喉返神经减压术

目的探讨喉返神经减压治疗因甲状腺手术和甲状腺肿物压迫所致喉返神经功能障碍的疗效.方法2002年10月-2005年6月间,行喉返神经减压术治疗单侧喉返神经麻痹9例,声门闭合不全4例.包括甲状腺良性肿物切除术后喉返神经麻痹7例,均为普通外科术后.其中6例神经缝扎,1例神经瘢痕粘连,同时对其中2例行Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术;甲状腺腺瘤1例和结节性甲状腺肿并喉返神经麻痹1例,均行甲状腺肿物切除喉返神经减压.声门闭合不全的4例中,结节性甲状腺肿3例、桥本甲状腺炎1例分别行甲状腺肿物切除或腺叶部分切除,电子喉镜观察手术前、后声带动度变化,评价手术效果.结果5例神经被结扎和1例神经粘连者于3个月内行减压术,术后1周～3个月声带动度恢复,发声满意;1例神经被结扎于术后4个月行减压术者,随访1年声带动度未见恢复.甲状腺腺瘤和结节性甲状腺肿并喉返神经麻痹患者减压术后3个月内声带动度完全恢复,声门闭合不全并结节性甲状腺肿和桥本甲状腺炎者,术后1周内声门缝隙消失、声嘶消失.结论对于因甲状腺手术所致的喉返神经麻痹,应尽快行喉返神经探查和减压术;声音嘶哑较严重者,可考虑同时行Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术,以短时间内改善患者发声状况,提高患者生活质量;对于甲状腺肿物合并喉返神经麻痹或声门闭合不良者,应积极行手术探查,行喉返神经减压.     

甲状腺外科手术操作与手术并发症的相关性

目的 了解甲状腺外科手术操作与手术并发症的相关性,探讨辨认及保护喉返神经、喉上神经外支、甲状旁腺的甲状腺切除术在治疗甲状腺肿物中的作用,以提高甲状腺肿物的手术治愈率,并减少手术并发症。方法 回顾分析甲状腺良性肿瘤或甲状腺癌患者152例临床资料,甲状腺切除采用"精细化被膜解剖"技术,术中辨认及保护喉返神经、喉上神经外支、甲状旁腺。结果 152例患者中,行喉返神经探查262侧,均成功辨认及保护;行喉上神经外支探查231侧,174例成功辨认(75.3%)。原位解剖保护甲状旁腺150例,行甲状旁腺移植术2例。术后发生单侧暂时性喉返神经麻痹1例,在术后3个月内恢复;无喉上神经外支功能障碍。术后发生暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下症13例,术后1周恢复9例, 4周后恢复3例, 5个月后恢复1例。无发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下症、永久性喉返神经损伤和永久性喉上神经外支损伤病例。结论 术中辨认及保护喉返神经、喉上神经外支、甲状旁腺技术行甲状腺肿物切除术是安全的甲状腺手术操作,有效避免了永久性甲状旁腺功能低下症、喉返神经和喉上神经外支损伤并发症的发生。最大限度地保存了喉功能和甲状旁腺功能,提高了甲状腺肿物的手术治愈率。     

由外向内显露喉返神经入喉处并逆行解剖喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的临床应用探讨

目的探讨由外向内显露喉返神经入喉处并逆行解剖喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的最佳适应症。方法选取2011年1月至2016年7月之间的在甲状腺手术中采用由外向内显露喉返神经入喉处并逆行解剖喉返神经的病例进行分析,共18例,其中男性3例,女性15例,年龄17岁到78岁,其中巨大甲状腺肿瘤(含胸骨后甲状腺肿)8例,甲状腺癌气管食管沟淋巴结转移7例,甲状腺中下部曾行手术致使下方气管食管沟处疤痕粘连的4例(所有病例中有1例同时为二次手术合并气管食管沟淋巴结转移并粘连),所有患者均采用由外向内显露喉返神经入喉处并逆行解剖喉返神经,共解剖喉返神经24侧。结果所有病例均成功显露喉返神经入喉处并逆行解剖喉返神经后行相应手术,术后所有患者无一例出现喉返神经损伤的症状。结论当甲状腺肿瘤巨大或胸骨后甲状腺肿导致甲状腺下极难以完全暴露、手术后气管食管沟中下部粘连、气管食管沟淋巴结肿大伴粘连的患者建议从喉返神经入喉处自外向内寻找喉返神经,后逆行向下解剖,该方法可提高手术效率,降低喉返神经损伤率。     

