喷他佐辛与芬太尼应用于剖宫产术后静脉镇痛的临床效果比较

目的 比较喷他佐辛与芬太尼用于剖宫产术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的临床效果.方法 选择60例剖宫产手术病人随机分为两组,A组(喷他佐辛组:n=30):喷他佐辛120mg、氟哌利多5 mg、0.9%生理盐水加至100 ml;B组(芬太尼组:n=30):芬太尼0.8 mg、氟哌利多5 mg、0.9%生理盐水加至100 ml.选择负荷剂量加维持剂量即微泵连续给药方式行静脉镇痛(持续注药速度为2.0 ml/h,单次PCA剂量为2ml,锁定时间20 min).结果 A组与B组相比,镇痛评分、镇静评分无统计学意义,恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒发生率A组明显低于B组(P<0.05).两组病人均未发生呼吸抑制.结论 喷他佐辛用于剖宫产术后静脉镇痛,效果确切、不良反应少.     

喷他佐辛与芬太尼在妇科腹腔镜术后A控镇痛的效果评价

目的观察喷他佐辛与芬太尼在妇科腹腔镜术后病人自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）时的镇痛效果及不良反应。方法选择40例择期妇科腹腔镜手术患者,随机分为两组,每组20例。喷他佐辛组（A组）：喷他佐辛300mg＋昂丹司琼8mg,加生理盐水稀释至100ml;芬太尼组（B组）：芬太尼1．0mg＋昂丹司琼8mg,加生理盐水稀释至100ml。PCIA设置如下：负荷剂量5ml,持续剂量2ml／h,单次给药剂量0．5ml,锁定时间15min。观察术后4、8、12、24及48h各时段镇痛评分（VAS）、镇静评分（Ramsay）和不良反应。结果两组镇痛评分及镇静评分均良好,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;A组恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等发生率明显低于B组（P〈0．05）。结论喷他佐辛和芬太尼均可安全有效地用于手术后镇痛,但喷他佐辛PCIA不良反应发生率明显低于芬太尼。     

胸腔热灌注治疗中应用右美托咪定复合地佐辛的临床观察

目的观察胸腔热灌注治疗中应用右美托咪定复合地佐辛的临床效果。方法以2013年1月至10月本院收治的全麻下行胸腔热灌注治疗的患者40例为研究对象,按随机数字表分为右美托咪定＋芬太尼组（A组）和右美托咪定＋地佐辛组（B组）,分别于术前10min给予芬太尼1．0μg/kg、地佐辛0．1mg／kg,术中均静脉持续泵注右美托咪定。记录两组患者治疗开始后5min（T1）、15min（T2）、30min（T3）、60min（T4）4个时点的视觉模拟评分（VAS）及T3、T4时点的Ramsay镇静评分,记录术中不良反应的发生情况。结果术中各时点两组患者的VAS评分差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。T3、T4时点,B组患者的镇静评分明显高于A组（2．45±0．61比1．50±0．55,2．78±0．75比2．45±0．92,均P〈0．05）。与A组比较,B组患者不良反应发生较少。结论右美托咪定复合地佐辛用于胸腔热灌注治疗术中镇静镇痛,效果确切,不良反应较少。     

纳布啡联合舒芬太尼对剖宫产术后疼痛及快速康复的影响

目的:探讨纳布啡联合舒芬太尼对剖宫产术后疼痛及快速康复的影响.方法:选择2019年8月至2020年9月期间我院收治的行择期剖宫产手术患者100例,随机分为对照组和研究组,两组患者均运用静脉自控镇痛(Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)术后镇痛,其中对照组为舒芬太尼,观察组为纳布啡联合舒芬太尼,采用静息时疼痛数字评分法(Numerical pain scale,NRS)评分,分别于1、6、12、24h咳嗽时评估NRS评分、下床活动时间、术后第1次排气时间、Ramsay镇静评分以及不良反应(呼吸抑制、皮肤瘙痒、恶心呕吐)等.结果:观察组术后6、12、24、36 h静息时NRS评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05),观察组术后1h、6h、12h、24 h咳嗽时NRS评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05),观察组各时点内脏痛NRS评分较对照组低(P<0.05);两组患者不良反应和Ramsay镇静评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者术后第1次排气时间和第1次下床活动时间明显缩短(P<0.05).结论:纳布啡联合舒芬太尼应用于自控静脉镇痛可有效缓解剖宫产术后疼痛,有利于患者快速康复.     

