miRNA在宫颈癌中的研究进展

微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一类长度为19—25个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA。miRNA能够识别特定的目标mRNA,并在转录后通过促进mRNA的降解和（或）抑制翻译过程而发挥负调控基因表达作用。miRNA在生物进化过程中具有高度保守性、时序性和组织特异性,在细胞凋亡、脂肪代谢、神经元发育、细胞分化、激素分泌及肿瘤发生发展等多种生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用。本文就近年来miRNA在宫颈癌方面的研究做一综述。     

微小RNA与宫颈癌

微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一类内源性非编码调节性小RNA,通过与3′非转录区（3′UTR）互补配对来调节其靶基因的蛋白翻译或者mRNA降解过程,从而在转录后水平调节靶基因的表达。成熟的miRNA通过调节靶基因的表达行使其生物学功能,参与细胞增长、细胞凋亡等多种细胞癌变过程。研究表明,miRNA在宫颈癌中的差异性表达有可能使其成为诊断、临床病理学特征和评价预后的新指标。miRNA也可以用于指导治疗以及成为治疗用药的靶点,为临床应用提供广泛前景。     

微小RNA与宫颈癌

微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一类内源性非编码调节性小RNA,通过与3’非转录区（3’UTR）互补配对来调节其靶基因的蛋白翻译或者mRNA降解过程,从而在转录后水平调节靶基因的表达。成熟的miRNA通过调节靶基因的表达行使其生物学功能,参与细胞增长、细胞凋亡等多种细胞癌变过程。研究表明,miRNA在宫颈癌中的差异性表达有可能使其成为诊断、临床病理学特征和评价预后的新指标。miRNA也可以用于指导治疗以及成为治疗用药的靶点,为临床应用提供广泛前景。     

非编码RNA与哺乳动物生殖细胞生长发育

基因转录后调控是表观遗传学的主要内容,是指通过DNA层面的修饰使原来拥有相同基因型的不同组织或细胞呈现出不同的表型和功能。非编码RNA作为此表观遗传调控的主要执行者之一,能够在转录水平调控蛋白质丰度,在生殖系统中更是发挥了基础调节者的作用。广义的非编码RNA包含了rRNA、tRNA、微小RNA（miRNA）、小干扰RNA（siRNA）、Piwi蛋白相互作用的RNA（piRNA）和长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）等。由于rRNA、tRNA已被人们较为熟知,文章主要选取miRNA、siRNA、piRNA等非编码RNA,针对其近期的研究进展,阐述该类非编码RNA在哺乳动物生殖细胞中的表达以及对生殖细胞发生、成熟的影响及作用机制。与此同时,还对另一类非编码RNA——lncRNA做基本的介绍。     

miRNA在肺癌中的临床应用研究

微小RNA（miRNA）为长约19～25个核苷酸的内源性非编码单链RNA,与靶序列RNA的3’端非编码区相结合后,能抑制蛋白质翻译,调节靶基因表达。研究表明在肺癌及相关组织中检测到多种miRNA表达异常,这些异常可为临床工作者在早期诊断、术前评估、预后及治疗方面带来福音。该文对miRNA在肺癌中的早期诊断、侵袭及转移、预后、治疗等临床应用在国内外研究现状进行综述。     

microRNA在女性生殖系统常见疾病中的研究进展

微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一种内源性非编码小RNA,以完全或非完全互补的方式与其靶mRNA相结合,调节mRNA表达,从而影响其生物学特征,参与许多肿瘤发生过程。综述血miRNA在女性生殖系统疾病中的研究进展,包括miRNA在女性生殖系统疾病中的表达检测,miRNA与女性生殖系统疾病的发生、分化的相关性及其机制,以及miRNA在女性生殖系统疾病预后判定、治疗等方面的探索。     

微小RNA和生殖

微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一种长度约19～25个核苷酸的非编码RNA,通过碱基互补配对与mRNA的3’非翻译区结合降解靶基因或抑制其翻译,进行转录后负调控。迄今,上千种miRNA得到成功鉴定。miRNA不但在细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡、组织更新和干细胞分化过程中发挥作用,且参与生殖细胞发育、成熟和胚胎早期发育、激素分泌等生殖调节。     

miRNA-31在肿瘤研究中的新进展

微小RNAs（microRNAs,miRNAs）是一类长度为19～23个核苷酸的可调控基因表达的内源性非编码单链RNA分子,广泛存在于真核生物中。多数的人miRNAs位于蛋白编码基因的内含子或非编码miRNA转录片段中,其余miRNAs在基因组中离其他转录本较远,如位于非编码miRNA基因的外显子中,或miRNA基因的3＇端非翻译区（UTR）或成群聚集在其他miRNAs基因中[1]。     

miRNA与不同癌症关系的研究进展

微小RNA（miRNA）为一类在动植物中广泛存在的非编码蛋白质，由21～25个核苷酸构成，其表达具有组织特异性和时序特异性。目前研究表明，miRNA参与了生命过程中一系列的重要过程，与癌症的发生、诊断、治疗和预后密切相关。     

miRNA与心律失常

microRNAs（miRNA）是一类长度约21—25nt的非编码小单链RNA分子，它能够识别特定的目标mRNA，通过促进靶mRNA的降解和抑制翻译过程从而负调控基因的表达，在细胞的分化、增生、凋亡及机体代谢中具有重要作用。新近研究发现，miRNA在心脏病理生理过程中发挥重要的调控作用，其过度下调或上调可引起离子通道蛋白表达紊乱，导致离子通道平衡失调，诱发心律失常。     

