Type and Location of Placenta Previa Affect Preterm Delivery Risk Related to Antepartum Hemorrhage

Purpose: To evaluate whether type and location of placenta previa affect risk of antepartum hemorrhage-related preterm delivery. Methods: We retrospectively studied 162 women with singleton pregnancies presenting placenta previa. Through observation using transvaginal ultrasound the women were categorized into complete or incomplete placenta previa, and then assigned to anterior and posterior groups. Complete placenta previa was defined as a placenta that completely covered the internal cervical os, with the placental margin >2 cm from the os. Incomplete placenta previa comprised marginal placenta previa whose margin adjacent to the internal os and partial placenta previa which covered the os but the margin situated within 2 cm of the os. Maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes in complete and incomplete placenta previa were compared, and the differences between the anterior and the posterior groups were evaluated. Results: Antepartum hemorrhage was more prevalent in women with complete placenta previa than in those with incomplete placenta previa (59.1% versus 17.6%), resulting in the higher incidence of preterm delivery in women with complete than in those with incomplete placenta previa [45.1% versus 8.8%; odds ratio (OR) 8.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.59-20.18; p < 0.001]. In complete placenta previa, incidence of antepartum hemorrhage did not significantly differ between the anterior and the posterior groups. However, gestational age at bleeding onset was lower in the anterior group than in the posterior group, and the incidence of preterm delivery was higher in the anterior group than in the posterior group (76.2% versus 32.0%; OR 6.8; 95% CI 2.12-21.84; p = 0.002). In incomplete placenta previa, gestational age at delivery did not significantly differ between the anterior and posterior groups. Conclusion: Obstetricians should be aware of the increased risk of preterm delivery related to antepartum hemorrhage in women with complete placenta previa, particularly when the placenta is located on the anterior wall.     

Maternal outcomes according to placental position in placental previa

Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to elucidate whether the location of placenta below uterine incision in cesarean section is important in the development of maternal complications in placenta previa patients.Methods: The study was conducted on 409 patients 414 parturition at 3 hospitals in affiliation with the Catholic Medical Center, Seoul, Korea from May 1999 to December 2009. The subjects were divided to two groups: the group whose placenta was located in the anterior portion of the uterus (anterior group) and the group whose placenta was located in the posterior portion of the uterus (posterior group). And then they are compared to each other. Logistic regression was used to control for confounding factors.Results: In the anterior group, regardless of confounding factors, the incidence of excessive blood loss (OR 2.97; 95% CI: 1.64-5.37), massive transfusion (OR 3.31; 95% CI: 1.33-8.26), placental accreta (OR 2.60, 95% CI: 1.40-4.83), and hysterectomy (OR 3.47, 95% CI: 1.39-8.68) was higher.Conclusion: Sonographic determination of the placental position where its location beneath the uterine incision is very important to predict maternal outcomes in placenta previa patients, and such cases, close attention should be paid for massive hemorrhage.     

Increased risk of placenta previa in pregnancies following IVF/ICSI; a comparison of ART and non-ART pregnancies in the same mother

BACKGROUND: The risk of placenta previa may be increased in pregnancies conceived by assisted reproduction technology (ART). Whether the increased risk is due to factors related to the reproductive technology, or associated with maternal factors, is not known. METHODS: In a nationwide population-based study, we included 845,384 pregnancies reported to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway between 1988 and 2002 and compared the risk of placenta previa in 7568 pregnancies conceived after assisted fertilization, with the risk in naturally conceived pregnancies. To study the influence of ART more directly, we compared the risk of placenta previa between consecutive pregnancies among 1349 women who had conceived both naturally and after assisted fertilization. Odds ratios (OR), adjusted for maternal age, parity, previous Caesarean section and time interval between pregnancies were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS: There was a six-fold higher risk of placenta previa in singleton pregnancies conceived by assisted fertilization compared with naturally conceived pregnancies [adjusted OR 5.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4-7.0]. Among mothers who had conceived both naturally and after assisted fertilization, the risk of placenta previa was nearly three-fold higher in the pregnancy following assisted fertilization (adjusted OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4-6.1), compared with that in the naturally conceived pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ART is associated with an increased risk of placenta previa. Our findings suggest that the increased risk may be caused by factors related to the reproductive technology.     

