大鼠睾丸扭转复位后附睾唾液酸含量变化及意义

目的 :探讨大鼠睾丸扭转 2h和 4h复位后 2 4h附睾唾液酸含量的变化和意义。　方法 :用 2 4只雄性SD大鼠建立左侧睾丸扭转复位模型 ,分为对照组、扭转 2h组和 4h组 ,每组 8只。 5 甲基苯二酚法检测扭转侧附睾唾液酸的含量。　结果 :睾丸扭转 2h复位后 2 4h扭转侧附睾唾液酸含量 [(2 3.385± 9.2 2 0 )mg/mgprot]改变不明显 ;睾丸扭转 4h复位后 2 4h附睾唾液酸含量 [(13.72 5± 7.80 1)mg/mgprot]下降明显 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论 :睾丸扭转 2h复位后 2 4h附睾分泌唾液酸功能不受影响 ,扭转 4h复位后 2 4h附睾分泌唾液酸功能下降 ;附睾耐受缺血再灌注损伤的时间可能较长。     

Anti-spermatogenic activity of malvidin chloride in langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne)

Malvidin chloride (MC) a colouring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzattii Greenum was studied for male anti-fertility effects in adult langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne). When fed 50 mg MC kg-1 for a period of 60 days, inhibition of spermatogenesis resulted. The weights of testes and epididymides were reduced and there was atrophy of the Leydig cells. In the epididymis, epithelial cell heights were reduced after MC-treatment. Conspicuous shrinkage of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cell nuclei were evident. Depletion of total proteins, RNA, sialic acid, alkaline/acid phosphatase activity in testes and epididymides with the elevation of testicular levels of cholesterol and glycogen also occurred. Blood/serum analysis and haematology of MC-treated langur monkeys revealed that all of the clinically important parameters were well within the normal range. The slightly increased bilirubin concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity returned to normal range within 30 days of the last dose of MC. The anti-spermatogenic activity of MC in langur monkeys is discussed.     

大鼠睾丸扭转复位后附睾上皮细胞凋亡及唾液酸变化

目的:探讨大鼠睾丸扭转复位后,附睾上皮细胞凋亡与唾液酸分泌的关系。方法:24只雄性SD大鼠建立左侧睾丸扭转复位模型,分为对照组、扭转2h和4h共3组,每组8只。TUNEL法检测附睾上皮细胞凋亡,5-甲基苯二酚法检测扭转侧附睾唾液酸的含量。结果:睾丸扭转2h复位后24h,扭转侧附睾上皮细胞凋亡指数与对照组相比上升不明显(P>0.05),唾液酸含量改变不明显(P>0.05);扭转4h复位后24h,扭转侧附睾上皮细胞凋亡指数与对照组相比上升极显著(P<0.001),唾液酸含量下降明显(P<0.05)。结论:睾丸扭转2h复位后24h,附睾上皮细胞未发生凋亡,其分泌唾液酸功能不受影响;扭转4h复位后24h,附睾上皮细胞凋亡严重,其分泌唾液酸功能下降。     

Major differences between the testis and epididymis in the induction of granulomas in response to extravasated germ cells. I. A light microscopical study in mice

A spermatic granuloma is a chronic inflammatory lesion which surrounds extravasated spermatozoa. Clinically, the lesion develops in the interstitial spaces of the epididymis and vas deferens, and only exceptionally in the testis itself. In the present study, murine testes and epididymides were injured using a needle and the histological appearances of these organs was then compared. Traumatic injury induced extravasation of germ cells in both testes and epididymides. A few days later, spermatic granulomas consistently formed in the epididymides, however, such lesions were not induced in the testes. To examine the possibility that epididymal spermatozoa have inherently greater ability to form spermatic granulomas than do testicular germ cells, isolated epididymal spermatozoa or testicular germ cells were locally injected into the testes and epididymides of recipient mice. Spermatic granulomas readily formed in the epididymides after local injection of either epididymal spermatozoa or testicular germ cells. In contrast, such lesions did not form in the testes even when epididymal spermatozoa were injected. Therefore, this study suggests that the microenvironment of the testicular interstitium, rather than the extravasated components from the ruptured seminiferous tubules, is the main factor determining the limited formation of spermatic granulomas in the testis.     