困难甲状腺手术中喉返神经解剖的研究

目的：探讨困难甲状腺手术中喉返神经解剖的方法,以最大限度减少损伤,提高手术的安全性。方法：回顾性分析52例巨大结节性甲状腺肿、胸骨后结节性甲状腺肿、位于甲状腺下极的结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺癌以及甲状旁腺肿瘤等困难甲状腺手术中喉返神经的解剖过程和方法,了解病变累及喉返神经的状况以及避免喉返神经损伤的措施。结果：52例患者中,除2例甲状腺癌一侧喉返神经受侵予以切除外,其余50例喉返神经均解剖成功。50例喉返神经解剖成功者中,3例喉返神经拉长者术后无声嘶,2例喉返神经局部压为扁平者术后也无声嘶,3例术后轻微声嘶者经营养神经治疗1~3个月后恢复正常。1例喉不返神经,2例胸骨劈开,2例术后行气管切开。术后无并发症发生。结论：困难甲状腺手术中喉返神经的解剖大多需要游离腺叶和肿瘤并将其翻向内前上方,再以气管食管沟、甲状腺下动脉和（或）甲状软骨下角为标志进行解剖,实践证明该方法可行。     

内镜辅助甲状腺手术中喉返神经与甲状旁腺的辨别及防护

目的：探讨内镜辅助甲状腺手术中的喉返神经与甲状旁腺的辨别及防护。方法：回顾性分析行颈前小切口内镜辅助甲状腺手术32例患者的临床资料,其中甲状腺腺瘤15例,结节性甲状腺肿17例。单侧次全切＋峡部切除术22例,双侧叶结节腺瘤对瘤体较大一侧腺体行次全切＋峡部切除＋对侧腺瘤摘除术10例;术中均对喉返神经及甲状旁腺进行精确辨别及有效保护。结果：术后无甲状腺功能减退、声嘶等并发症,颈部瘢痕美容效果好。结论：腔镜甲状腺手术通过腔镜放大手术视野,结合超声刀和熟练解剖可对甲状旁腺及喉返神经精确辨别,对甲状旁腺及喉返神经行精细解剖可避免术后并发症的发生。     

甲状腺手术中避免喉返神经损伤的体会

甲状腺手术中避免喉返神经损伤是术者关注的重要环节。我科 2年多来手术治疗甲状腺疾病82例 ,术中注意解剖喉返神经 ,无一例喉返神经损伤 ,报告如下。1　资料与方法本组 82例中 ,男 2 8例 ,女 5 4例 ;年龄 1 4～ 72岁。腺瘤 5 9例 ,结节性甲状腺肿 9例 ,亚急性甲状腺炎 2例 ,甲状腺功能亢进 3例 ,甲状腺癌 9例 (其中微小癌 5例 ,并发甲状腺功能亢进 1例 )。若肿物局限于一侧腺体则行患侧腺体及峡部切除 ;若双侧腺叶皆有肿物或为甲状腺功能亢进则行甲状腺次全切除 ,保留一侧或两侧甲状腺被膜及上极或下极部分甲状腺组织。手术先处理上极再断…     

术中喉返神经监测系统在甲状腺开放手术中的应用

目的总结使用喉返神经监测系统在甲状腺开放手术全过程中,对喉返神经的监测、保护,以及使用体会与注意事项。方法①21例患者中甲状腺恶性肿瘤5例、良性肿瘤9例,甲状腺功能亢进症7例。②喉返神经监测系统主要由监测仪主机、喉返神经刺激探测针、专用接触声带的肌电图（electromyography,EMG）气管插管、接地传导回路电极针、抗干扰探头等组成。③手术采用三步法,首先显露颈迷走神经干检测仪器,再解剖、保护喉返神经,之后切除甲状腺组织。结果全部21例患者,术侧喉返神经均清晰显示,从甲状腺下级血管至入喉处。术后患者发音清晰,无饮水呛咳。结论甲状腺开放手术中,应用＂喉返神经监测系统＂,可使喉返神经在手术全过程中得到切实保护,避免损伤发生。     

喉不返神经报道

喉返神经损伤是甲状腺手术最常见的并发症。导致喉返神经损伤的原因很多,除手术医师对颈部解剖特别是甲状腺周围血管、神经解剖关系不熟悉外,喉不返神经的存在也是出现这一并发症不可忽视的重要因素。喉不返神经是一种罕见的解剖变异,Bowde报道尸体解剖中发现喉不返神经发生率为1%-2%,临床资料中其右侧的发生率是0.3%-1.6%,左侧为0.04%。     

