PET/MRI显像技术与其他分子影像技术的比较

目的：比较双模态PET/MRI显像技术与其他分子影像技术的优势和劣势。方法：随着分子医学及影像医学的飞速发展,将二者结合的分子影像技术促进了医学科学的发展。单模态及多模态分子影像技术主要包括了PET/MRI、光学成像、PET/CT、SPECT/CT、SPECT/MRI及超声分子成像。本文比较了以上各种分子影像技术在临床前及临床医学中的应用。结果：双模态PET/MRI优势主要集中在肿瘤学、心脏病学、神经科学中的研究,为研究者及临床医生提供更多的分子信息。结论：多模态分子医学影像设备的发展势必推动整个医学科学的发展,PET/MRI将解开更多的未解之谜。     

影像科图文信息计算机管理的应用研究

分析和评价计算机在影像料图文信息管理中的应用价值和应用前景。应用临床医学影像综合系统对图文信息进行数据库管理，并且利用激光打印机制作无胶片图文报告。结果显示：90％的临床医生认为影像科图文信息数据库管理便于图文信息的调阅和检索。结论：计算机在影像料图文信息管理中的开发应用具有一定的推广价值和应用前景。     

医学影像技术的主要进展及前瞻

医学影像学是当前临床医学中的一个重要学科。随着临床医学的发展，作为学科先导的影像技术．其发展现状及方向自然成为相关学科人士关注的热点。文中就近年来影像技术的主要进展及发展前景作一简要介绍。     

脑功能成像技术在临床医学应用中的伦理问题研究

脑功能成像技术在临床医学研究中已得到广泛应用,尤其在脑损伤、慢性神经疼痛综合征、认知功能障碍及精神疾病方面,研究者可以在获得大量脑部图像结构信息的同时判读受试者的内部隐私。随着神经影像数据集的建立和扩大,未来有可能进一步读取人类所有脑部活动隐私信息,辅以云数据处理及各类人工智能预测模型建立,已严重涉及伦理学的尊重原则和安全性原则等。本文主要讨论现阶段脑功能成像技术临床应用中的知情同意权及数据安全性等问题,并提出应用规范及保护原则。     

直接数字化多功能胃肠机的技术特点与临床应用

目的:探讨数字胃肠机的技术特点及临床应用.方法:采用数字化多功能胃肠机,针对性的应用数字化影像技术,高级自动曝光控制(AEC)校正程序,以及图像亮度稳定(IBS)系统等技术.结果:我院引进的意大利GMM公司全数字胃肠机极大的丰富了医学形态诊断信息和图像的层次,提高了医学影像形态学的显示水平.面对各类患者,无论在透视和拍片模式下都能得到清晰的影像,并涵盖了所有临床检查,如泌尿外科、斜照摄影、全骨盆摄影、危重患者摄影等.实现了X射线影像的网络传输、存储、显示、拷贝、无胶片化等.结论:直接数字化多功能胃肠机,冲破了传统X射线检查技术和手段,进入了数字成像领域,使X射线在临床医学上的应用进入了一个崭新的阶段.     

数字化医学影像设备的应用与发展

概述X线、CT、MRI、介入放射学以及分子影像技术的发展,医学影像设备引导临床医学影像的不断进步。医学影像数字化技术的应用和发展,可更多的、更准确的获得医学影像信息,使诊断水平不断提高,它已显示出对肿瘤学、心脏病学、神经病学、器官移植、新药开发等研究领域的重要价值。21世纪医学影像学必将得到更快、更好及更全面的发展,对人类的健康将做出更大的贡献。     

放射组学精准医学在腹部肿瘤实践中的研究进展

随着人工智能时代的到来,放射组学(Radiomics)作为一门新兴技术可以从CT、MRI等影像断层的海量数据中高通量提取大量描述肿瘤生理状况和表型特征的定量信息,并通过分析这些包含疾病病理生理信息的高维度影像组学特征,用以准确判断肿瘤的分化、分期,并预测肿瘤的行为,具有广阔的应用前景.该文旨在介绍影像组学的技术及其在腹...     