【原创论文】小鼠杀菌渗透增强性蛋白起源于睾丸及附睾表达并定位于精子中

杀菌渗透增强性蛋白（BPI）是具有抗革兰氏阴性菌活性的内源性杀菌蛋白。在本研究中,我们通过自行制备的多克隆抗体,检测了BPI蛋白在小鼠出生后睾丸及附睾组织中的表达,以及在附睾精子头部的亚细胞定位。实验结果表明,睾丸和附睾均独立表达BPI基因。在附睾中,自起始段至尾部,BPI蛋白的表达水平递减,并逐步特异性富集于亮细胞的胞质中。在顶体反应前的顶体基质内可见BPI蛋白,应起源于睾丸表达;顶体反应后,可见BPI蛋白分布于整个精子头部质膜表面,尤其是赤道板区域,可能有睾丸或附睾表达的两种起源。我们的研究结果提示,BPI蛋白可能参与顶体反应前后精子质膜结构的调控,并参与后续的精卵融合过程。     

The role of the epididymis in testicular descent

In 54 patients with 70 undescended testes hospitalized for orchiopexy epididymal anatomy was examined intraoperatively. Of the testes 66 per cent had abnormal epididymides, which suggests a possibly significant role for the epididymis in the process of testicular descent.     

Evidence suggesting that germ cells influence the bidirectional secretion of androgen binding protein by the seminiferous epithelium demonstrated by selective impairment of spermatogenesis with busulphan

Androgen binding protein (ABP) was measured in the serum, testes and epididymides of adult rats up to 105 days after the induction of reversible impairment of spermatogenesis by a single injection of busulphan. This treatment decreased testicular and epididymal weights within 7-21 days after treatment, reaching a minimum at 63 days with partial recovery by 105 days. The testicular and epididymal content of sperm was unchanged up to 42 days after busulphan administration, was reduced considerably at 63 days and thereafter increased towards control values. The serum and testicular concentrations of testosterone were normal at all times after treatment, even though serum LH levels were increased at 42 and 63 days. Serum levels of FSH were also increased at 43 and 63 days after treatment. A biphasic pattern in the serum levels of ABP was observed. Concentrations were low up to 43 days post treatment when only the early germ cell types were depleted from the seminiferous epithelium and when the testicular and epididymal contents of ABP were normal. Serum levels of ABP increased as the more mature germ cells were depleted in numbers and the testicular and epididymal contents of ABP declined. It is concluded that bidirectional secretion of ABP into the interstitium (serum) and into the seminiferous tubular lumen by Sertoli cells is influenced considerably by the population of germ cells that are present in the seminiferous epithelium.     

L-肉碱在奥硝唑所致大鼠睾丸和附睾损伤中的保护作用

目的:探讨L-肉碱(LC)在奥硝唑(ORN)所致大鼠附睾和睾丸损伤中的的保护作用。方法:40只雄性SD大鼠(200～230g)随机均分为5组:①A组:给予0.5%的羧甲基纤维素钠(溶剂)灌胃;②B组:每天给予400mg/kgORN灌胃;③C组:每天给予800mg/kgORN灌胃;④D组:每天给予[ORN(400mg/kg)+LC(100mg/kg)]灌胃;⑤E组:每天给予[ORN(800mg/kg)+LC(100mg/kg)]灌胃。上述各组均连续灌胃20d,末次给药24h后,所有大鼠麻醉后处死,分别取睾丸、附睾,进行称重和HE染色,计算睾丸、附睾系数并观察睾丸和附睾病理组织学改变。结果:①与A组相比,B组睾丸、附睾系数明显降低(P<0.05);而C组睾丸、附睾系数为极显著性降低(P<0.01);D组与A组相比无差异,E组与A组相比有极显著性差异(P<0.01);②HE染色显示,与A组相比,B组睾丸生精小管内各级生精细胞排列基本整齐,部分生精小管管腔内有脱落的生精细胞,附睾管腔中精子数目下降,有时可见散在的生精细胞;C组大鼠睾丸生精小管管腔内均可见坏死脱落的生精细胞,附睾管腔中精子数目明显减少,且有较多的非精子细胞成分。D组睾丸生精小管无明显改变,附睾管腔中精子数目也未见明显下降;E组睾丸生精小管管腔内精子数目减少,可见坏死脱落的生精细胞,附睾腔中精子数目明显减少,并伴有较多的非精子细胞成分。结论:奥硝唑(ORN)可导致雄性大鼠附睾和睾丸病理组织学改变,LC对ORN引起大鼠附睾和睾丸损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

Effect of acute androgen withdrawal by GnRH antagonist on epididymal sperm motility and morphology in the cynomolgus monkey

