只家兔随机分为实验组和对照组各10只，实验组行结肠折叠加再造外括约肌，对照组不行结肠折叠只再造外括约肌，分别于术后1周、1个月、2个月、3个月观察实验动物排便次数。结果显示，实验组控便功能明显好于对照组。结果表明，结肠折叠在原位肛门重建术中起到内括约肌、直肠角、直肠壶腹等功能，对重建肛门控便功能作用较大。     

原位肛门重建的实验研究及临床应用效果

目的观察原位肛门重建术式的控便能力及其在低位直肠癌患者中的临床应用效果。方法对48只家猫采用4种不同的术式行原位肛门重建，即A，B、C三组切除肛门内外括约肌，其中A组游离股薄肌包裹；B组结肠套叠；C组结肠套叠加股薄肌包裹；D组结肠套叠保留肛门外括约肌。术前、术后1、3、6个月测量重建肛管及直肠内压。临床资料分为重建组和Miles组，每组60例，重建组的术式按动物实验C组方法原位肛门重建者48例，按D组手术方法原位肛门重建者12例。术后6个月以后评价控便效果，并分析重建组和Miles组的术后1、3、5年生存率。结果术后4组肛管内压及直肠内压均低于术前组（P〈0．05）；术后C、D组肛管内压及直肠内压高于术后A组（P〈0．05）；而A、B组之间以及C、D组之间差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。应用C、D组术式治疗的60例直肠癌患者，术后控便功能优良者为78．33％（47／60）；重建组术后1、3、5年生存率为：100．00％、68．33％、48．33％，Miles组术后1、3、5年生存率为98．33％、71．67％、45．00％。重建组和Miles组术后1、3、5年生存率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论原位肛门重建术既可根治肿瘤，同时能重建患者的排便功能。     

四联疗法治疗中、重度直肠前突23例临床分析

目的 探讨中、重度直肠前突型便秘的手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析经会阴修补、直肠黏膜结扎、消痔灵注射和肛门内括约肌切断术四联疗法治疗中、重度直肠前突的疗效.结果 本组23例均采用经会阴修补、直肠黏膜结扎、消痔灵注射和肛门内括约肌切断术四联疗法治疗重度直肠前突,术后随访6个月至3年.痊愈78.3%,显效8.7%,好转13%,总有效率为100%.结论 该术式具有手术疗效确切、手术简便等特点,同时可于手术中一并处理并发的肛门疾病,可避免术后肛门狭窄.     

重建肛门外括肌和直肠肛管角治疗先天性肛门闭锁肛门成形术后大便失禁(附32例报告)

目的:观察重建肛门外括肌和直肠肛管角治疗先天性肛门闭锁肛门成形术后大便失禁的临床疗效。方法:对32例先天性肛门闭锁肛门成形术后大便失禁患者用股薄肌重建肛门外括肌并重建直肠肛管角。结果:32例患者术后随访1年,肛门功能优19例,良9例,较好4例,无效者未发现,总满意率为87·5%(28/32)。结论:用股薄肌重建肛门外括肌并重建直肠肛管角,术后患者肛门功能满意率高,患者生活质量明显提高。     

盆脏切除Ⅰ期原位肛门重建术

目的：报道ＤｕｋｅｓＣＤ期直肠癌,扩大根治,盆腔脏器切除术后,原位肛门、阴道重建,方法：６例ＣＤ期（Ｔ３Ｎ３Ｍ０）直肠癌,行直肠、子宫及附件（或膀胱、前列腺）阴道、肛门切除,原位肛门阴道重建。结果：随访１至５年,排便功能优５例,便秘１例,性功能恢复５例。１年内死亡１例,３年死亡２例,５年死亡２例。结论：直肠癌邻近脏器浸润,无明显远处转移而拒绝Ｍｉｌｅｓ术及单纯腹壁造瘘者,行盆腔脏器切除,原位肛门重建,可提高生存期内的生活质量。     

低位直肠癌切除即时原位肛门重建术

目的 探讨低位直肠癌行Ｍｉｌｅｓ根治术后即时行原位肛门重建的方法。方法 采用股薄肌移转和乙状结肠末端套叠法重建肛门外,内括约肌,辅以人工直肠瓣,并建立直肠角。结果 原位重建肛门３２例,功能优良率达９０．６３％。结论 本法适用于低位直肠癌,肛管癌根治术及其他原因所致的肛门功能丧失者。     

Technical tips for intersphincteric resection: how to take out the rectum

Intersphincteric resection (ISR) is an ideal technique that preserves the anus, regardless of whether the internal anal sphincter is removed. However, it is difficult to dissect the anterior wall of the rectum from the adjacent organs. We herein describe a safe and useful ISR technique which draws out the rectum through the anus. The intersphincteric space (ISS) between the internal and external anal sphincter muscles was first transabdominally dissected. Next, the transanal dissection was advanced into the ISS bilaterally from the posterior side without dissecting the anterior wall of the anal canal, and the sigmoid colon and rectum were drawn out through the anus. Dissection between the anterior wall of the rectum and prostate/vagina could be easily performed under direct vision. This technique enables the dissection without any risk of a positive surgical margin or unexpected bleeding, and avoids injury to adjacent organs. This technique seems to be a safe and useful dissection technique for approaching the anterior wall of the anal canal.     