显露喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的意义

目的:探讨显露喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的意义。方法:回顾性分析我科收治的共332例甲状腺手术患者的资料,全部患者均在全身麻醉下进行,术中均解剖术侧喉返神经。单侧腺叶切除131例,双侧次全切除138例,单侧腺叶切除加对侧腺叶次全切除51例,双侧甲状腺全切术12例。结果:手术过程中共533条喉返神经主干均得到很好的显露,术后共4例(0.75%)出现声嘶,无麻醉插管引起,均为单侧声带固定,行激素、营养神经药物等治疗,均在3个月内恢复,无永久性损伤。结论:在行甲状腺手术时,结合运用多种解剖喉返神经的方法,能够有效避免喉返神经的损伤。     

改良Miccoli术中喉返神经的显露及损伤预防

目的：探讨甲状腺改良Miccoli术中解剖显露喉返神经的方法及预防喉返神经损伤的临床意义。方法：回顾性分析218例行甲状腺改良Miccoli术患者的资料，均在内镜直视下寻找喉返神经并进一步显露直至人喉处，行甲状腺次全切或腺叶全切除。结果：218例患者手术均获成功，无中转开放手术。术中均成功显露颈段喉返神经并保护之。术中、术后病理证实结节性甲状腺肿185例，甲状腺腺瘤8例，甲状腺乳头状微小癌25例。2例甲状腺乳头状微小癌及1例有鼻咽癌放疗史的患者，术后出现暂时性声嘶，3个月内声带活动恢复正常。结论：甲状腺改良Miccoli术中解剖显露喉返神经是该手术顺利进行的关键，是预防喉返神经损伤的有效方法。     

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing?

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing? Regular monitoring and audit of a service are integral to ensuring maintenance of efficiency and standards. This is particularly important where the quality of the service is operator dependent, as is the case in the clinical diagnosis of neck lumps and fine needle aspiration cytology. The one‐stop neck lump clinic has now been running in the department for more than 20 months. A previous article described the results of the first phase audit carried out at 6 months and had identified a waiting time to be seen that was longer than that recommended by the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Measures were implemented to reduce this waiting time and a second audit was carried out after another 10 months with the aims of assessing if modification of the means of referral reduces waiting time and if the outcomes of clinical performance in phase 1 could be maintained or improved. We discuss the results of phase 2 in the audit spiral.     

A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure,as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection,Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to-4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 &#45 15 to 316 &#45 19 ppb ( n =13, p <0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 &#45 21 ppb; p <0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2 tot ) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 &#45 2° before to 21 &#45 3° after; p <0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 &#45 6 before and 265 &#45 9 ppb after; n =6, p <0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 &#45 22 to 241 &#45 17 ppb; n =10, p <0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

A simple objective evaluation and grading for facial paralysis outcomes

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 degrade type IV collagen, which is one of the major components of the basement membrane in normal tissue and expressed in the surroundings of the cancer nest in squamous cell carinoma. The degeneration of type IV collagen is an essential step in the metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. In this study, we examined MMP-2 and -9 levels of cancer tissue and serum obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and MMPs. We examined the production of MMP-2 and -9 in cancer tissue homogenates of 73 patients who had HNSCC and the serum MMP levels of 16 patients with HNSCC and 8 healthy volunteers. We also studied the localization of MMP-2 in the carcinoma using an immunohistochemical approach. The concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 in the tissue homogenates and serum were measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with monoclonal antibody to MMP-2. The concentration of MMP-2 in the tumor tissue homogenates was unrelated to tumor size, but that in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than in those without lymph node metastases. The concentration of MMP-9 was unrelated to lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The levels of both MMP-2 and -9 in serum were unrelated to lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry indicated that MMP-2 was mainly expressed in cancer cells. Because MMP-2 degrades type IV collagen, the level of MMP-2 in carcinomas may be a useful indicator of the degree of invasion and metastasis.     

A case of cortical deafness and anarthria

The nasal epithelium protects the underlying tissue from damage. Epithelial cell growth is controlled by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is possibly affected by toxic proteins, e.g. eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The aims of this study were to examine nasal fluid epithelial cell counts and their relations to EGF, eosinophils and ECP in 23 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Nasal fluid epithelial cell counts were lower in patients than in controls. EGF levels did not differ between patients and controls, and correlated with epithelial cell counts in controls but not in patients. Eosinophils and ECP were higher in patients than in controls, but did not correlate with epithelial cell counts. The role of growth factors, such as EGF, in regulating epithelial cells merits further study.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.