Hormonal male contraception requires an induction phase before azoospermia and contraceptive safety are achieved. The nature of spermatozoa that may be ejaculated during this induction phase was studied in a nonhuman primate. The GnRH antagonist Cetrorelix was administered daily to five cynomolgus monkeys to induce testicular regression, and the vehicle was given to five control animals. Within 16 days, the antagonist reduced androgens by 80% in the serum and by 50% in the epididymis. Sperm were obtained by mincing different epididymal regions and were examined for morphology (subjectively) and motility (objectively) after removal of the organs 16 and 25 days after continuous treatment. Spermatozoa entering the epididymis of monkeys undergoing regression differed from those of vehicle-treated controls in their greater susceptibility to disruption during preparation for morphological staining. The acquisition of motility by sperm in the epididymides attached to regressing testes occurred in the same epididymal region as controls but did not achieve the median velocities attained by sperm in controls during epididymal passage. Values for most sperm motion parameters developed as in the controls, and, during epididymal passage, sperm developed resistance to stresses encountered during preparation for morphological analysis. These observations suggest that spermatozoa ejaculated before spermatogenesis ceases may be potentially fertilizing because epididymal maturation continues in an androgen-deprived organ. From these preclinical studies, it can be concluded that in men, applying hormonal contraception precautions against pregnancy must be recommended before azoospermia is induced, since the epididymis can partially compensate for poor-quality sperm produced by a regressing testis even when levels of circulating androgens and tissue androgens are low.     

Seminal emission by electrical stimulation of the spermatic nerve and epididymis

The spermatic nerve and epididymis were stimulated electrically in dogs to elucidate the possibility of artificial seminal emission after bilateral transection of the hypogastric nerves and sympathetic trunks. Before transection, electrical stimulation of a distal end of the severed spermatic nerve caused a trace amount of emission in two dogs and no emission in the remaining four. In contrast, 1 month after the transection, stimulation of a distal end of the severed spermatic nerve caused seminal emission in all six dogs examined, with full seminal volume in four dogs and partial volume in the remaining two. Anatomically, sympathetic nerves originating from the upper portion of the lumbar sympathetic ganglia descended along the spermatic arteries to the testes as spermatic nerves. The present results indicate that spermatic nerves have the potential to generate seminal emission as a compensatory pathway after bilateral transection of the hypogastric nerves. Both direct and percutaneous electrical stimulation of epididymal tails resulted in a full volume of seminal emission in all dogs with transection of both hypogastric nerves and lumbosacral sympathetic trunks as well as in unoperated controls, while high voltage (8 V vs 40-80 V) was required to cause seminal emission by electrical stimulation on the skin surface. Direct stimulation of epididymal tails in men undergoing orchidectomy as treatment for prostatic carcinoma or during biopsy of the contralateral testis in a patient with a testicular tumour, resulted in seminal emission in all five epididymides examined either from the end of the severed vas deferens or in the posterior urethra if the vas deferens was not severed.     

Effect of Alstonia scholaris bark extract on testicular function of Wistar rats

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the antifertility effect ofAlstonia scholaris bark extract in male rats. Methods: In male Wistar rats Alstonia scholaris bark extract was given by oral route at a dose of 200 mg/day for 60 days. The fertility and testicular function were assessed by mating tests, sperm motility, sperm concentration, biochemical indices and testicular cell population dynamics. Results: Oral feeding with the extract at a dose of 200 mg/day for the period of 60 days did not cause body weight loss, while the weights of testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate were significantly reduced. The production of step-19 spermatids was reduced by 79.6% in treated rats. The population of preleptotene and pachytene spermatocytes were decreased by 61.9% and 60.1%, respectively. Spermatogonia and Sertoli cell population were also affected. The seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell nuclear area were reduced significantly (P<0.01) when compared to the controls. Reduced sperm count and motility res     

The Effect of Non-Union of Testis and Epididymis and of Cryptorchidism on the Development of Epididymis and Ductus Deferens in the Rat/Der Einfluß der Separation von Hoden und Nebenhoden und des Kryptorchismus auf die Entwicklung von Nebenhoden und Ductus deferens bei der Ratte

16-days old rats were operated with either uni- or bilateral ligation of ductuli efferents and separation of testis and epididymis to the level of the inferior epididymal artery (non-union operation), induction of cryptorchidism or bilateral sham operation. The epididymides were weighed and the epididymides and deferent ducts were examined with light- and electron-microscopy at days 30, 37, 44 and 58. Bilateral non-union operated epididymides and cryptepididymides had a significantly lower weight increase than controls, but the histology and diameter of epididymal tubules were unchanged. This indicates a true growth retardation and reduced length of epididymal tubules of non-union operated and cryptepididymides. For bilateral operations a positive correlation was found between the weight of epididymis and plasma levels of total testosterone as reported earlier. Unilaterally operated epididymides had a weight development significantly below contralateral controls, despite normal plasma levels of testosterone. It is concluded that the reduced-weight of unilaterally operated epididymides is the result of diminished local androgen stimulation from the ipsilateral testis. Non-union of testis and epididymis may have pathogenetic significance in maldescent of testis by a retarded growth of the ductal system.     

