幼儿焦虑与气质、家庭环境的关系

目的 :探讨幼儿气质、家庭环境与幼儿焦虑之间的关系。方法 :从两所普通幼儿园中抽取300名幼儿,以Spence学前儿童焦虑量表(父母报告)的中文修订版、NYLS 3-7岁幼儿气质问卷和家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)为研究工具,对幼儿的母亲进行测查。结果:①3-6岁幼儿的焦虑水平随年龄增长呈逐渐下降趋势;②幼儿气质中的规律性、趋避性和适应度与幼儿焦虑均存在显著负相关,反应强度与幼儿焦虑存在显著正相关;③家庭环境的亲密度因子与幼儿焦虑存在显著负相关,矛盾性、成功性和控制性三因子与幼儿焦虑存在显著正相关;④在亲密度较低的家庭环境中,适应度较低或趋避性较低的幼儿焦虑问题相对较多,适应度或趋避性高的幼儿焦虑问题会相对较少;在亲密度高的家庭环境中,三种适应度类型幼儿和三种趋避性类型幼儿产生的焦虑问题没有差异。结论:幼儿焦虑与其气质和家庭环境之间存在密切关系且家庭的亲密度能够缓冲气质对幼儿焦虑的影响。     

父母焦虑及其情绪调节对青少年焦虑影响的网络分析

目的:探讨家庭系统中父母的状态焦虑、特质焦虑与情绪调节策略对青少年状态焦虑与特质焦虑的影响。方法:采用状态—特质焦虑量表与情绪调节问卷对275个核心家庭中的父母、青少年进行测查。结果:(1)父亲的状态焦虑与母亲的状态焦虑(r=0.28),父亲的特质焦虑与母亲的特质焦虑(r=0.16)呈正相关;父亲的状态焦虑与青少年的状态焦虑呈正相关(r=0.09);父亲的特质焦虑(r=0.05)、母亲的状态焦虑(r=0.06)与青少年的特质焦虑呈正相关;(2)母亲的认知重评策略与青少年状态焦虑呈负相关(r=-0.07);(3)青少年的认知重评策略与状态焦虑(r=-0.08)、特质焦虑(r=-0.15)呈负相关,而青少年的表达抑制策略与特质焦虑(r=0.09)呈正相关。结论:在家庭系统中,父母亲的状态焦虑、父亲的特质焦虑和母亲的认知重评情绪调节策略是青少年状态焦虑与特质焦虑的重要影响因素。     

中学生抑郁症与认知倾向、D型人格及家庭环境的研究

目的:探讨中学生抑郁症与认知倾向、D型人格及家庭环境因素的关系。方法:采用认知倾向问卷(CAOT),D型人格量表(DS),家庭环境量表(FES),抑郁自评量表(SDS)对86例中学生抑郁症患者和108名健康对照者进行评定。结果:①抑郁症组乐观因子分(7.62±3.20)显著低于对照组(t=-11.59,P<0.01),且抑郁程度与乐观因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.75,P<0.01);D型人格消极情感(14.83±6.18)、社会抑制(14.90±6.04)分显著高于对照组(t=11.60,t=7.92,P<0.01),且抑郁程度与消极情感、社会抑制因子呈显著正相关(r=0.72,r=0.59,P<0.01);家庭亲密度(5.56±2.66)、知识性(3.23±1.96)等因子分低于对照组,矛盾性(4.48±2.78)因子分高于对照组(t=-5.83,t=-4.08,t=3.84,P<0.01),且抑郁程度与亲密度、知识性因子呈负相关(r=-0.49,r=-0.38,P<0.01),与矛盾性因子呈正相关(r=0.37,P<0.01)。②回归和路经分析发现,乐观因子、消极情感、亲密度和知识性是抑郁症的预测变量,其中乐观因子的预测作用较强,对抑郁症产生直接影响效果。结论:中学生抑郁症可能是认知倾向、D型人格及家庭环境等多因素影响的结果,认知倾向是重要的影响因素。     