区域医疗医学影像信息共享方案进展与面临的挑战

病人放射影像信息共享是区域医疗协同中重要的基础部分。依赖影像胶片传递共享病人影像资料技术上已经过时,数字影像共享有两种解决方案：一是通过可携带介质,二是通过广域网Internet直接传输影像。集成健康企业IHE提供了通过广域网进行病人影像信息共享的标准化技术方案。本文讨论了IHE影像信息共享的技术方案架构,结合上海市医疗机构及病人分布特点,探讨IHE技术在特大型城市区域医疗影像信息共享中的应用进展及面临的挑战。     

中医妇科疾病临床诊断方法探析

中医妇科学所运用的正是中医学中最为基础的理论、方法.其对妇女生理、病因和病机等的规律进行逐步分析、研究,作为一门临床医学,其重点是对妇女特有疾病进行防治.文章主要阐述了临床中医妇科疾病诊断体系的建立与诊断.     

经颅磁刺激技术的研究和进展

经颅磁刺激是20世纪80年代中期发展起来的一种影响和改变大脑功能的生物刺激技术。相比于传统电刺激，它具有不少优势，很有可能成为一个研究大脑功能的重要工具，并且随着技术的发展，它在临床医学方面的应用也越来越得到人们重视。本文介绍了经颅磁刺激技术的基本原理、生理效应及其应用，最后介绍了一下关于磁刺激仪器的设计技术。     

A study of image processing in CR mammography; gradation processing

CR image is made by several kinds of image processing. Gradation processing is most important to make images among them and its type can be decided by the kinds of x-ray examinations. 1.2 G gradation processing is generally recommended for CR-mammography by the CR maker, but it has not been fully studied that whether 1.2G was the ideal one or not to image masses and/or calcifications. So, we compared the image obtained by 1.2G gradation processing with one by 1.0 d gradation processing that we made about imaging sensitivity of them in 18 cases with breast cancer. 15 out of 18 cases had good mass images and all of 6 cases showed good calcified images in the latter condition due to its high declination ( = gamma). So, we have concluded that 1.0 d gradation processing was better than 1.2G in CR-mammography.     

A trial of selective imaging for the breast mass shadow by computed radiography

CR has ability to make many kinds of images by several imaging processings. Especially, gradation processing is more important than frequency processing to make images in CR mammography. We developed new method to image breast masses selectively with new gradation processing and tried it for 18 patients over sixty years old with breast cancer. All of breast mass shadows were separated selectively from other parenchymal shadow. So, we conclude that the auto-recognition of breast mass shadow can be possible in near future in CR system.     

The Changing Nature of Training for Teaching in Primary Schools in England: Contexts and Curriculum

Initial Teacher Education (ITE) has long been a site of contestation between diverse academic and professional interests and national and local governmental influences. ITE's place as a 'gatekeeper' to the teaching profession means that it has had a pivotal role in determining the nature of teachers and consequently of schooling. When the education system as a whole has been under scrutiny, ITE has been subject to changes, often radical or rapid. At certain points in the history of ITE such changes have involved the state taking control of key aspects of teacher education.

At the present time state intervention in determining the nature and structure of ITE has reached unprecedented levels. ITE has undergone radical changes, driven by six major circulars specifically on ITE since 1984¹, and by a series of equally radical changes to the school sector. In 1999 teacher education departments have to follow mandatory curricula for ITE, imposed through Circulars 10/97 and 4/98 (DfEE, 1997, 1998). In an area which has traditionally had an ill-defined knowledge base, there are now defined curricula which specify the core knowledge areas to be addressed in teacher preparation. The funding and much of the structure of ITE is controlled by the Teacher Training Agency (TTA), established in 1994 as a government quango to oversee teacher education. ITE, like schooling, is inspected by the Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) under similar frameworks to those used for school inspections.     

The Use of Observational Diaries in In-Training Evaluation: Student Perceptions

Introduction: In health science education clinical clerkships serve the twofold purpose of guiding student learning and assessment of performance. Evidently, both formative and summative assessment procedures are needed in clerkship assessment. In-training evaluation (ITE) has the potential to serve both assessment functions. Implementation of effective ITE, however, has been shown to be problematic, partly because integration of assessment functions may have negative consequences for teaching and learning. This study investigates student perceptions of the impact of an integrated assessment approach, seeking to refine criteria for effective ITE. Method: In the curriculum of Maastricht Midwifery School (MMS), clerkship assessment is based on ITE serving both assessment functions. The ITE model is based on principles of extensive work sampling, and frequent documentation of performance. A focus group technique was used to explore student perceptions on the impact of the ITE approach on student learning and supervisor teaching behaviour, and on the usefulness of information for decision making. Results: Results indicate that the assessment approach is effective in guidance of student learning. Furthermore, students consider the frequent performance documentation essential in clerkship grading. Acceptance and effectivity of ITE requires a learning environment which is safe and respectful. Transparency of assessment processes is the key to success. Suggestions for improvement focus on variation in evaluation formats, improvement of feedback (narrative, complete) and student involvement in assessment. Conclusion: ITE can fulfill both its formative and summative purposes when some crucial conditions are taken into account. Careful training of both supervisors and students in the use of ITE for student learning and performance measurement is essential.     