植入性胎盘的产前诊断与预后的关系

目的探讨55例植入性胎盘患者的产前诊断及与其预后的关系。方法选择2005年1月～2010年1月在山东省聊城市第二人民医院分娩,经过术后病理证实的植入性胎盘患者55例,采用回顾性病例统计分析方法进行研究。结果患者的产后出血量,是否行围产期全宫切除术以及是否合并不同类型的前置胎盘均与患者既往流产次数无关（P〉0.05）。产前超声明确诊断的植入性胎盘患者为14.55%,产前超声能否明确植入性胎盘的诊断与患者是否合并前置胎盘、植入性胎盘为前壁附着有关（P〈0.05）,相关分析表明产前超声诊断与产后出血量及胎盘植入面积明显相关（P=0.000）。患者是否行围产期全宫切除术与患者的产前出血量明显相关（P=0.000）,与是否合并中央性前置胎盘有关（P〈0.01）。结论植入性胎盘仅55.38%能够通过超声获得明确的产前诊断,但当植入性胎盘合并产前出血的前置胎盘时超声诊断则相对容易,而且这部分患者尤其是合并产前出血的中央性前置胎盘患者的预后较差,应做围产期全子宫切除术的准备。如产前应用核磁共振检测胎盘植入面积大小对产后出血的预测有重要的指导意义。     

围产期急症子宫切除术治疗产后出血30例病例分析

目的探讨产后出血急症子宫切除术治疗的时机、指征及高危因素,以期降低产后出血急症子宫切除的发生率及患者死亡率。方法对本院2000年6月至2008年6月因产后出血行急症子宫切除术的30例病例进行回顾性分析。结果围产期急症子宫切除率为0．18％（30／16546）,其中剖宫产组急症子宫切除率为0．24％（24／9900）,阴道分娩组急症子宫切除率为0．09％（6／6616）,两者对比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。30例中有2例死亡（其中1例为羊水栓塞,另1例为多脏器功能障碍综合征）,急症子宫切除术治疗后抢救成功率为93．33％。30例产后出血行急症子宫切除术患者原发病因：胎盘因素16例,软产道裂伤4例,宫缩乏力4例,羊水栓塞3例,子宫破裂2例,凝血功能障碍伴多脏器功能受损1例。结论本文胎盘因素是产后出血围产期急症子宫切除术最主要的手术指征。加强前置胎盘、胎盘植入的产前诊断,重视孕产妇管理有望降低围产期急症子宫切除率及孕产妇死亡率。     

46例前置胎盘孕妇临床观察与护理

目的 加强对前置胎盘孕妇的产前产后全面临床观察与护理，早期发现和预防妊娠晚期出血。方法 回顾46例前置胎盘孕妇的临床资料。结果 46例前置胎盘孕妇经产前健康教育、生活指导、严密临床观察护理及输液、输血、抗感染等治疗。产后做好围产儿护理，预防产后出血，均治愈出院。结论 加强对妇女的卫生知识教育，宣传避孕常识。避免多次刮宫、剖宫产或宫腔感染，减少子宫内膜损伤或子宫内膜炎发生可预防前置胎盘的发生。产科工作人员要加强对前置胎盘的认识，做到旱诊断、早治疗。凡有前置胎盘可疑时，且不可轻易做阴道检查或肛门检查，以免造成大量出血。     

凶险性前置胎盘腹主动脉球囊阻断下剖宫产术子宫切除的 相关影响因素及母婴结局研究

目的 探讨凶险性前置胎盘腹主动脉球囊阻断下剖宫产术子宫切除相关影响因素,并分析对母儿结局的影响。方法 选择2015年2月~2017年7月在重庆医科大学附属第一医院因诊断为凶险性前置胎盘而行腹主动脉球囊阻断下剖宫产术的产妇146例,观察组为切除子宫的产妇共22例,对照组为未切除子宫的产妇共124例。对临床资料进行分析,采用非条件Logistic回归分析子宫切除的相关影响因素。结果 术后行子宫动脉栓塞是子宫切除的保护因素（B值-1.968,OR 0.355,95%CI 0.239~0.528）,而人工流产次数（B值0.929,OR 1.307,95%CI 1.054~1.655）和胎盘植入情况（B值1.622,OR 1.204,95%CI 1.103~1.305）是其危险因素,均与子宫切除密切相关（P＜0.05）。观察组术中出血量、输血量大于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组手术时间、住院日长于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组术后转入ICU率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组患者1 min Apgar评分低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 人工流产次数、胎盘植入情况是评估能否保留子宫的重要因素。需要切除子宫者术中出血量大,术后需转入ICU治疗几率高,对新生儿结局无广泛影响。     