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major clinical consequence for people with obesity and metabolic syndrome and is also associated with enteral and parenteral nutrition. Early studies suggested that altered gut microbiota might contribute to obesity by affecting energy harvest from the diet and energy storage in the host. Recent evidence in humans as well as in animal models has linked gut microbiota to the development of NAFLD through the gut‐liver axis. With bacterial overgrowth and increased intestinal permeability observed in patients with NAFLD and in animal models, gut‐derived bacterial products such as endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and bacterial DNA are being delivered to the liver through the portal vein and then activate Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), mainly TLR4 and TLR9, and their downstream cytokines and chemokines, leading to the development and progression of NAFLD. Given the limited data in humans, the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is still open to discussion. Prebiotics and probiotics have been attempted to modify the microbiota as preventive or therapeutic strategies on this pathological condition. Their beneficial effects on NALFD have been demonstrated in animal models and limited human studies. However, prospective, appropriately powered, randomized, controlled clinical trials are needed to determine whether prebiotics and probiotics and other integrated strategies to modify intestinal microbiota are efficacious therapeutic modalities to treat NALFD.     

Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

With the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a common diagnosis in clinical practice. Insulin resistance and oxidative stress play an important role in NAFLD development and progression. NAFLD affects one in three adults and one in 10 children/adolescents in the United States. Mortality in patients with NAFLD is significantly higher than in the general population of same age and gender with liver-related complications. Lifestyle intervention may improve NAFLD, but medications that increase insulin sensitivity and the anti-oxidant defenses in the liver deserve evaluation in carefully controlled trials.     

Nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease and obesity.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly recognized medical condition that may progress to hepatic cirrhosis with liver failure. The pathologic picture resembles that of alcohol-induced liver injury, but it occurs in patients who do not abuse alcohol. NAFLD is more common among patients with evidence of insulin resistance. NAFLD refers to a wide spectrum of liver damage, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The clinical implications of NAFLD are derived mostly from its common occurrence in the general population, specifically in obese individuals, and its potential to progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. It is difficult to propose a treatment strategy for NAFLD because its pathogenesis is poorly understood; however, the most commonly associated clinical features of obesity, diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders, and hypertension deserve therapeutic interventions independent of NAFLD. It is also not known if and how treatment of these other conditions affects the natural history of NAFLD, particularly in the long term.     

Alterations in microRNA expression patterns in liver diseases

In the past few years there has been growing interest for a type of short RNAs called microRNAs, which are involved in the regulation of gene expression mainly in a negative way. There are about 1000 known microRNA today. It has been demonstrated that expression level of microRNA may become altered from normal to diseased state, thus microRNAs could be employed as a reliable tool in the diagnosis of diseases. A liver-characteristic microRNA (miR-122) needed for functioning hepatocytes has been identified, which usually shows a decreased expression level upon liver injury. miR-122 has been suggested as a biomarker since it was downregulated in the liver tissue upon acetaminophen-induced toxicity and in turn elevated miR-122 level was detected in the plasma. Moreover, miR-122 level in the plasma was found to be more sensitive as compared with conventional assays based on the release of liver enzymes. Also, miR-122 expression tends to decrease as carcinogenesis progresses. In addition, miR-122 enhances the replication of hepatitis C virus and its level seems to influence the efficiency of interferon therapy. Nowadays, many microRNAs are known whose distinctive alterations in their specific patterns seem to characterize individual pathological processes. In this article, the major alterations in microRNA expression patterns in liver diseases such as drug- and alcohol-induced liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, fibrosis, viral infections (hepatitis), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are summarized.     