遗传与家庭环境对儿童个性影响的双生子研究

目的:探索遗传和家庭环境对儿童个性的影响.方法:采用横断面设计,以学籍登记为线索募集6-16岁的双生子56对,采集颊黏膜标本提取DNA,进行卵型鉴定.用儿童版艾森克个性测验(EPQ)作为儿童个性测缝工具,用一般健康问卷(GHQ-12)、父母的养育方式和维度问卷(PSDQ)、家庭活动计划一般功能量表(FAD-GFS)、应激生活事件问卷等向其父母收集家庭环境信息.结果:(1)50对双生子成功提取DNA,卵型鉴定结果显示:同卵双生子24对,异卵双生予26对;(2)同卵双生(MZ)组的EPQ内外向、稳定性、掩饰度三个因子分每对双生子个体之间均正相关(r=0.75,0.73,0.56;P＜0.05),而异卵双生(DZ)组仅有稳定性因子分在每对双生子个体之间有相关性,且相关系数小于MZ组(r=0.47,P＜0.05;MZ组:Z值呵信区间为(0.94±0.44);DZ组:Z=0.51);(3)110位双生子个体的EPQ内外倾向性(E分)与FAD-GFS分值呈负相关(r=-0.20,P＜0.05),精神质(P分)与母亲GHQ-12分值呈正相关(r=0.22,P＜0.05),稳定性(N分)与父亲的专制养育分呈正相关(r=0.24,P＜0.05).结论:本研究提示儿童个性主要受遗传因素决定,但家庭环境中母亲的心理健康状况、父亲的养育方式、健康的家庭功能等对儿童个性的形成也可能有不可忽视的作用.     

行为问题学龄儿童的人格特征与父母养育方式的相关性

目的:探讨行为问题学龄儿童的人格特征、父母养育模式及父母养育模式对儿童人格特征的影响。方法:采用Rutter儿童行为问卷(父母问卷)筛查行为问题儿童,应用艾森克人格问卷(幼年版)(EPQ-Junior)及父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)评估56例行为问题儿童(研究组)及56例正常儿童(对照组)的人格特征与父母养育方式。结果:(1)研究组的内-外向(E)维度评分值显著低于对照组,情绪稳定性(N)维度评分值显著高于对照组,两组间差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.186,P0.05;t=4.020,P0.01);(2)EMBU的母亲情感温暖、理解与父亲情感温暖、理解两个因子的评分显著低于对照组,两组间比较有统计学意义(t=-2.448,P0.05;t=-4.607,P0.01),父亲惩罚、严厉与父亲过分干涉两项因子的评分显著高于对照组,两组间比较均具有统计学意义(t=4.307,P0.01;t=2.168,P0.05);(3)研究组内-外向(E)与母亲情感温暖、理解因子及父亲情感温暖、理解因子均呈显著正相关(r=0.307,0.299;P0.05),情绪稳定性(N)与母亲情感温暖、理解因子及父亲情感温暖、理解因子均呈显著负相关(r=-0.292,-0.264;P0.05),与母亲过度干涉、保护因子、父亲惩罚、严厉因子及父亲过分干涉因子均呈显著正相关(r=0.361,0.359,P0.01;r=0.300,P0.05)结论:行为问题学龄儿童的人格特征、父母养育模式与正常儿童存在差异,其人格特征与父母不良养育模式可能存在显著相关性。     

父母对儿童气质判断的差异性分析

目的 :了解父母对儿童气质判断的差异并探讨其意义。方法 :2 80例幼儿的父母填写了儿童气质量表并对其评价结果进行了比较分析。结果 :母亲对幼儿的趋避性 (t=3 1,P <0 0 1)、反应阈 (t=2 3 ,P <0 0 5 )评分高于父亲存在显著性差异 ,其中对男孩评价父母趋于一致无差异 ,对女孩评价则在节律性 (t=2 1,P <0 0 5 )、趋避性 (t=3 1,P <0 0 1)和坚持性 (t =2 3 ,P <0 0 5 )三个维度上母亲对幼儿评分低于父亲 ,且存在差异。结论 :提示在儿童咨询中 ,对儿童气质测查结果的解释应当考虑评价差异 ,避免片面地指导家长改变照顾和教育方式。     

不同结构的单亲家庭特征及其儿童心理特征分析

目的:探讨单亲母亲家庭和单亲父亲家庭的两种不同结构的单亲家庭特征及其儿童心理特征。方法:采用分层整群抽样法,调查了芜湖地区6573例儿童,由家长填写“家庭环境量表”、“中国儿童气质量表”、“Conners父母用量表”、“成人艾森克人格问卷”及自编的一般情况调查表,小学四年级以上的学生填写“少年艾森克人格问卷;”中学生填写“中学生心理健康检测量表”。采用SPSS11.0统计软件对资料进行分析。结果:单亲家庭303例,单亲母亲家庭159例,单亲父亲家庭144例。两组单亲家庭的亲密度、情感表达、成功性、道德宗教观4个因子分有显著性差异。8～12岁儿童的趋避性、中学生的偏执及人际关系紧张、母亲的精神质因子分均有显著性差异。结论:不同结构的单亲家庭的家庭精神环境、母亲的人格特征、儿童的气质特征、初中生的心理健康状况存在着差异。     

