标准位X线片上胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点及进钉深度研究

目的:探讨标准正侧位X线片上T9～L5椎弓根螺钉进钉点及进钉深度的规律。方法:10具T9～L5脊柱标本,解剖出单个椎体。测量分析下列数据:导针沿椎弓根轴线到达椎体前缘皮质下时,标准侧位X线片导针在椎体内深度及标准正位X线片导针与棘突的关系;导针退至椎弓根后端皮质时,时钟法记录标准正位X线片进针点与椎弓根投影的关系。结果:T9～L5导针最大深度为(71.53±5.72)%～(93.28±3.72)%,L1～5无显著性差异(P>0.05),T9、L4～5无显著性差异(P>0.05),T10～11无显著性差异(P>0.05),其它节段椎体间具有显著性差异(P<0.001);正位片上导针不超过棘突影边缘;进钉点左侧位于椎弓根投影9点到10点间,右侧位于2点到3点间,腰椎恰好位于投影之上,而胸椎位于投影内侧约1～2mm。结论:标准侧位片结合标准正位片较好判断导针深度,时钟法可为临床上确定正确的进针点提供一种参考。     

无框架脊柱导航手术机器人腰椎弓根标准轴位引导置针

背景:腰椎弓根螺钉内固定具有很好的生物力学效果,是目前脊柱外科常用的技术。各种各样的经椎弓根引导置入方法,包括计算机辅助导航等,均存在一定的失误率,误置会导致严重后果。目的:采用自主研发的无框架脊柱导航手术机器人,在椎弓根标准轴位透视引导下置入导针,以期为临床探索一种精准度更高、操作更为简便的经椎弓根穿刺或置入方法。方法:取6具干燥腰椎体标本(L1~L5),置针前用CT扫描并三维重建后,测量椎弓根中心轴线与椎体自身矢状面的夹角α,以及它与椎体上终板前后缘连线所在平面的夹角β。术中C臂机透视确定腰椎骨标准正位像后,依据α与β角度将其向目标侧椎弓根旋转,进行椎弓根标准轴位投照,遥操作机器人,令导针沿椎弓根近圆环状投影的中心置入。置针后摄椎体侧位像、轴位像观察导针的位置,并行CT扫描测量针道α及β角。结果与结论:60个椎弓根均成功置入导针,置针后椎体X射线侧位像、轴位像及CT扫描横断面图像显示导针位于椎弓根中心,均未见导针接触或穿破椎弓根骨皮质。提示椎弓根标准轴位投照引导下无框架脊柱导航手术机器人置针,是一种精准度高、可靠安全的新方法,操作简便,并能减少或避免射线暴露。     

影像定位结合椎弓根漏斗技术置入椎弓根螺钉的效果分析

目的:探讨影像定位结合椎弓根漏斗技术置入椎弓根螺钉(Pedicle screw,PS)的方法.方法:2005年6月～2006年12月以棘突为定位标志,寻找X片上椎弓根投影坐标,术中切除该投影区椎板外侧皮质,并挖除部分松质骨,直视下置入椎弓根螺钉506枚(121例),术后行CT扫描并记录椎弓根螺钉螺纹对椎弓根皮质的侵犯分度、椎弓根轴线与椎弓根螺钉轴线的水平位夹角(transverse section angle,TSa)、X线侧位片上椎弓根螺钉轴线与椎体上终板平行线的矢状位成角(sagital section angle,SSa)及椎弓根螺钉与椎体前缘的距离,以衡量椎弓根螺钉置入的效果.结果:506枚椎弓根螺钉均一次性成功置入,499枚对椎弓根形成Ⅰ度侵犯,7枚为0度侵犯,无螺钉破入椎管内,测量椎弓根螺钉TSa角度平均为(-0.41±1.07)°,SSa角度平均为(-0.39±0.67)°,PS与椎体前缘距离平均为(0.31±0.59)mm.结论:影像定位结合椎弓根漏斗技术是一种能够准确置入适当长度及直径的椎弓根螺钉,从而提供牢固的椎弓根螺钉稳定性,为临床提供了又一种准确置入椎弓根螺钉的方法.     