氢溴酸高乌甲素复合芬太尼用于剖宫产术后静脉自控镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察氢溴酸高乌甲素复合芬太尼用于剖宫产术后静脉自控镇痛效果、安全性、副作用发生率.方法 选择剖宫产手术80例,ASAⅠ级-Ⅱ级,术后使用一次性微量镇痛泵.随机分为两组,每组40例.A组,芬太尼0.8mg加托烷斯琼5mg;B组:芬太尼0.4mg加氢溴酸高乌甲素16mg和托烷斯琼5mg.两组均以生理盐水稀释到100ml,两组镇痛泵均设置为维持量4ml/h,PCA1.0ml,锁定时间15min.对术后即刻,6h,12h,24h用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)和BCS法评价疼痛的程度和疗效,并统计两组不良反应的发生率.结果 两组间在术后各时点疼痛的程度稍有差别,但差异无显著性(P>0.05);而两组间部分不良反应的发生率差异有非常显著性(P<0.05).结论 溴酸高乌甲素复合芬太尼用于剖宫产术后静脉自控镇痛的效果确切,且不良反应发生率低.     

舒芬太尼用于腹部手术患者自控静脉镇痛的临床观察

目的探讨腹部手术病人自控舒芬太尼静脉镇痛的临床效果及安全性。方法选择气管内插管全身麻醉腹部手术患者计80例，ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级，年龄18～86岁，高中以上文化程度。随机分为两组，每组40例，一组为舒芬太尼镇痛组（S组），术后镇痛药物配方：舒芬太尼2μg／kg＋格拉司琼6mg加生理盐水至100ml；另一组为芬太尼镇痛组（F组），术后镇痛药物配方：芬太尼20μg／kg＋格拉司琼6mg加生理盐水至100ml。镇痛泵参数均设置为：负荷剂量4ml，背景输注速度1ml／h，自控剂量0．5ml，锁定时间15min。观察S组与F组的镇痛效果及不良反应。结果S组在各个时段静态和动态VAS评分均低于F组（P〈0．05）；S组镇静效果较F组评分略高，但两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；S组不良反应发生率少于F组（P〈0．01）；两组患者均未见明显的呼吸抑制发生。术后随访两组患者对镇痛效果的总满意度均在90％以上。结论腹部手术病人自控舒芬太尼静脉镇痛，具有良好的镇痛和镇静作用及安全性，且心血管的稳定性好，不良反应低。     

布托啡诺和地佐辛复合其他镇痛药物用于腹部手术后镇痛的观察

目的通过比较布托啡诺和地佐辛联合其他镇痛药用于患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的镇痛效果和不良反应,筛选相对较好的镇痛方案。方法选择第三军医大学新桥医院肝胆科择期全麻下行开放手术的患者110例和普外科行腹腔镜手术的患者160例,两科室患者均采用随机数字表法分为2组,即布托啡诺组和地佐辛组。肝胆科患者布托啡诺组采用布托啡诺0.04 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2.8μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯3 mg/kg+格拉司琼6 mg的镇痛配方,地佐辛组采用与布托啡诺等效剂量用量,即地佐辛0.2 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2.8μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯3 mg/kg+格拉司琼6 mg的配方,普外科患者布托啡诺组采用布托啡诺0.04 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2.5μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯3 mg/kg+格拉司琼6 mg的镇痛配方,地佐辛组采用与布托啡诺等效剂量用量,即地佐辛0.2 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2.5μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯3 mg/kg+格拉司琼6 mg的配方。分别于术后0 h、6 h、24 h、48 h观察并统计患者的平均动脉压、心率、疼痛NRS评分、面部表情评分、镇静状态评分、恶心NRS评分、呕吐NRS评分、瘙痒NRS评分、呼吸抑制等指标。结果两个科室地佐辛组疼痛NRS评分和面部表情评分大于3分的患者均多于布托啡诺组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);疼痛NRS评分和面部表情评分为1~3分的患者,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),镇静评分为1~3分患者个数两个科室布托啡诺组均多于地佐辛组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);恶心、呕吐、瘙痒小于等于3分和大于3分患者数,差别均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹部手术患者使用等效剂量的布托啡诺镇痛和地佐辛术后镇痛,布托啡诺镇痛效果好于地佐辛,镇静强度布托啡诺强于地佐辛。     