双相情感障碍儿童与家庭环境及父母教养方式的关系

目的:探讨双相情感障碍(BPD)儿童发病与家庭环境、父母教养方式的关系。方法:采用家庭环境量表(FES)和父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)对56例BPD患儿和50例健康对照者儿童进行问卷调查。采用Logistic回归分析分析家庭环境、父母教养方式对BPD的影响。结果:BPD组FES量表中亲密度(F=4.098,P0.05)、情感表达(F=3.245,P0.05)及娱乐性(F=3.090,P0.05)分值与EMBU量表中母亲情感温暖、理解分值(M1)(F=27.891,P0.01)低于对照组,差异有统计学意义;而FES量表中矛盾性(F=6.871,P0.01)、控制性(F=3.765,P0.05)分值及EMBU量表中父亲惩罚、严厉(F2)(F=6.754,P0.01)、母亲惩罚、严厉(M4)(F=4.762,P0.05)、父亲拒绝、否认(F5)(F=5.432,P0.01)、母亲拒绝、否认(M3)(F=6.760,P0.01)、母亲过分干涉和保护(M2)(F=7.012,P0.01)分值高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。非条件多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,亲密度、矛盾性、控制性、M1是儿童BPD影响因素,其中亲密度(β=-0.608,P0.01)、M1(β=-0.771,P0.01)是保护性因素,矛盾性(β=0.509,P0.05)、控制性(β=0.617,P0.01)是危险因素。结论:家庭成员的亲密度、矛盾性、控制性及母亲情感温暖、理解是儿童BPD的影响因素。     

青少年体像障碍与父母养育方式的关系

目的:探讨青少年体像障碍与父母养育方式的相互关系。方法:采用体像障碍自评量表(BDDS)和父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)对淮南市176名高中生进行测评。结果:①青少年体像障碍量表总分与父亲情感温暖理解因子呈负相关(r=-0.392,P0.05),与父亲惩罚严厉因子、过分干涉因子、拒绝否认因子呈正相关(r=0.504,0.469,0.613;P0.05);与母亲情感温暖理解因子呈负相关(r=-0.399,P0.05),与母亲过分干涉与保护因子、拒绝否认因子、惩罚严厉因子呈正相关(r=0.54,0.573,0.563,P0.05);②父亲情感温暖与理解因子、偏爱被试因子、拒绝否认因子,与母亲过分干涉与过度保护因子、拒绝否认因子对体像障碍有预测作用(回归系数值分别为-0.274,0.321,0.817,0.705,1.215;P0.05)。结论:父母越倾向于采取积极养育方式,体像障碍量表得分越低;父母越倾向于采取消极养育方式,体像障碍量表得分越高。父母养育方式是影响青少年体像障碍的重要因素。     

高中生父母养育方式与创造力的相关性

目的:探讨高中生父母养育方式与创造力倾向的相关性。方法:整群随机抽取136名高中生使用父母养育方式量表和威廉斯创造力倾向量表进行施测,以SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果:1不同年龄段的父亲因子Ⅱ、因子Ⅲ、因子Ⅴ、母亲因子Ⅰ、因子Ⅳ分数比较,差异有统计学意义(F=8.08,3.83,3.12,3.50,5.54;P0.05);不同父亲职业的母亲因子Ⅳ分数比较,差异有统计学意义(F=2.94,P0.05);2不同父亲受教育程度的高中生想象力因子分比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.09,P0.01);3经Pearson相关分析显示,母亲因子Ⅰ、因子Ⅱ与创造力量表总分间呈正相关(r=0.18,0.32;P0.05)。结论:母亲的温暖理解、干预过问和尽力照顾有利于高中生创造力倾向的形成;父亲受教育程度较高的家庭,有利于高中生想象力的培养。     

Predictors of PTSD in mothers of children undergoing bone marrow transplantation: the role of cognitive and social processes

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of cognitive and social processing in posttraumatic stress symptoms and disorder (PTSD) among mothers of children undergoing bone marrow and hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (BMT/SCT). METHOD: Questionnaires assessing emotional distress, BMT-related fears, and negative responses of family and friends were completed by 90 mothers at the time of the BMT infusion and 3 and 6 months post-BMT. PTSD symptoms were measured 6 months post-BMT by both paper-and-pencil and structured interview methods. RESULTS: Emotional distress, BMT-related fears, and negative responses of family and friends assessed at the time of BMT hospitalization were predictive of later PTSD symptoms. None of these variables prospectively predicted a PTSD diagnosis as measured by the structured interview. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of general psychological distress, cognitive interpretations of the threat of the BMT for the child's future functioning, and negative responses of family and friends may place mothers at risk for post-BMT posttraumatic stress symptomatology.     