与经皮椎体成形术相关的L5椎弓根影像解剖学研究

目的:探讨L5椎弓根轴线角度和在椎体内空间投影位置对经皮椎弓根入路椎体成形术的指导意义。方法:选30个成人正常L5干燥骨标本,多排螺旋CT连续横断扫描,选择椎弓根最宽层面,资源图像输入GEADW4.1工作站作多平面重组方式重建,测量①椎弓根轴线与椎体矢状面夹角(E角);②椎弓根轴线与椎体上缘平行线夹角(F角);③椎弓根轴线矫正角(G角);④椎弓根轴线远端在椎体内投影位置。结果:E角左右分别为34.7°±2.5°、34.9°±3.0°;F角左右分别为3.4°±0.7°、3.0°±0.8°;G角分别为24.4°±2.2°和24.0°±2.5°,左右两侧差别无显著性意义(P>0.05);椎弓根轴线远端在椎体内的投影均位于椎体前上部分;椎基底静脉管均位于椎体后中央区。结论:CT重建研究得出了椎弓根E角、F角和G角参考数值,以及椎弓根轴线远端和椎基底静脉管在椎体内的位置,对经椎弓根入路的PVP手术具有指导意义。     

椎体成形与椎体后凸成形:经皮椎弓根定位的穿刺位置及角度

背景:椎体成形与椎体后凸成形经皮穿刺成败的关键是穿刺针能否准确地经椎弓根到达椎体,因此在X射线透视下经皮确定穿刺针正确的进针点及方向极为重要。目前文献报道的许多穿刺方法中穿刺点及穿刺角度不固定,对穿刺针是否穿破椎弓根内侧壁这一并发症报道较少。目的:从解剖学和影像学角度寻找安全、有效的经皮椎弓根定位穿刺点及穿刺角度。方法:寻找行经皮椎体成形时X射线透视下的最佳进针点:在胸、腰椎骨格标本(T6-L5)上进行解剖研究寻找椎弓根中轴线通往椎体后方的解剖位置,该位置就是行经皮椎体成形穿刺针的最佳进针点,用微型螺钉固定予以X射线透视,分析最佳进针点在X射线透视下与椎弓根显影的位置关系,从而寻找X射线透视下的最佳进针点。寻找行经皮椎体成形时的最佳进针角度:对成人胸、腰椎骨格标本(T6-L5)用尸体解剖和CT扫描两种方法测得椎弓根中轴线和椎体矢状线夹角的平均值。寻找经皮椎体成形时的最佳进针角度。结果与结论:行经皮椎体成形时X射线透视下的最佳进针点为左侧椎弓根投影9点区域及右侧椎弓根投影3点区域。行经皮椎体成形时的最佳进针角度:腰椎L1-L4为5°-10°;L5一般为20°,最多不超过25°;胸椎T6-T12为5°左右。     

空间“十”字配准脊柱手术机器人导航方法

背景：现有用于椎弓根置入的脊柱手术机器人都要依赖计算机辅助导航系统进行定位和姿态控制,这样计算机辅助导航系统的不足在它们身上都会有体现。包含计算机辅助导航系统的手术机器人,不仅构成复杂,椎弓根置入的精度也难以进一步提高。 目的：探索空间“十”字配准导航方法,控制自主研制的脊柱手术机器人进行更为精准、高效和安全的椎弓根置入。 方法：将依据CT测量值设置的机器手的2枚导针置于两椎弓根中心轴线置入点上并通过X射线正侧位透视确定。令X射线设备的中心投照线先后与2枚导针的中心轴线重合,再从椎弓根轴位进行投照,使体外与体内“十”字配准,定位椎弓根峡部中心点(以下简称中心点)。依据“两点定一线”的原理,使导针通过两椎弓中心轴线置入点和椎弓根峡部中心点,脊柱导航手术机器人即可沿椎弓根中心轴线准确置入。依据规划置入点和置入线相应偏离两椎弓中心轴线置入点的距离和椎弓根中心轴线的角度,完成上述两点的确定或定位后,重新设置两导针中心轴线针尖水平之间的距离及夹角,同样“十”字配准后即可按规划路径准确置入。 结果与结论：“十字配准、两点一线”的导航原理可引导脊柱手术机器人沿椎弓根中心轴线或规划路径准确置入,从而为脊柱手术机器人确定了新的、更为准确高效的导航方法。     