Risk factors of neonatal anemia in placenta previa

Objectives: Placenta previa is a major cause of neonatal anemia. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the risk factors of neonatal anemia in placenta previa.Methods: The study was conducted on 158 placenta previa patients at 3 hospitals in affiliation with the Catholic Medical Center, Seoul, Korea from May 1999 through December 2009. The subjects were divided in to 2 groups: 47 placenta previa patients with neonatal anemia, and 113 placenta previa patients without neonatal anemia. The subjects'' characteristics were compared. Logistic regression was used to control for confounding factors.Results: Anterior placental location (OR 2.48; 95% CI: 1.20-5.11) was an independent risk factor of neonatal anemia after controlling for potential confounders.Conclusion: To manage neonatal anemia in placenta previa patients, obstetricians should do their best to detect placental location. Pediatricians should consider the high possibility of neonatal anemia in cases involving anterior placental location.     

Population-based estimates of breast cancer risks associated with ATM gene variants c.7271T>G and c.1066-6T>G (IVS10-6T>G) from the Breast Cancer Family Registry

The ATM gene variants segregating in ataxia-telangiectasia families are associated with increased breast cancer risk, but the contribution of specific variants has been difficult to estimate. Previous small studies suggested two functional variants, c.7271T>G and c.1066-6T>G (IVS10-6T>G), are associated with increased risk. Using population-based blood samples we found that 7 out of 3,743 breast cancer cases (0.2%) and 0 out of 1,268 controls were heterozygous for the c.7271T>G allele (P=0.1). In cases, this allele was more prevalent in women with an affected mother (odds ratio [OR]=5.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2-25.5; P=0.04) and delayed child-bearing (OR=5.1; 95% CI=1.0-25.6; P=0.05). The estimated cumulative breast cancer risk to age 70 years (penetrance) was 52% (95% CI=28-80%; hazard ratio [HR]=8.6; 95% CI=3.9-18.9; P<0.0001). In contrast, 13 of 3,757 breast cancer cases (0.3%) and 10 of 1,268 controls (0.8%) were heterozygous for the c.1066-6T>G allele (OR=0.4; 95% CI=0.2-1.0; P=0.05), and the penetrance was not increased (P=0.5). These findings suggest that although the more common c.1066-6T>G variant is not associated with breast cancer, the rare ATM c.7271T>G variant is associated with a substantially elevated risk. Since c.7271T>G is only one of many rare ATM variants predicted to have deleterious consequences on protein function, an effective means of identifying and grouping these variants is essential to assess the contribution of ATM variants to individual risk and to the incidence of breast cancer in the population.     

The role of alcoholics' insight in abstinence from alcohol in male Korean alcohol dependents

This study was performed to examine the relationship between the abstinence results of alcohol dependents after discharge and the level of insight at the time of discharge. 117 male Korean alcohol dependents discharged from a community-based alcohol treatment center were followed up to determine the initial months of abstinence on a successive basis (IMA), total months of abstinence during 12-month period (TMA), and complete abstinence for one full year after discharge. Analyses of abstinence results with adjustment for the differences in baseline characteristics were performed for subjects' insight levels (poor, fair and good). The mean IMA of patients with good insight was significantly (p<0.01) longer than that of patients with poor insight and TMA of patients with good insight was significantly (p<0.001) longer than that of others. Using patients with good insight as the reference, patients with poor insight showed an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.01-0.75, p<0.05) for complete abstinence for one full year after discharge and patients with fair insight, adjusted OR of 0.17 (95% CI=0.03-0.81, p<0.05). These results suggest that alcohol dependents' insight could be regarded as a factor related with abstinence.     

Risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery of twins.

