卡维地洛治疗慢性心力衰竭对神经激素及镁代谢的影响

目的观察卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭（心衰）患者神经激素及镁代谢的影响。方法57例心衰患者随机分为2组,分别在常规治疗基础上合用卡维地洛或谷维素治疗8周,治疗前后测定血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾素（PRA）、血管紧张素-Ⅱ（Ang-Ⅱ）、醛固酮（ALD）、血浆镁浓度（PMC）、外周血单核细胞镁含量（MMC）及24h尿镁排泄量（UME）,并选择26例健康者为正常对照。结果与正常对照组比较,心衰患者血浆去甲肾上腺素、PRA、Ang—Ⅱ、ALD及尿UME均明显升高,MMC降低（P〈0．01）,UME分别与ALD、Ang—Ⅱ、PRA呈正相关（r=0．41、0．42、0．38,P〈0．01）。卡维地洛治疗后,血浆ALD、PRA、Ang—Ⅱ及尿UME降低（P〈0．05）,MMC增加（P〈0．01）。结论卡维地洛阻断神经激素激活,同时减少尿镁排泄,增加细胞内镁水平。     

收缩性心力衰竭病人血清钠水平与肾素、血管紧张素及醛固酮的关系探讨

目的探讨收缩性心力衰竭病人血清钠水平对血浆肾素-管紧张素-醛固酮系统的影响。方法 62例收缩性心力衰竭病人按血清钠水平分为正常血钠组(32例)和低钠血症组(28例),测定并比较两组病人的血浆肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)水平。结果低钠血症组病人血浆ALD、PRA、AngⅡ水平均较正常血钠组显著升高(P0.01);血钠与血浆ALD、PRA、AngⅡ呈显著负相关。结论低钠血症可能促进慢性心力衰竭病人血浆PRA、AngⅡ、ALD分泌增加,心力衰竭伴低钠血症病人的神经内分泌水平激活更明显。     

依那普利与缬沙坦治疗充血性心力衰竭的疗效比较

目的探讨依那普利、缬沙坦治疗充血性心力衰竭(CHF)的疗效及其对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的影响.方法将46例心力衰竭病人随机分为依那普利组(22例)和缬沙坦组(24例);治疗3个月～5个月;观察治疗前后的心功能、血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)及醛固酮(ALD)水平的变化.结果两组病人治疗后心功能(NYHA分级)均有改善,治疗后左室射血分数(LVEF)值均显著提高(P<0.01),左室舒张末期内径(LVIDd)显著缩短(P<0.01);两组比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).依那普利组治疗后PRA、AngⅡ、ALD水平无变化,缬沙坦组AngⅡ水平升高(P<0.05),ALD水平降低(P<0.01);两组病人治疗后血尿素氮、肌酐水平均无显著变化.结论缬沙坦与依那普利治疗充血性心力衰竭,疗效相近.必要时可作为依那普利的替代药物.     

卡维地洛对心力衰竭患者心功能及神经激素的影响

目的 研究卡维地洛对心力衰竭患者及神经激素的影响。方法 心力衰竭患者35例,在常规治疗基础上,加用卡维地洛片10mg,2/d,口服,应用4周。观察指标:观察治疗前后心率、血压、呼吸困难程度等情况,并评估心功能状态,治疗前后分别抽血检测肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(ATⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)水平。结果 治疗4周后,患者心功能明显改善,ATⅡ、ALD、NE、E均明显下降。PRA改变不明显。结论 卡维地洛对心力衰竭有明显治疗作用,其机制可能与卡维地洛抑制多种神经激素的作用有关。     

2型糖尿病合并抑郁症患者镁代谢的变化及卡维地洛对其影响研究

目的观察2型糖尿病合并抑郁症患者镁代谢的变化及卡维地洛对其影响。方法选取2007年2月—2009年6月我院收治的2型糖尿病患者82例,将合并抑郁症53例患者作为A组,未合并抑郁症29例患者作为B组,另选取同期我院健康体检者28例作为C组。且将A组患者随机分为对照组27例和卡维地洛组26例。比较所有受试者血浆镁浓度(PMC)、单核细胞内镁浓度(MMC)、尿镁排泄量(UME);以及对照组与卡维地洛组治疗后PMC、MMC、UME变化,及其与抑郁自评量表的相关性。结果 A组PMC、MMC低于B组,UME高于B组(P0.05)。卡维地洛组PMC、MMC高于对照组,UME低于对照组(P0.05)。A组抑郁量表评分与UME呈正相关(r=0.41,P0.01),与PMC、MMC呈负相关(r值分别为-0.41、-0.40,P0.01)。结论 2型糖尿病合并抑郁症患者镁代谢紊乱与抑郁评分密切相关,卡维地洛能患者改善镁代谢及抑郁状态。     