丁丙诺啡用于妇科手术后静脉自控镇痛的临床观察

目的探讨丁丙诺啡在妇科手术后病人自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的效果和不良反应。方法80例妇科腹部手术患者随机分为丁丙诺啡组（A组）和芬太尼组（B组）,每组40例,在手术后接受PCIA。术后采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）、Ramsay镇静评分法评估镇静、镇痛效果,观察不良反应、记录患者对PCIA的满意度。结果丁丙诺啡组VAS评分、Ramsay评分均低于芬太尼组（P〈0.05）,两组患者的满意度和不良反应发生率均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论由于丁丙诺啡镇痛效果强、副作用相对较少,在妇科腹部手术后PCIA的效果优于芬太尼,值得推广。     

纳布啡联合芬太尼在妇科术后自控静脉镇痛中的效果观察

目的:探讨妇科术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中联合应用纳布啡及芬太尼的效果.方法:选取2020年2月至2022年2月我院收治的86例行腹腔镜手术的妇科患者作为研究对象.依据随机数表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组各43例.两组术后均采用PCIA镇痛泵,在0.2 mg芬太尼、10 mg地塞米松、8 mg昂丹司琼及100 mL生理盐水的基础上,对照组加用1000 mg曲马多,观察组加用60 mg纳布啡.分析比较两组术后疼痛程度[视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分]、镇静效果(Ramsay镇静评分)以及不良反应.结果:术后6 h、24 h、48 h,相较于对照组,观察组VAS评分均显著降低(P<0.05).术后24 h、48 h,两组Ramsay镇静评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).观察组不良反应发生率为9.30％,显著低于对照组的27.91％(P<0.05).结论:妇科术后PCIA中联合应用纳布啡及芬太尼镇痛、镇静效果较好,且不良反应较少.     

硬膜外自控镇痛对剖宫产产妇镇痛效果、应激反应及心理状态的影响

目的:探讨硬膜外自控镇痛(patient controlled epidural analgesia, PCEA)对剖宫产产妇镇痛效果、应激反应及心理状态的影响。方法:选取2019年3月至2020年3月在某院行剖宫产术的产妇90例,根据镇痛方法的不同将其分为对照组(45例)和观察组(45例)。对照组术后肌肉注射盐酸哌替啶,观察组术后行PCEA。采用疼痛视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale, VAS)评估镇痛效果;采用酶联免疫法检测血清皮质醇(Cortisol, COR)、皮质酮(Corticosterone, CORT)、血管紧张素-I(Angiotensin, Ang-I)、Ang-II水平;采用焦虑自评量表(self-report anxiety scale, SAS)与抑郁自评量表(self-report depression scale, SDS)评估产妇焦虑与抑郁程度。结果:术后6 h时,两组VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后12、24、48 h时,观察组VAS评分均显著低于对照组(t=-2.112,-2.258,-2.743;P0.05)。术前两组COR、CORT、Ang-I、Ang-II水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后48 h时,观察组上述应激激素水平均显著低于对照组(t=-9.662,-12.404,-10.417,-8.600;P0.01)。术前两组SAS与SDS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后48 h时,观察组SAS与SDS评分均显著低于对照组(t=-11.190,-5.723;P0.05)。结论:PCEA可显著提高剖宫产产妇术后镇痛效果,改善应激激素水平,减轻焦虑与抑郁情绪。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.