We examined vaginal deliveries of twins to identify factors most strongly associated with the increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage (estimated blood loss > or = 1,000 mL). We reviewed the obstetric records of all 171 twin vaginal deliveries at Japanese Red Cross Katsushika Maternity Hospital from January 2002 through August 2006. Of these deliveries, 41 (24%) were complicated by postopartum hemorrhage. Postpartum hemorrhage was significantly more likely in cases with gestational age > or = 39 weeks (odds ratio [OR], 3.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-7.28), a combined birth weight of more than 5,500 g (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.00-6.45), induction of labor (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.38-5.98), oxytocin administration during labor (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.27-6.48), or a duration of labor > or = 24 hours (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.15-5.62). Postpartum hemorrhage is a frequent complication in twin pregnancies. Therefore, special attention should be given after birth to patients with induction of labor or intervened delivery especially at > or = 39 weeks gestation.     

Polymorphism in the nuclear excision repair gene ERCC2/XPD: association between an exon 6-exon 10 haplotype and susceptibility to cutaneous basal cell carcinoma

Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) risk is mediated by interactions between ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and host factors, including DNA repair efficiency. We investigated the association between BCC risk and SNPs in exon 6 (c.466C > A, dbSNP238406:g.C > A; designated C/A156), exon 10 (c.932G > A, dbSNP1799793:g.G > A; designated G/A312), and exon 23 (c.2251A > C, dbSNP13181:g.A > C; designated A/C751) of the nucleotide excision repair gene, XPD (ERCC2; excision repair cross-complementing repair deficiency, complementation 2 [xeroderma pigmentosum D]). XPD genotype frequencies were not significantly different in 509 cases and 379 controls, although AA156 (odds ratio [OR]=0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.37-1.01, P=0.052) and AA312 (OR=0.65, 95% CI=0.40-1.05, P=0.08) were linked with reduced risk. A156-A312 and A156-A312-A751 haplotype frequencies however, were significantly lower in cases than controls (OR=0.12, 95% CI=0.05-0.31, P < 0.001; OR=0.10, 95% CI=0.03-0.33, P < 0.001). We confirmed the robustness of these findings by showing significant associations of the haplotypes with risk in two randomly selected equal sized groups of cases and controls and, using the false positive report probability (FPRP) approach (FPRP values < 0.001 and < 0.004, respectively). A156-A312 was similarly associated with reduced risk in subgroups, including cases with no family history of skin cancer, with only BCC on the head/neck, and those with a high rate of increase in BCC numbers. The association was not dependent on gender, age, or extent of UVR exposure. A156-A312 was found in 6.3% of controls and the corresponding risk haplotype, C156-G312 (OR=1.65, 95% CI=1.21-2.26, P=0.002) in 35.4% of controls. We interpret these data as showing that XPD SNP mediate susceptibility to BCC.     

Risk Factors for Multidrug Resistance in Nosocomial Bacteremia Caused by Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Increasing multidrug resistance (MDR) among extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-EK) is of a great concern, because the therapeutic options are severely limited. Thus, we performed a case-control study to evaluate risk factors for MDR among nosocomial bacteremia caused by ESBL-EK. All adult patients with ESBL-EK bacteremia from January 2009 through December 2010 were identified at our institution. MDR was defined as ESBL-EK that demonstrated in vitro resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), fluoroquinolone (FQ), and gentamicin. Case patients were those with an MDR ESBL-EK isolate, and control patients were those with a non-MDR ESBL-EK isolate. Among a total of 123 ESBL-EK isolates (74 [60.2%] E. coli and 49 [39.8%] K. pneumoniae) causing nosocomial bacteremia, 33 (26.8%) cases were due to MDR ESBL-EK. In a univariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with acquisition of MDR ESBL-EK were neutropenia, immunosuppressant use, urinary tract infection, and prior use of antibiotics, especially FQ (all p<0.05). A multivariable analysis showed that a prior receipt of FQ (odds ratio [OR]=2.93; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.07-8.01; p=0.036), percutaneous tube insertion (OR=4.04; 95% CI=1.56-10.75; p=0.005), and neutropenia (OR=4.22; 95% CI=1.56-11.45; p=0.005) were independent risk factors for MDR among ESBL-EK bacteremia in hospitalized patients. The CTX-M-15 enzyme was predominant in both the MDR ESBL-EK and non-MDR ESBL-EK groups (55% [11/20] vs. 55.6% [15/27]). Our data suggest that strategies designed to reduce MDR in ESBL-EK bacteremia should focus on limiting the use of FQ and minimizing invasive procedures such as tube insertion.     