Brief clinical report: procedural pain and anxiety management with mother and sibling as co-therapists

OBJECTIVE: To describe a multidimensional family-focused intervention for pain and anxiety management during port-access with a Spanish-speaking preschool child being treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, using the patient's mother and one sibling as co-therapists. METHODS: Assessment procedures included interviews with mother, sibling, and primary nurse and behavioral observations during port-access, and during a medical examination. Intervention consisted of two training and two "in-vivo" sessions, using behavioral and cognitive behavioral techniques. RESULTS: Physical resistance was eliminated and anxiety responses reduced during port-access sessions. Maternal anxiety and sibling distress were also reduced. CONCLUSIONS: This case study illustrates an empirically supported child and family focused in the clinical care context and highlights cultural factors that may influence the success of such interventions.     

Vulnerability and resiliency to suicidal behaviours in young people

BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine factors that influence vulnerability/resiliency of depressed young people to suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. METHOD: Data were gathered during a 21-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1,265 New Zealand young people. Measures included: suicide attempt; suicidal ideation; major depression; childhood, family, individual and peer factors. RESULTS: Young people who developed major depression had increased rates of suicidal ideation (OR = 54: 95% CI 4.5-6.6) and suicide attempt (OR = 12.1; 95% CI 7.9-18.5). However, the majority of depressed young people did not develop suicidal ideation or make suicide attempts, suggesting that additional factors influence vulnerability or resiliency to suicidal responses. Factors influencing resiliency/vulnerability to suicidal responses included: family history of suicide; childhood sexual abuse; neuroticism; novelty seeking; self-esteem; peer affiliations; and school achievement. These factors operated in the same way to influence vulnerability/resiliency among those depressed and those not depressed. CONCLUSIONS: Vulnerability/resiliency to suicidal responses among those depressed (and those not depressed) is influenced by an accumulation of factors including: family history of suicide, childhood sexual abuse, personality factors, peer affiliations and school success. Positive configurations of these factors confer increased resiliency, whereas negative configurations increase vulnerability.     

家庭认知功能训练对轻中度阿尔茨海默病患者生活质量和认知功能的影响

目的:探讨家庭认知功能训练对轻中度阿尔茨海默病患者的护理方法及实施效果。方法:采用2014年9月至2016年1月在荆州市精神卫生中心老年科住院的轻中度阿尔茨海默病患者80例,随机分为研究组(39例,精神科老年病房常规护理合并家庭认知功能训练)和对照组(41例,精神科老年病房常规护理),训练前后采用生活质量量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)评定生活质量,采用韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)及威斯康星卡分类测验(WCST)评价认知功能。结果:训练6月后,(1)研究组WHOQOL-BREF量表在心理领域、社会关系领域改善程度明显优于对照组(t=4.0885,3.7472;P0.05);(2)研究组WAIS量表在言语智商维度改善程度明显优于对照组(t=2.3126,P0.05);(3)研究组WCST量表在总测验数、正确百分数维度改善程度优于对照组(t=-2.1353,2.0571;P0.05)。结论:家庭认知功能训练能明显改善阿尔茨海默病患者的生活质量和认知功能,值得临床推广。     

The West London Schools Study: the effects of chronic aircraft noise exposure on child health.

BACKGROUND: Previous field studies have indicated that children's cognitive performance is impaired by chronic aircraft noise exposure. However, these studies have not been of sufficient size to account adequately for the role of confounding factors. The objective of this study was to test whether cognitive impairments and stress responses (catecholamines, cortisol and perceived stress) are attributable to aircraft noise exposure after adjustment for school and individual level confounding factors and to examine whether children exposed to high levels of social disadvantage are at greater risk of noise effects. METHODS: The cognitive performance and health of 451 children aged 8-11 years, attending 10 schools in high aircraft noise areas (16 h outdoor Leq > 63 dBA) was compared with children attending 10 matched control schools exposed to lower levels of aircraft noise (16 h outdoor Leq < 57 dBA). RESULTS: Noise exposure was associated with impaired reading on difficult items and raised annoyance, after adjustment for age, main language spoken and household deprivation. There was no variation in the size of the noise effects in vulnerable subgroups of children. High levels of noise exposure were not associated with impairments in mean reading score, memory and attention or stress responses. Aircraft noise was weakly associated with hyperactivity and psychological morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic noise exposure is associated with raised noise annoyance in children. The cognitive results indicate that chronic aircraft noise exposure does not always lead to generalized cognitive effects but, rather, more selective cognitive impairments on difficult cognitive tests in children.     