经肛门串联重叠手术治疗直肠前突的临床研究

目的：探讨直肠前突病例的手术术式和治疗结果。方法：48例中，重度直肠前突采用经肛门直肠前壁切开将肌肉串联黏膜重叠缝合修补术，同时常规将内括约肌挑出切断术，包括耻骨直肠肌部分切除术和肠疝经腹切除冗长肠段，作对端缝合，疗效观察。结果：全部病例经6个月至2年的随诊，复查，排便通畅，临床症状消失，效果优者35例，良好11例，术后症状轻度改善2例，症状改善总有效率95.8%。结论：选择性直肠前突施行经肛门直肠前壁黏膜切开，肌肉串联，黏膜重叠缝合术效果满意，黏膜的分离，串联重叠缝合程度是手术成功的关键。     

Surgical treatment of chronic constipation with megarectum in children

In this paper, a new operative procedure for patients with chronic constipation with megarectum and its results are presented. Nine cases of idiopathic chronic constipation and one case of short aganglionosis showing megarectum underwent this operation. An incision was placed on the dentate line at 6 o'clock and the internal sphincter muscle was identified. The incision was extended to this muscle. The blunt division between the internal and external sphincter muscles was orally advanced 5 cm from the dentate line. The all layers of anus and lower part of rectum in length of 5 cm were clamped by 2 forceps in width of 1 cm. The mucosal and muscular layers were bilaterally cut in the outer side of the forceps. The rectum on the top of the forceps was pulled through to the dentate line and was anastomosed there; i.e. the posterior part of the anus was replaced by the rectal wall. Bowel habits of operated patients were evaluated at 1 to 3 years after the operation. Complete cure was obtained in 7 cases (including 1 case with aganglionosis). Three cases improved but needed sometimes suppositories. This procedure, sphinctero-myectomy and-plasty may be an operation of choice for chronic constipation with megarectum.     

Congenital malformations of anus and rectum: Report of 162 cases

One hundred sixty-two cases of anal and rectal abnormalities were reported from the Boston Children's Hospital.The embryology of the anorectal region is reviewed. The malformations under discussion are believed to represent arrests or aberrations in development of the anus or rectum in the seventh or eighth week of fetal life.The cases are classified into four groups which had the following characteristics: (1) Stenosis of the anus; (2) membranous obstruction of the anus; (3) imperforate anus, but with separation of the rectum from the anus; (4) anus and anal canal normal, but separation of the rectum from the anal pouch. The external anal sphincter muscle was present in all four types. Associated with these anal and rectal obstructions there were fistulae in 52 per cent of the patients, connecting the rectum with the bladder, urethra, vagina, fossa navicularis, or the perineum.The symptoms and physical signs were essentially those of acute bowel obstruction when there was an imperforate anus or atresia of the rectum. In those cases of anal stenosis or in those instances of rectal atresia in which there was a large associated fistula, there was less evidence of intestinal obstruction. Fistulae with the urinary tract were manifested by the presence of urinary infection or by the passage of fecal material and flatus through the urethra.X-ray examination was a valuable aid in determining the distal extent of the rectal pouch in cases of imperforate anus or rectal atresia. This could be readily accomplished by taking a flat plate with the baby in the inverted position, thus allowing gas to outline the rectum. Due to the fact that some time was required for gas to reach the lower intestinal tract, the method was not wholly reliable in the first fifteen to twenty hours of life.The essential in treatment of these rectal and anal abnormalities was to establish a continuity of epithelium between the rectum and skin and thus prevent scar formation with constriction. To provide adequate anal control, the external sphincter muscle was always employed. In the stenoses (Type 1) repeated dilatations were usually all that was necessary, but when the anal canal was unyielding, it had to be excised and the rectal mucosa brought down to cover the defect. In the membranous imperforate anus (Type 2) simple cruciate incision and dilatations sufficed. The rectal atresias (Types 3 and 4) were treated by a perineal operation (when the pouch was low enough) and the rectum was brought down to the skin through the anal sphincter muscle. When the pouch was high and prohibited a successful perineal operation, a colostomy was resorted to. In Type 3 atresias 86 per cent of the cases were amenable to treatment by the perineal approach. In Type 4 atresias, 66 per cent of the cases were amenable to treatment by the perineal operation.There were 43 deaths in the series, giving a mortality of 26 per cent. At least 12 of these deaths were directly due to other associated congenital abnormalities, leaving an expected mortality rate of about 19 per cent for anorectal abnormalities and their complications. By groups the mortality rates were: Type 1, 9.5 per cent; Type 2, 16.6 per cent; Type 3, 24.8 per cent; Type 4, 61.6 per cent.The lower fistulae (rectoperineal, rectofossa navicularis, and rectovaginal) were relatively easy to close when the rectal obstruction was corrected in the first few days of life. The higher fistulae (rectourethral and rectovesical), however, were very difficult to reach through a perineal incision in a newborn infant, hence it was found best to delay treatment of such communications until the patient attained an age of eight or nine years.