北京地区老年髋部脆性骨折患者术后抗骨质疏松症药物治疗现状及影响因素分析

目的 评估北京地区老年髋部脆性骨折患者术后抗骨质疏松症药物（AOM）治疗现状并探讨其影响因素。方法 横断面研究。纳入2018年11月—2019年11月北京积水潭医院、北京医院、北京安贞医院、北京市昌平区医院、北京市顺义区医院、北京市房山区良乡医院收治的髋部脆性骨折患者1 963例,总结其人口学特征,并收集患者入院后30、120、365 d的临床资料,AOM治疗及健康基本补充剂使用情况。通过单因素和多因素logistic回归分析AOM治疗的影响因素。结果 1 963例老年髋部脆性骨折患者,住院时年龄65~102（79.3±7.2）岁,≥80岁患者占56.7%（1 113/1 963）;男性患者占30.8%（604/1 963）,女性患者占69.2%（1 359/1 963）;股骨颈骨折846例,股骨粗隆间骨折1 077例,股骨粗隆下骨折40例。综合3个时间点,在髋部骨折后1年内,33.0%（648/1 963）的患者接受过AOM治疗,71.0%（1 394/1 963）的患者使用过健康基本补充剂。入院后30、120、365 d患者AOM治疗率分别为23.0%（451/1 963）、17.9%（353/1 963）、21.0%（412/1 963）,健康基本补充剂使用率分别为59.0%（1 158/1 963）、45.0%（883/1 963）、38.0%（746/1 963）。单因素分析结果显示,年龄≥80岁[粗比值比（OR）=0.645,95%可信区间（CI） 0.495~0.840]、男性（粗OR=0.760,95% CI 0.581~0.996）、共管模式（粗OR=3.025,95% CI 0.973~9.405）、居住地农村（粗OR=0.523,95% CI 0.388~0.704）、AOM服用史（粗OR=7.612,95% CI 2.227~26.020）、既往骨质疏松症史（粗OR=5.065,95% CI 3.149~8.147）、骨质疏松评估（粗OR=1.379,95% CI 1.105~2.451）是AOM治疗的影响因素。多因素分析结果显示,年龄≥80岁（调整后OR=0.618,95% CI 0.488~0.781）、男性（调整后OR=0.716,95% CI 0.565~0.908）、居住地农村（调整后OR=0.492,95% CI 0.375~0.645）是AOM治疗的危险因素;共管模式（调整后OR=2.632,95% CI 1.004~6.897）、AOM服用史（调整后OR=4.870,95% CI 2.080~11.402）、既往骨质疏松症史（调整后OR=4.804,95% CI 3.253~7.096）、骨质疏松评估（调整后OR=1.393,95% CI 1.041~1.862）是AOM治疗的保护因素。结论 北京地区老年髋部脆性骨折患者的AOM治疗率偏低。年龄≥80岁、男性、在农村居住的髋部脆性骨折患者治疗率较低,可采取共管模式,术前进行骨质疏松诊断与评估,提高骨质疏松治疗率。     

导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成近期疗效的影响因素分析

目的:探讨导管溶栓（CDT）治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）近期疗效的影响因素。方法:回顾性病例对照研究。选取蚌埠医学院第一附属医院2017年11月—2021年3月129例接受CDT治疗的下肢DVT患者的临床资料,其中男56例、女73例,年龄（43.3±6.1）岁。根据CDT治疗的近期效果分为2组：再通组（血栓溶解率≥...     

