甘草素调控WIG-1 基因对肺癌细胞增殖、细胞凋亡以及放疗敏感性影响的研究

目的:探讨甘草素(LQ)对肺癌细胞增殖、凋亡及放疗敏感性的影响及其作用机制。方法:体外培养肺癌细胞株H1299,采用MTT细胞实验检测不同浓度LQ对H1299细胞增殖活性的影响,流式细胞术检测H1299细胞凋亡率变化情况。Western blot检测各组H1299细胞中WIG-1蛋白表达情况,克隆形成实验检测不同剂量照射的H1299细胞存活分数。结果:不同浓度LQ处理后可抑制H1299细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡;LQ作用H1299细胞后经X线照射可降低H1299细胞存活分数并促进细胞凋亡;LQ可抑制H1299细胞中WIG-1蛋白表达;沉默WIG-1后经X线照射H1299细胞存活分数明显降低并可诱导细胞凋亡;WIG-1过表达可逆转LQ对H1299细胞凋亡及放疗敏感性的作用。结论:LQ通过调控WIG-1基因表达进而抑制肺癌细胞增殖、促进细胞凋亡及增强放疗敏感性。     

整合蛋白α-7抑制前列腺癌细胞克隆形成及诱导其凋亡

目的研究整合蛋白α-7在抑制前列腺癌转移中的作用机制。方法本实验采用流式细胞仪技术及平板克隆形成实验,检测在不同ITGA7表达水平的情况下,PC3细胞(人前列腺癌细胞株)的凋亡情况以及ITGA7对PC3细胞增殖能力的影响。结果 ITGA7高表达诱导人前列腺癌细胞凋亡,ITGA7特异性siRNA能逆转ITGA7诱导的细胞凋亡,而非特异性的Scramble RNA不能逆转ITGA7诱导的细胞凋亡。ITGA7高表达能够抑制癌细胞克隆形成的数量与大小。结论 ITGA7通过抑制癌细胞增殖及启动细胞凋亡机制对前列腺癌的发生及转移起到抑制作用。     

CCDC34在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及其对肺癌细胞增殖能力的影响

目的 探讨CCDC34在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中的表达情况及其对肺癌细胞增殖能力的影响.方法 利用GEPIA数据库分析CCDC34在NSCLC中的差异表达;利用Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库分析CCDC34与NSCLC患者预后的相关性;构建稳定干扰CCDC34的A549和H1299肺癌细胞系,通过MTT方法和克隆形成实验明确CCDC34对肺癌细胞增殖和克隆形成能力的影响.结果 CCDC34在肺腺癌和肺鳞状细胞癌中的表达均显著高于正常肺组织(P＜0.01);CCDC34的高表达与NSCLC患者的不良预后显著相关(P=0.00013);MTT检测显示干扰CCDC34能够显著抑制A549和H1299的增殖能力(P＜0.05);克隆形成实验检测显示干扰CCDC34能够显著抑制A549和H1299的克隆形成能力(P＜0.05).结论 CCDC34在NSCLC中高表达,增强肺癌细胞的增殖能力,进而促进NSCLC的恶性进展.     

肾上腺素对U251细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的:探讨肾上腺素对人胶质瘤细胞系U251细胞增殖、凋亡、周期的作用。方法:应用RT-PCR方法检测U251细胞中β-肾上腺素能受体(β-AR) mRNA的表达。MTT法检测肾上腺素对U251细胞增殖的影响;克隆形成实验检测肾上腺素对U251细胞克隆形成的影响; Annexin V-FITC/PI检测肾上腺素对U251细胞凋亡的影响;流式细胞术检测肾上腺素对U251细胞周期的影响; Western Blot检测周期、凋亡和自噬相关蛋白表达变化。结果:人胶质瘤细胞U251表达β-AR;肾上腺素以浓度依赖性的方式抑制U251细胞增殖(P 0. 05);肾上腺素抑制U251细胞的克隆形成(P 0. 05);流式结果显示,随着肾上腺素浓度的增加,细胞的凋亡率明显增加(P 0. 05),G_0/G_1期细胞比例显著增加(P 0. 05),G_2/M期细胞比例下降(P 0. 05);肾上腺素处理U251细胞48 h,细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D表达下调,促凋亡蛋白Bax表达上调,自噬相关蛋白LC3-II/LC3-I比值升高。结论:肾上腺素可能通过激活细胞自噬抑制人胶质瘤细胞的增殖,使细胞阻滞在G_0/G_1期。     