Mammography in New Zealand: radiation dose and image quality.

The mean glandular doses to the breast, image quality and machine performance have been determined for all mammographic x-ray facilities in New Zealand, during 1988-89. For 30 mm and 45 mm phantoms the mean doses per film were 1.03 +/- 0.56 mGy and 1.97 +/- 1.06 mGy. These doses are within international guide-lines. Image quality (detection of simulated microcalcifications, and contrast-detail performance) was found to depend on focal spot size/FFD combination, breast thickness, and film processing. The best machines could resolve 0.2 mm aluminium oxide specks with the contact technique. The use of a grid improved image quality as did magnification. Extended cycle film processing reduced doses, but the claimed improvement in image quality was not apparent from our data. The machine calibration parameters kVp, HVL and timer accuracy were in general within accepted tolerances. Automatic exposure controls in some cases gave poor control of film density with changing breast thickness.     

Random forests of interaction trees for estimating individualized treatment effects in randomized trials

Assessing heterogeneous treatment effects is a growing interest in advancing precision medicine. Individualized treatment effects (ITEs) play a critical role in such an endeavor. Concerning experimental data collected from randomized trials, we put forward a method, termed random forests of interaction trees (RFIT), for estimating ITE on the basis of interaction trees. To this end, we propose a smooth sigmoid surrogate method, as an alternative to greedy search, to speed up tree construction. The RFIT outperforms the “separate regression” approach in estimating ITE. Furthermore, standard errors for the estimated ITE via RFIT are obtained with the infinitesimal jackknife method. We assess and illustrate the use of RFIT via both simulation and the analysis of data from an acupuncture headache trial.     

Interpretation of the American Board of Family Practice In-training Examination

The American Board of Family Practice (ABFP) In-training Examination (ITE) is the most frequently used method of evaluation among accredited family practice programs. Despite its common use, there are still misunderstandings regarding the proper interpretation of the ABFP ITE results. The ABFP ITE is a norm-referenced test that allows for comparison of a resident's performance relative to other residents in the same year of training; it does not measure absolute performance. There is a paucity of evidence supporting the validity of the ABFP ITE. The eight specialty areas and clinical set problems lack sufficient reliability to be interpreted per individual resident. The composite score of the ABFP ITE has sufficient reliability to be used as part of a formal and comprehensive evaluation system. Group comparisons using the 10 ABFP ITE measures are appropriate.     

Estimating individual treatment effects by gradient boosting trees

The development of molecular diagnostic tools to achieve individualized medicine requires accurate estimation of individual treatment effects (ITEs). Although several effective data analytic strategies have been proposed for this purpose, they have limitations when it comes to flexibly capturing the complex relationships between clinical outcome and possibly high-dimensional covariates. In this article, we propose an effective machine learning method to estimate ITEs using the gradient boosting trees (GBT). GBT is a powerful nonparametric regression tool in machine learning, and its outstanding performance has been widely recognized for various applications. We use GBT to develop an estimation method for the ITE that is formulated under the potential outcome model framework. Our method can flexibly capture the relationship between clinical outcome and possibly high-dimensional covariates, and it would also be useful for identifying subpopulations of patients who would benefit from the treatment. Results of simulation studies and a real-data analysis of a breast cancer clinical study show that the proposed method can precisely estimate ITEs, and these estimates possibly identify the subgroup of patients who can benefit from treatment.     

近红外乳腺成像计算机辅助诊断系统的研制

近红外成像是进行乳腺普查的一种新的乳房成像方法,较传统的射线成像有无辐射污染,无须暗室等优点。基于数字化的图像处理与分析方法,医生可以更方便地获得和认识图像中的信息,从而提高诊断的准确性。介绍作者研制的近红外图像采集、处理与分析系统中的软硬件模块及其实现方法。     

医学图象配准技术现状及发展

医学图象配准技术是当前医学图象处理研究领域的一个重要方面,具有重要的临床价值。本文就３－Ｄ医学图象配准的分类,配准技术中常用的变换模型,配准技术中常用的方法及配准技术中所存在的问题进行了描述。文中首先对医学图象配准进行了分类,并介绍了常用的配准变换类型。