Impact of Perioperative Massive Transfusion on Long Term Outcomes of Liver Transplantation: a Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) is associated with a significant risk of intraoperative hemorrhage and massive blood transfusion. However, there are few relevant reports addressing the long-term impacts of massive transfusion (MT) on liver transplantation recipients.Aim: To assess the effects of MT on the short and long-term outcomes of adult liver transplantation recipients.Methods: We included adult patients who underwent liver transplantation at West China Hospital from January 2011 to February 2015. MT was defined as red blood cell (RBC) transfusion of ≥10 units within 48 hours since the application of LT. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative information were collected for data analyzing. We used one-to-one propensity-matching to create pairs. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare long-term outcomes of LT recipients between the MT and non-MT groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the risk factors associated with MT in LT.Results: Finally, a total of 227 patients were included in our study. After propensity score matching, 59 patients were categorized into the MT and 59 patients in non-MT groups. Compared with the non-MT group, the MT group had a higher 30-day mortality (15.3% vs 0, p=0.006), and a higher incidence of postoperative complications, including postoperative pulmonary infection, abdominal hemorrhage, pleural effusion and severe acute kidney injury. Furthermore, MT group had prolonged postoperative ventilation support (42 vs 25 h, p=0.007) and prolonged durations of ICU (12.9 vs 9.5 d, p<0.001) stay. Multivariate COX regression indicated that massive transfusion (OR: 2.393, 95% CI: 1.164-4.923, p=0.018) and acute rejection (OR: 7.295, 95% CI: 2.108-25.246, p=0.02) were significant risk factors affecting long-term survivals of LT patients. The 1-year and 3-year survival rates patients in MT group were 82.5% and 67.3%, respectively, while those of non-MT group were 93.9% and 90.5%, respectively. The MT group exhibited a lower long-term survival rate than the non-MT group (HR: 2.393, 95% CI: 1.164-4.923, p<0.001). Finally, the multivariate logistic regression revealed that preoperative hemoglobin <118 g/L (OR: 5.062, 95% CI: 2.292-11.181, p<0.001) and intraoperative blood loss ≥1100 ml (OR: 3.212, 95% CI: 1.586-6.506, p = 0.001) were the independent risk factor of MT in patients undergoing LT.Conclusion: Patients receiving MT in perioperative periods of LT had worse short-term and long-term outcomes than the non-MT patients. Massive transfusion and acute rejection were significant risk factors affecting long-term survivals of LT patients, and intraoperative blood loss of over 1100 ml was the independent risk factor of MT in patients undergoing LT. The results may offer valuable information on perioperative management in LT recipients who experience high risk of MT.     

结直肠腺瘤性息肉发病的危险因素分析

目的 探讨结直肠腺瘤性息肉发病的危险因素。方法 回顾性病例对照研究。纳入2018年1月—2019年12月皖西卫生职业学院附属医院消化内科内镜中心行肠镜检查及摘除结直肠息肉的患者780例,其中男492例(63.1%)、女288例(36.9%),年龄9～93(56.86±12.65)岁。根据息肉的病理诊断结果分为腺瘤组540例和非腺瘤组240例。比较两组患者的临床特征(年龄、性别、腹部临床表现)、内镜特征以及病理表现(结直肠息肉的数目、大小、位置、息肉蒂情况、分叶情况及息肉上皮内瘤变情况),将有统计学差异的指标进一步纳入多因素logistic回归分析。结果 腺瘤组患者的平均发病年龄、便血和腹痛的发生率均高于非腺瘤组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05);腺瘤组中存在息肉直径≥1 cm、息肉数目≥3枚、息肉带蒂、息肉分叶、高低级别上皮内瘤变及上皮癌变等的患者占比均高于非腺瘤组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。进一步多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥70岁[比值比(OR)=1.772, 95%置信区间(CI)=1.333~2.770, P＜0.05]、便血(OR=1.290, 95% CI 1.015~1.637, P＜0.05)、腹痛(OR=1.732, 95% CI 1.207~2.483, P＜0.05)、息肉数目≥3枚(OR=0.390, 95% CI 0.202~0.753, P＜0.05)、息肉直径≥1cm(OR=0.604, 95 CI 0.383~0.952, P＜0.05)、息肉有蒂(带蒂和亚蒂)(OR=2.779, 95% CI 1.511~5.112, P＜0.05)和息肉存在高、低级别上皮内瘤变或癌变(OR=0.599, 95% CI 0.373~0.960, P＜0.05)是结直肠腺瘤性息肉发病的危险因素。结论 腺瘤性息肉易发生上皮内瘤变及癌变,高龄 (≥70岁)、便血、腹痛,结直肠息肉数目≥3枚、直径≥1cm以及息肉有蒂的患者患结直肠腺瘤可能性较大。     

Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis C in Italy

Data from a surveillance system for type-specific acute viral hepatitis in Italy has been used to evaluate the risk of heterosexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) associated with sexual activity with multiple partners in subjects ⩾15 years of age. Hepatitis A cases were used as controls. During the period 1991–1996, 1,359 acute hepatitis C and 4,365 hepatitis A cases were recorded among subjects ⩾15 years of age. Intravenous drug use was the most frequent source of infection (35.9%) reported by HCV cases; two or more sexual partners during the 6 months before disease onset accounted for 34.9% of hepatitis C cases. Adjusting by multiple logistic regression analysis for the confounding effect of all risk factors considered (blood transfusion, intravenous drug use, surgical intervention, dental therapy, other parenteral exposure), and for age, sex, area of residence, and educational level of subjects, showed that having two or more sexual partners is an independent predictor of the likelihood of hepatitis C (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.7–2.7). After excluding intravenous drug users and patients transfused with blood from analysis, the increase in the adjusted OR for the association between HCV and the number of sexual partners correlated with the increase in the number of sexual partners. The risk of hepatitis C was 2.0 times higher (95% CI = 1.4–2.9) for subjects with two sexual partners and 2.8 times higher (95% CI = 2.1–3.8) for subjects with three or more sexual partners, as compared to subjects with less than two sexual partners. These findings suggest that heterosexual transmission may play an important role in the spread of hepatitis C in Italy. J. Med. Virol. 57:111–113, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

改良Cho缝合术在前置胎盘剖宫产术中的临床观察

目的观察改良Cho缝合术在前置胎盘孕妇剖宫产术中的临床应用效果。方法观察组62例前置胎盘孕妇在剖宫产术中采用改良Cho缝合术,对照组随机抽取2010后以前采用局部“8”字缝合开放血窦及宫腔纱条填塞压迫法的前置胎盘孕妇62例。结果62例观察组中,平均手术时间85±22．35min,术中出血量815．37±279．34ml,34例输血,占54．84％,输血量800±400ml,无一例切除子宫。而62例对照组中平均手术时间115±25．51min,术中出血量1456±317．19ml,53例输血,占85．48％,输血量1200±600ml,3例中央性前置胎盘产妇行子宫切除术。两组有统计学意义,P〈O．01。结论对于前置胎盘的孕妇在剖宫产术中发生子宫下段胎盘附着处出血,采用改良Cho缝合术,大大减少了产妇的出血量,减少了输血的机率及输血量,缩短了手术时间,此方法安全简便,经济有效。     

A case-control study on risk factors of breast cancer in China

Introduction

To screen the risk factors associated with breast cancer among Chinese women in order to evaluate the individual risk of developing breast cancer among women in China.

Material and methods

A case-control study on 416 breast cancer patients and 1156 matched controls was conducted in 14 hospitals in 8 provinces of China in 2008. Controls were age- and region-matched to the cases. Clinicians conducted in-person interviews with the subjects to collect information on demographics and suspected risk factors for breast cancer that are known worldwide. Conditional logistic regression was used to derive odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between risk factors and breast cancer.

Results

Compared with matched controls, women with breast cancer were significantly more likely to have higher body mass index (BMI, OR = 4.07, 95% CI: 2.98-5.55), history of benign breast disease (BBD) biopsy (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.19-2.38), older age of menarche (AOM) (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.07-1.87), stress anticipation (SA), for grade 1-4, OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.26-3.66; for grade 5-9, OR = 3.48, 95% CI: 2.03-5.95) and menopause (OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.50-3.282) at the level of p < 0.05. Family history of breast cancer (FHBC) in first-degree relatives (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 0.77-3.59) and use of oral contraceptives (OC) (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 0.83-3.05) were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer at the level of p < 0.20.

Conclusions

Our results showed that BMI, history of BBD biopsy, older AOM, SA and menopause were associated with increased risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. The findings derived from the study provided some suggestions for population-based prevention and control of breast cancer in China.