沉默HAX1基因对人骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察HS1相关蛋白X-1(HS1-associated protein X-1,HAX1)对骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的影响。方法应用基因沉默技术在骨肉瘤细胞系MG63中下调HAX1基因的表达,并且通过Western blot实验与免疫荧光实验检测基因沉默效率;应用MTT方法及克隆形成实验,评价沉默HAX1基因对MG63细胞增殖能力的影响;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡并通过Western blot实验检测下游蛋白的表达变化。结果沉默HAX1基因抑制人骨肉瘤细胞系MG63的增殖能力与克隆形成能力,流式细胞技术显示沉默HAX1可以诱导MG63细胞凋亡,Western blot实验说明HAX1诱导的MG63细胞凋亡与caspase3和caspase9蛋白上调相关。结论 HAX1可能是维持骨肉瘤细胞增殖能力的关键基因,沉默该基因诱导骨肉瘤细胞凋亡可能与caspase3/caspase9上调相关。     

电磁脉冲诱导肺癌细胞株A549凋亡的研究

目的　研究电磁脉冲 (EMP)对肺癌细胞A5 4 9凋亡的影响。方法　以场强为 6× 10 4V/m的EMP辐照 5次 /2min ,然后采用细胞计数、MTT、流式细胞术及免疫组化染色的图像分析 ,观察EMP对肺癌细胞A5 4 9的损伤作用 ,所有数据经SPSS8 0软件进行分析。结果　EMP可明显抑制肺癌细胞A5 4 9的增殖与活力。流式细胞术证明 ,A5 4 9细胞发生明显的凋亡。免疫组化的图像分析表明 ,伴有不同程度的Bcl 2蛋白表达的下调及P5 3蛋白表达的上调。结论　EMP可诱导肺癌细胞A5 4 9的凋亡。Bcl 2及P5 3蛋白参与了A5 4 9细胞的凋亡过程     

下调Girdin基因表达对肺癌细胞增殖凋亡、免疫因子IL-8和TNF-α及顺铂化疗敏感性的研究

目的:探讨下调微丝附着梁蛋白(Girdin)基因表达对肺癌细胞增殖凋亡、免疫因子IL-8和TNF-α及顺铂化疗敏感性的影响。方法:以人胚肺成纤维细胞MRC5作为对照细胞,RT-PCR及Western blot分别检测Girdin在PC9、SPC-A-1、H322、H1299、A549肺癌细胞中的表达; SPC-A-1细胞分为空白对照组、阴性对照组、Girdin-siRNA组、顺铂组和Girdin-siRNA+顺铂组,各组细胞培养48 h,Western blot检测Girdin-siRNA转染SPC-A-1细胞的效果; MTT法检测各组细胞活力;流式细胞术检测各组细胞凋亡率; RT-PCR检测IL-8和TNF-α的mRNA表达; Western blot检测增殖相关蛋白细胞增殖核抗原(PCNA)、凋亡相关蛋白含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3(Caspase-3)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)及PI3K/AKT信号通路磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)和磷酸化的丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶(p-AKT)的蛋白表达。结果:肺癌细胞中Girdin的mRNA及蛋白表达均明显高于在MRC5细胞表达(P0. 05); Girdin-siRNA转染SPC-A-1细胞后Girdin的表达显著降低(P0. 05);与空白对照组比较,Girdin-siRNA组和顺铂组OD值及IL-8、TNF-α、PCNA、PI3K、p-AKT的表达均显著降低,细胞凋亡率及Caspase-3和Bax表达均显著升高(P0. 05); Girdin-siRNA+顺铂组OD值及IL-8、TNF-α、PCNA、PI3K、p-AKT的表达均显著低于Girdin-siRNA组和顺铂组,细胞凋亡率及Caspase-3和Bax表达均显著高于Girdin-siRNA组和顺铂组(P0. 05)。结论:抑制肺癌细胞Girdin表达可通过降低癌细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡和提高免疫增强乳腺癌顺铂化疗敏感性,对细胞增殖凋亡的机制可能与下调PI3K/AKT信号通路有关。     