颈椎侧块的应用解剖及其在后路钢板螺钉内固定术中的意义

目的 :为经颈椎后路侧块和椎弓根螺钉在颈椎的应用提供解剖学基础。方法 :对 10套成年C3～ 7段 5 0节防腐颈椎标本的颈椎侧块和椎弓根的高度、宽度、长度、椎弓根轴线的角度及进钉点定位等作了三维形态学观测。结果 :颈椎侧块的斜径线为 (10 .5 7± 1.41)mm、其倾斜角为 5 .14°± 0 .82° ,后表面中心点距椎动脉距离为 (13 .99± 1.63 )mm ;颈椎椎弓根的高为 (6.77± 0 .61)mm、宽为 (5 .18± 0 .5 9)mm、侧块后表面经椎弓根至椎体前缘间距为 (3 1.70± 1.44 )mm、椎体矢状面与经椎弓根轴线的夹角为 42 .90°±3 .2 1°。颈椎经侧块和经椎弓根螺钉内固定术在进钉的深度、方向、以及螺钉的选择上均有明显的区别。结论 :根据不同节段颈椎后侧路侧块和椎弓根的解剖特点 ,合理设计经颈椎侧块和椎弓根螺钉的直径和长度 ,准确选择相应的进钉点和进钉方向 ,可以保证颈椎后路侧块和椎弓根螺钉内固定在下颈椎的安全应用。     

徒手胸椎椎弓根螺钉技术在特发性脊柱侧凸中的临床应用

[摘要]目的 探讨徒手胸椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的方法、安全性及疗效。方法 对18例特发性脊柱侧凸患者采用全脊柱椎弓根螺钉技术行脊柱侧凸矫形术，通过徒手置钉技术、器械矫形原理对侧凸进行矫形。结果 共置入衍射172枚胸椎椎弓根螺钉，经术后CT检查，除13枚胸椎螺钉通过横突肋骨复合体进入椎体，8枚螺钉穿破椎弓根内侧壁进入椎体外，其余151枚胸椎椎弓根螺钉完全通过椎弓根进入椎体，术前平均冠状位胸主弯Cobb角为（72.80±7.98）°，术后平均Cobb角为（20.85 ±7.25）°，畸形矫正率为71.4%，均未发生神经、血管并发症。结论 徒手胸椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗特发性脊柱侧凸是一种安全、可靠的置钉方法，值得推广。     

下位腰椎椎弓根内固定术的断层解剖与CT

目的为临床腰椎弓根内固定术的开展提供断层解剖学基础与CT资料.方法在5 0例(标本24,CT 26)经L4、L5椎弓根层面上,观察确定进针点,并测量椎弓根厚度、进针角度和从进针点经椎弓根中心至椎体前缘的距离等数据.结果L4 、L5椎弓根厚度、进针角度、从进针点经椎弓根中心至椎体前缘的距离,平均分别为11.55、15.25mm;16.01°、18. 55°;53.69、50.85 mm.固定针直径、进针角度和进针深度,分别为6.50～7.50、7.50 ～8.50 mm;14.00°～20.00°、17.00～23.00°和32.50～39.00、29.25～35.75 mm.结论在L4、L5椎弓根层面上,以上关节突基部外侧缘为进针点较佳 .     

经椎板关节突螺钉固定的X线解剖学研究

目的 总结X线透视下经椎板关节突螺钉(TLFS)成功置入时的正位、侧位、斜位影像学标准,为临床置钉提供影像学参考。方法 6具成人防腐保存椎体标本(L₂~S₁),男5具、女1具,年龄31~61岁,均经X线摄片排除畸形、骨折、肿瘤及其他腰椎病变。直视下L_3/4、L_4/5、L₅/S₁随机单侧置入4 mm螺钉,TLFS进钉点选择在一侧椎板与棘突交界中下1/3处向后0.5 cm,外倾角和下倾角为CT片和X线片测量所得,以X线透视安全置入TLFS全过程,并分析其标准腰椎前后位、侧位和斜位X线影像特征。结果 TLFS进针完成满意后,正位片显示钉尖位于下位椎弓根投影外上缘与横突上缘之间,侧位示钉尖位椎弓根后上缘,斜位片示钉尖过下位小关节间隙中点,至上关节突投影前缘。结论 术中X线透视可能为TLFS置入的准确性和安全性提供重要帮助和参考。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.