雷公藤对豚鼠睾丸附睾结构及功能的影响

本实验采用市售雷公藤多甙(GTW)灌喂豚鼠,6周后观察豚鼠睾丸和附睾的光镜结构及组织化学的变化,并应用Leitz显微分光光度计MPV-3扫描测定曲细精管初级精母细胞内DNA的相对含量,同时对附睾尾部精子作常规分析。结果表明:服药后曲细精管萎缩,管壁上皮变薄,细胞层次减少,精子细胞和精子极少或消失;曲细精管上皮细胞SDH及ACP酶活性减弱,ATP酶无明显变化;初级精母细胞核内DNA含量明显下降(P<0.01)。服药后附睾上皮细胞SDH活性减弱。ATP酶活性略为减弱,AKP无明显变化;附睾尾部精子的密度、活率及活力均显著下降(P<0.001)。结果提示:GTW对睾丸、附睾均有影响,对睾丸的作用更明显。     

Androgen binding protein in serum, testis and epididymis following treatment with the Leydig cell cytotoxic agent, ethylene dimethanesulphonate

Androgen binding protein (ABP) was measured in the serum, testes and epididymides of adult male rats after treatment with ethylene dimethanesulphonate (EDS), which has direct cytotoxic effects on Leydig cells and secondarily affects sperm production. Serum ABP increased to a maximum 7 days after treatment and remained elevated for most of the 63 days of observation. The ABP content of both the epididymides and testes declined and were low between 14 days and 21 days following treatment. By contrast, the concentration of ABP in these tissues was maintained after EDS treatment and was sometimes elevated. This divergence between ABP content and concentration was due to atrophy of the testes and epididymides after the decline in androgen secretion. The changes in serum and tissue ABP levels after EDS occurred earlier than those observed in adult hypophysectomized animals, possibly due to local paracrine influences that are lost secondarily to destruction of the Leydig cells. Testicular testosterone did not parallel ABP content as it fell dramatically 2 days after EDS and remained low for about 21 days before returning to near control values after 63 days. Testicular and epididymal sperm heads decreased in number after EDS, but were not clearly associated with the changes in ABP. The results confirm that androgens are important for the production of ABP and for the partitioning of this protein between the blood and the lumen of the reproductive tract.     

Effect of papaya seed extract on microenvironment of cauda epididymis

Aim: To evaluate the effect of aqueous Carica papaya seed extract on microenvironment of cauda epididymis. Methods: Adult male albino rats were intramuscularly administered with 0 (control) or 0.5 mg papaya seed extract/kg body weight for 7 days. Cauda epididymal tubular content was collected by micropuncture technique; epididymal luminal fluid and sperm pellets were separately analyzed. Results: The results revealed that the extract treatment caused significant reduction, as compared with control, in total protein and sialic acid contents in both epididymal fluid and sperm pellet. As compared with control, significantly lowered acid phosphatase activity was recorded in sperm pellet but was higher in epididymal fluid after the treatment. The extract treatment also caused significant reduction in level of inorganic phosphorus in the epididymal fluid. Conclusion: It is concluded that the aqueous papaya seed extract alters cauda epididymal microenvironment.     

Flutamide as a tool to study the hormonal regulation of the reproductive tract in the golden hamster

Summary: The effect of flutamide (FLU) administered during 6 weeks at doses of 50 or 100 mg kg⁻¹ body weight, on various reproductive characteristics of sexually active male golden hamsters was studied. The weight of seminal vesicles and epididymides showed a dose dependent inhibition with FLU, while testicular weight exhibited a biphasic response, its value being increased by 20% at lower FLU doses and reduced by 15% at higher FLU doses. An elevation of testicular and epididymal androgen-binding protein (ABP) content and also of testicular testosterone content was observed with both doses of FLU. Serum levels of LH and testosterone exhibited a four-fold increase, at both doses of FLU, while FSH serum level was elevated depending on the dose of FLU used. Results suggest that in the golden hamster the maintenance of the weight of testes and accessory organs depends mainly on androgenic stimulation, while production and transport of ABP is probably regulated by gonadotropins.     