c-Met基因调控肺腺癌A549细胞放射敏感性

目的探讨上调和下调肺腺癌细胞株A549细胞中c-Met基因表达水平后,该细胞鼠移植瘤放射敏感性的变化情况。方法利用电穿孔法将c-Met siRNA和重组表达载体pc DNA3.1-c-Met分别转染入肺癌A549细胞后采用G418筛选得到稳定转染的肺癌细胞系。转染48 h后用RT-PCR法和Western blot法分别检测细胞中c-Met基因和蛋白表达水平,采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖活性;克隆形成实验研究分别上调和下调c-Met基因表达水平对肺腺癌细胞株A549放射敏感性的影响;TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡影响,移植瘤实验检测基因沉默和激进c-Met基因表达水平并联合放射射线照射对肺腺癌细胞生长的抑制作用。结果 c-Met下调组中肺癌A549细胞内c-Met基因和蛋白表达水平明显降低,而上调组中的表达水平则得到了明显升高。c-Met下调组肺癌A549细胞放射敏感性升高,c-Met上调组肺癌A549细胞放射敏感性降低(P0.05)。下调组中肺癌A549细胞的增殖活性受到抑制而细胞凋亡率显著增加(P0.05),上调组肺癌细胞的增殖能力明显增强而细胞凋亡率明显降低(P0.05);下调组裸鼠移植瘤的平均体积明显小于对照组,而上调组裸鼠移植瘤的瘤体平均体积则显著大于对照组(P0.05)。结论基因沉默c-Met的基因表达水平能显著降低肺癌细胞的增殖活性,抑制人肺癌A549细胞裸鼠移植瘤的生长并明显提高移植瘤瘤体的放射敏感性。     

沉默hHBrk1基因对肺癌细胞增殖及迁移能力的影响

目的：研究玉米Brick1的人类同源基因hHBrk1（human homology of Brick1）对肿瘤细胞增殖及迁移能力的影响。方法：用质粒介导的siRNA（small interfering RNA）技术建立hHBrk1基因表达沉默的肺癌细胞模型；用细胞生长曲线、克隆形成率实验及流式细胞术分别比较不同处理的95D细胞增殖及细胞周期的变化；用Transwell细胞侵袭实验系统研究hHBrk1表达沉默对肺癌细胞迁移能力的影响。结果：成功筛选出hHBrk1基因表达抑制的细胞模型；hHBrk1表达沉默细胞增殖能力和细胞周期与对照组相比无明显改变，但hHBrk1表达沉默细胞迁移能力明显减弱。结论：hHBrk1可能参与调控肺癌细胞迁移能力。     

MADD在肺腺癌组织中的表达及对肺腺癌A549细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:探讨MADD在肺正常组织及肺腺癌组织中的表达及其对肺腺癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法:收集肺临床病理组织标本,免疫组化法检测肺正常组织和肺癌组织MADD表达;培养人肺腺癌A549细胞,逆转录PCR检测其IG20基因表达;用携带MADD基因的质粒和能够沉默MADD表达的慢病毒载体分别转染A549细胞,Western blot、MTT分析和流式细胞术检测其MADD表达、增殖及凋亡。结果:肺腺癌组织MADD表达水平明显高于肺正常组织和肺鳞癌组织;A549细胞能够表达MADD;高表达MADD能抑制A549细胞凋亡,提高其增殖活力,而沉默MADD表达则能促进A549细胞凋亡,降低其增殖活力。结论:肺腺癌组织MADD表达明显增高;MADD可通过抑制凋亡来促进肺腺癌细胞生存。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.