The role of the family in child and adolescent posttraumatic stress following attendance at an emergency department

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of family factors in posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) in children and adolescents who have attended an emergency department following assaults or motor vehicle accident. METHODS: Children and their parents completed self-report questionnaires and semistructured interviews relating to their psychopathology and cognitive styles at 2-4 weeks and 6 months after trauma. RESULTS: Parental depression was correlated with child PTSS at each assessment point. Less consistent findings were observed for family functioning. Parental endorsement of worry was a correlate of child PTSS at each assessment and a mediator between parental depression and child PTSS. CONCLUSIONS: A role for family factors, in particular parental depression and parental endorsement of worry, in the development of child PTSS is supported. Weaknesses of the study are discussed, and suggestions for future research are given.     

认知团体心理治疗干预社区慢性精神分裂症患者家庭照料者疗效

目的:探索认知团体心理治疗干预慢性精神分裂症家属心理精神状况的实际效果,为提升家属心理健康水平改善家庭康复成效提供理论依据。方法:通过在常规随访、康复指导基础上结合认知团体心理治疗的运用,以焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、生活满意度指数A量表(LSIA)、家庭负担会谈量表(FBS)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、亲属应激量表(RSS)等评估治疗对家庭照料者的影响,运用SPSS 13.0统计软件分析量表结果。结果:认知团体心理治疗干预后,干预组与对照组在SAS、SDS、LSIA以及SSRS的主观支持、支持利用度及总分因子中出现显著统计学差异(t/t'=-2.498,-3.675,2.762,2.835,4.370,3.624;P0.05),且在SAS、SDS量表因子中干预组得分低于对照组,在LSIA、SSRS量表因子中干预组得分高于对照组。干预前后,干预组在SAS、SDS、LSIA、SSRS、RSS上差异有统计学意义(t/t'=2.810,2.892,-2.385,-3.089,2.011;P0.05)结论:认知团体心理治疗能作为社区慢性精神分裂症患者家庭照料者社会支持系统的补充,显著减少其焦虑、抑郁情绪,提升其生活满意度水平。干预能通过改善照料者心理健康状况,促进其家庭康复氛围营造,使患者情绪趋于稳定,对缓解家属心理应激具有一定作用。     

Testing cognitive predictors of individual differences in the sexual psychophysiological responses of sexually functional women

The literature on sexual responses shows a large and not fully understood between‐women variance in sexual responses and in strength of coherence between physiological and subjective sexual responses. This study investigated cognitive factors theorized to be associated with sexual responses that could explain such variance. Specifically, we investigated the predictive value of sexual excitation/inhibition and sexual schemas on sexual response and coherence. Vaginal photoplethysmography and continuous subjective sexual arousal were collected from 29 young women while they watched a control/erotic video sequence. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that high sexual excitation and schemas related to passion and romance were related to higher coherence. These findings support the notion that cognitive factors that enhance sexual arousal contribute to the large variation seen in the coherence of sexual response as measured in the laboratory.     

Familial influence on offspring gambling: a cognitive mechanism for transmission of gambling behavior in families

BACKGROUND: The problem-gambling literature has identified a range of individual, cognitive, behavioral and emotional factors as playing important roles in the development, maintenance and treatment of problem gambling. However, familial factors have often been neglected. The current study aims to investigate the possible influence of parental factors on offspring gambling behavior. METHOD: A total of 189 families (546 individuals) completed several questionnaires including the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the Gambling Related Cognition Scale (GRCS). The relationships were examined using Pearson product-moment correlations and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses. RESULTS: Results showed that generally parents' (especially fathers') gambling cognitions and gambling behaviors positively correlated with offspring gambling behaviors and cognitions. However, SEM analyses showed that although parental gambling behavior was directly related to offspring gambling behavior, parental cognitions were not related to offspring gambling behavior directly but indirectly via offspring cognitions. CONCLUSION: The findings show that the influence of parental gambling cognition on offspring gambling behavior is indirect and via offspring cognitions. The results suggest a possible cognitive mechanism of transmission of gambling behavior in the family from one generation to the next.