Alteration of epididymal function and its relation to maturation of spermatozoa

Alteration of epididymal function and its relation to maturation of spermatozoa was studied in 54 adult male albino rats. Levels of free and bound sialic acid in the spermatozoa and luminal contents of the epididymis and vas deferens were determined. A group of 10 received rabbit antiserum to ovine luteinizing hormone (LHAS) sc .2 ml/day for 5 days. 2 groups of 8 animals each received 2.5 mg cyproterone acetate twice daily for either 15 or 30 days. 16 animals served as intact controls and 12 animals served as castrate controls. Epididymis and vas deferens sperm counts were not affected by LHAS for 5 days or by cyproterone acetate for 15 days; however, sperm counts were decreased in the corpus (p less than .02), cauda (p less than .05), epididymidis and vas deferens (p less than .01) when rats were treated with cyproterone acetate for 30 days. Castration resulted in a marked reduction in all regions within 5 days. In the intact rats spermatozoa sialic acid decreased in the cauda epididymidis (p less than .01) and increased in the vas deferens (p less than .001). Sialic acid concentration was similar in those treated with either LHAS or cyproterone acetate for 30 days. Bound sialic acid in the epididymal fluid increased (p less than .02) to a maximum in the corpus and cauda and decreased in the vas deferens (p less than .05). LHAS or cyproterone acetate caused a reduction in bound sialic acid in the fluid of the epididymis and vas deferens.     

Free and Bound Sialic Acid in Rat and Hamster Epididymal Fluid/Freie und gebundene Sialinsäure in der Nebenhodenflüssigkeit der Ratte und des Hamsters

Total, free and bound sialic acid concentrations were determined in sperm-free luminal fluid removed by micropuncture from different regions of the rat and hamster epididymides. In the rat, total sialic acid concentrations (mean +/- s.e.m.) in the proximal caput, the mid corpus and the proximal cauda were, respectively, 25.7 +/- 1.3, 23.9 +/- 1.7 and 28.8 +/- 1.9 mM compared to 4.4 +/- 0.1 mM in blood plasma. In the hamster, total sialic acid concentrations in the distal corpus, the proximal cauda and the distal cauda were, respectively, 32.9 +/- 3.8, 26.4 +/- 1.4 and 26.6 +/- 3.2 mM compared to 4.7 +/- 0.5 mM in blood plasma. Free sialic acid accounted for approximately 70-80% of total sialic acid present in the epididymal plasma of the rat. Similarly, 82% of sialic acid in the rat blood plasma was in free form. The levels of free and bound sialic acid were not changed in different regions of the rat epididymis. Unilateral ligation of the rat efferent ducts had no effect on total, free or bound sialic acid concentrations in all regions except in the proximal cauda in which a transient increase (P less than 0.01) in free sialic acid was observed on Day-3 after EDL.     

Effects of tripchlorolide on the epididymides and testes of rats

Aim: To further evaluate the antifertility effects of tripchorolide, a derivative of triptolide produced at the extraction pro-cedure of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., in male rats and to investigate its sites and possible mechanisms of action.Methods: In male rats, tripchlorolide was given by oral garage at a dose of 50 ug.kg～(-l).d～(-1) for 5 weeks, fertility wasassessed by mating tests, and biochemical indices and light microscopic observation of the epididymides and testes werealso performed. Results: Administration of tripchlorolide at 50 ugg.kg～(-l)-d～(-1) for 3 weeks did not influence the fertilityof male rats, but 5-week treatment rendered the rats infertile. The density and motility of spermatozoa collected fromcauda epididymides were reduced significantly. The epididymal weights, as well as the L-carnitine concentration and α-glucosidase content in the epididymal fluid were decreasd. There were no significant differences in α-glucosidase andacid phosphatase (ACP) in caput epididymal ho     

大鼠睾丸扭转复位后附睾上皮细胞凋亡及肉碱变化

目的:探讨大鼠睾丸扭转复位后,附睾上皮细胞凋亡与肉碱分泌的关系。方法:24只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机均分为:对照(扭转0 h)、A组(扭转2 h)和B组(扭转5 h),建立左侧睾丸扭转复位模型。TUNEL法检测附睾上皮细胞凋亡,DTNB法检测扭转侧附睾肉碱的含量。结果:睾丸扭转2 h复位后24 h,扭转侧附睾上皮细胞凋亡指数与对照组相比,上升不明显(P>0.05),肉碱含量改变不明显(P>0.05);扭转5 h复位后24 h,扭转侧附睾上皮细胞凋亡指数与对照组相比,上升极显著(P<0.01),肉碱含量明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:睾丸扭转2 h复位后24 h,附睾上皮细胞凋亡增加无显著性,其浓缩分泌肉碱的功能不受影响;扭转5 h复位后24 h,附睾上皮细胞凋亡严重,其浓缩分泌肉碱的功能下降。