二甲双胍治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病68例体会

目的：探讨胰岛素增敏剂二甲双胍（MF）治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析某医院收治的68例NAFLD患者,采用MF1.5g/d口服治疗6个月,治疗后患者的临床症状和谷丙转氨酶（ALT）的改变情况。结果：MF可以明显降低ALT,改善NAFLD患者的临床症状。结论：二甲双胍用于治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病,可以取得一定的临床疗效。     

社区非药物治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的临床效果

目的 观察非药物治疗方法(即运动、针灸、饮食调整控制及防治教育的联合治疗)对非酒精性脂肪肝( nonalcoholicfstty liver disease,NAFLD)的临床治疗效果,探讨非药物治疗方法对治疗NAFLD的临床意义和必要性.方法 以健康检查者50例作为对照组,不进行干预治疗;以同期150例NAFLD患者(其中轻度、中度及重度脂肪肝患者各50例)作为试验组,进行非药物治疗,分别对试验组治疗前后及对照组进行血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇( HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)及B超检测.结果 试验组治疗前TC、TG,LDL-C、ALT、AST均高于正常对照组,HDL-C低于对照组.治疗后TC,TG、ALT、AST,LDL-C低于治疗前,HDL-C高于治疗前,与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 运动、针灸、饮食调整控制及防治教育相联合的非药物治疗方法对NAFLD的改善效果较好,对提高患者生活质量具有重要意义.     

Overview of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and the Role of Sugary Food Consumption and Other Dietary Components in Its Development

NAFLD is the world’s most common chronic liver disease, and its increasing prevalence parallels the global rise in diabetes and obesity. It is characterised by fat accumulation in the liver evolving to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an inflammatory subtype that can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Currently, there is no effective pharmacotherapeutic treatment for NAFLD. Treatment is therefore based on lifestyle modifications including changes to diet and exercise, although it is unclear what the most effective form of intervention is. The aim of this review, then, is to discuss the role of specific nutrients and the effects of different dietary interventions on NAFLD. It is well established that an unhealthy diet rich in calories, sugars, and saturated fats and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibre, and micronutrients plays a critical role in the development and progression of this disease. However, few clinical trials have evaluated the effects of nutrition interventions on NAFLD. We, therefore, summarise what is currently known about the effects of macronutrients, foods, and dietary patterns on NAFLD prevention and treatment. Most current guidelines recommend low-calorie, plant-based diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, as the most effective dietary pattern to treat NAFLD. More clinical trials are required, however, to identify the best evidence-based dietary treatment approach.     

Therapeutic potential of green tea in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a constellation of progressive liver disorders that are closely related to obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance and may afflict over 70 million Americans. NAFLD may occur as relatively benign, nonprogressive liver steatosis, but in many individuals it may progress in severity to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma. No validated treatments currently exist for NAFLD except for weight loss, which has a poor long-term success rate. Thus, dietary strategies that prevent the development of liver steatosis or its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are critically needed. Green tea is rich in polyphenolic catechins that have hypolipidemic, thermogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities that may mitigate the occurrence and progression of NAFLD. This review presents the experimental evidence demonstrating the hepatoprotective properties of green tea and its catechins and the proposed mechanisms by which these targeted dietary agents protect against NAFLD.     

Association between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Mediterranean Lifestyle: A Systematic Review

Background and Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an excessive accumulation of fat in the liver without alcohol abuse. It is linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and no pharmacological treatment exists. This systematic review aims to assess evidence about the effect of Mediterranean lifestyle on the prevention and reversion of NAFLD. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE via Pubmed. MeSH terms used were: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [MeSH Major Topic] AND metabolic syndrome [MeSH Term] AND (Diet, Mediterranean [MeSH Term]) OR (Exercise [MeSH Term]). (PROSPERO ID: 2021 CRD42021289495). Results: Thirteen articles were selected and divided into two categories (four focused on Mediterranean diet and NAFLD and nine focused on Mediterranean diet, physical activity, and NAFLD). Information of clinical endpoints was based on NAFLD, as well as MetS, body mass index, fasting glycemia, obesity, cholesterol, triglycerides, transaminases, albuminuria, and hepatic steatosis, among others. All studies found beneficial associations between the clinical parameters of NAFLD/MetS and following a Mediterranean diet and regular physical activity. Conclusions: An effective treatment that prevents, and even reverses, NAFLD is to adapt lifestyle to the Mediterranean one, based on a Mediterranean diet and regular physical activity.     

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children now: lifestyle changes and pharmacologic treatments

Over the past decade, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of most common chronic liver diseases in children. A greater understanding about the risk factors and molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD suggests that lifestyle interventions aiming to decrease obesity/body mass index and metabolic derangement are the first line of treatments adopted in children affected by this disease. However, because these therapeutic options are often at the beginning misjudged by the patients and their parents, the use of pharmacologic agents may help to protect the liver and other organs from further irreversible tissue damage. Pharmacologic therapies against one or more specific factors and/or molecules involved in the development of NAFLD (i.e., insulin resistance, free fatty acid lipid toxicity, and oxidative stress) also might slow the progression of this increasingly prevalent pediatric disorder. On this basis, insulin sensitizers, antioxidants, cytoprotective agents, and dietary supplementations have been evaluated in pediatric clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of the dietary approaches, possibly coupled with regular exercise, on decreasing the metabolic and histologic damage in pediatric NAFLD. We also emphasize several advantages of the pharmacologic treatments adopted or adoptable in combination with lifestyle interventions in children with NAFLD.