卡维地洛对心功能不全患者神经激素系统的影响

目的探讨卡维地洛对慢性心功能不全患者神经激素及肾上腺素受体β1、β2、α1自身抗体的影响。方法60例慢性心功能不全患者随机分为卡维地洛组（36例）和常规治疗组（24例）。常规治疗组应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、利尿剂和洋地黄制剂。卡维地洛组在此基础上加用卡维地洛。随访半年,超声心动图测定心功能参数,检测血浆去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾素（PRA）、血管紧张素II（AngII）、醛固酮（ALD）、及对抗心脏β1、β2、α1自身抗体。结果治疗后,卡维地洛组左室舒张末内径和收缩末内径分别为（57±6）mm和（43±6）mm显著低于常规治疗组的（64±5）mm和（52±5）mm（均P<0.01）;左室射血分数为（51±8）%,显著高于常规治疗组的（42±6）%（P<0.01）。治疗后卡维地洛组血浆NE、PRA、AngII、ALD、3种抗体滴度均显著降低（均P<0.01）,且卡维地洛组血浆NE、PRA、AngII、ALD水平、3种抗体滴度也显著低于常规治疗组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论卡维地洛通过阻断神经激素激活及降低心衰患者心脏自身β1、β2、α1受体抗体水平而改善心功能。     

卡维地洛对慢性心衰患者部分血管活性肽的影响及意义

目的:探讨慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者经卡维地洛治疗血清血管紧张素Ⅰ(Ang Ⅰ)、Ang Ⅱ、心钠素 (ANP)和醛固酮(ALD)水平的变化及其临床意义。方法:放射免疫法测定86例慢性心力衰竭(CHF)组和40例对照组血清Ang Ⅰ、AngⅡ、ANP和ALD水平,对其中56例子卡维地洛治疗,并测定治疗后上述血管活性肽变化, 进行统计分析。结果:CHF组血清Ang Ⅰ、AngⅡ和ALD水平显著高于对照组(t=5．461,t=4．736,t=12．40,P 均<0．01),ANP则显著低于对照组(t=2．813,P<0．05)。Ang Ⅰ与Ang Ⅱ,ALD与AngⅡ间呈显著正相关(r= 0．471,P<0．01;r=0．309,P<0．05)。NYHA Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级组间血清AngⅡ和ALD水平方差检验依次显著递增 (FAngⅡ=3．866,FALD=3．957,P均<0．05)．Ang Ⅰ和ANP则无显著性改变(P均>0．05)。住院死亡组与好转出院组间改变无显著差异(P均>0．05)。56例经卡维地洛治疗,血清AngⅠ、AngⅡ和ALD水平显著下降(t=3．212, P<0．05;t=5．301,P<0．01;t=9．382,P<0．01),但ANP水平无明显变化(P>0．05)。结论:CHF患者血清- Ang Ⅰ、AngⅡ和ALD水平显著升高,ANP水平显著下降,卡维地洛能使血清Ang Ⅰ、AngⅡ、ALD水平显著下降。     

缬沙坦和苯那普利联合治疗慢性心力衰竭患者的神经内分泌激活及其临床作用

目的研究苯那普利和缬沙坦联合治疗慢性心力衰竭后神经激素的变化及其临床效果.方法本研究选择39例慢性心衰患者(心功能NYHAⅡ～Ⅲ级),于口服利尿剂的基础上加服苯那普利和缬沙坦,治疗6个月比较心功能及血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)浓度的变化;以21例口服苯那普利的慢性心衰患者为对照组.结果两组ALD均下降,苯那普利+缬沙坦组＞苯那普利组,且有统计学意义(P＜0.01).两组在用药后心功能均得到改善,但元统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论缬沙坦与苯那普利合用可更完全抑制慢性心衰患者过度激活的RAS,且心功能与治疗前相比得到进一步改善,以及有良好的耐受性.     

高血压患者血清瘦素水平与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统相关性分析

目的 分析高血压患者瘦素与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的相关性及病理生理机制.方法 高血压组70例,对照组66例,采用放射免疫方法测定瘦素、血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和醛固酮(ALD)浓度.结果 高血压组瘦素、PRA和AngⅡ高于对照组(P＜0.05).影响瘦素的因素是性别、体重指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP)和PRA(P＜0.01).高血压组瘦素与PRA、AngⅡ、ALD、SBP正相关(P＜0.01).将高血压组分为高肾素组和非高肾素组,高肾素组瘦素高于正常肾素组(P＜0.01).结论 高血压患者存在瘦素抵抗,瘦素通过激活RAAS导致血压增高,主要表现为SBP升高.     

溶血反应对高血压患者肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮系统检测的影响

目的 探讨溶血反应对高血压患者血浆中肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅰ(Ang Ⅰ)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)及醛固酮/肾素活性比值(ARR)检测结果的影响.方法 将60例高血压患者血标本每例分成2份,每例标本各取l份施行模拟溶血,将溶血及非溶血样本离心后,分别取血浆,应用放射免疫法检测血浆PRA、Ang Ⅰ、AngⅡ、ALD及ARR水平,并对溶血组及非溶血组结果进行统计分析.结果 溶血样本PRA、Ang Ⅰ、AngⅡ、ALD水平均明显低于非溶血样本(P＜0.01),ARR假阳性率升高(P＜0.05).结论 溶血对血浆PRA、Ang Ⅰ、AngⅡ、ALD及ARR检测结果有显著影响,严重干扰临床诊断,在实际工作中应予以重视.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.