胸廓上口大血管损伤的外科治疗

目的 总结胸廓上口大血管损伤的外科治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析经手术治疗的32例胸廓上口大血管损伤患者的临床资料,其中男性24例,女性8例;年龄2－48岁。致伤原因为锐器伤、钝性或减速伤。损伤血管为颈总动脉、无名动脉、锁骨下动脉以及伴行的静脉。治疗方法为：急诊缝合动脉破口,或加涤纶片修补15例;动脉瘤切除6例;受损血管切除端端吻合5例;以Gore-Tex重建血管3例;大隐静脉移植3例。结果 治愈24例（75％）,死亡7例（21．9％）,1例致残。结论 胸廓上口大血管损伤患者,早期常因失血、脑缺氧或并存的多发伤致死;后期多演变成假性动脉瘤。手术多采用血管破口修复;在体外循环支持下实施假性动脉瘤切除,Gore-Tex人造血管或大隐静脉移植重建血管。     

血管重建在原发性纵隔肿瘤中的临床应用

目的总结血管重建在原发性纵隔肿瘤中的应用经验和疗效。方法经外科手术治疗并血管重建的原发性纵隔肿瘤76例,22例（28.9%）单纯侵及上腔静脉;16例（21.1%）侵及单纯左或右无名静脉;34例（44.7%）侵及上腔静脉和左或右无名静脉;有4例（5.3%）单纯侵及主动脉外膜。行完整切除70例,部分切除6例;行血管置换46例,血管成形30例。结果全组病人无一例围术期死亡。上腔静脉阻断时间为（10-30）min,平均（18.0±5.3）min。左或右无名静脉单侧阻断时间为（11-25）min,平均（16.5±4.2）min。全组病人均获随访,时间为12-26个月,术后生活质量满意。结论纵隔肿瘤侵及上腔静脉及其属支大血管的病人,如全身无系统功能严重受损应积极手术治疗,可选用血管置换或血管成形术。     

纵隔巨大实质性肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 总结纵隔巨大实质性肿瘤的外科治疗经验。方法 回顾分析２０例纵隔巨大实质性肿瘤病人的临床资料,男１２例,女８例。肿瘤重１１００～４８００ｇ。有２例气管受压梗阻,在股－股转流诱导麻醉下手术。结果 院内死亡１例,治愈１９例。结论 对合并上气道或上腔静脉阻塞的病例,先于局麻下建立股－股转流,以顺利渡酬谢有导期。手术径路要达到充分显露,术中可分块切除或控制瘤蒂后整个切除,对浸及大血管者同期作血管成形术     

原发性纵隔骨肉瘤一例

临床资料患者,女,56岁,因咳嗽伴胸痛2个月,加重伴颜面、双上肢肿胀1个月入院。经皮肺穿刺病理结果提示为梭形细胞肿瘤,倾向于间叶源性肉瘤。患者于我科全身麻醉下取仰卧位,经胸廓正中切口,在右颈内静脉-右股静脉体外转流条件下,仔细游离肿物,依次摘除左颈内、左锁骨下静脉癌栓,切除肿物侵犯的部分心包、右侧纵隔胸膜、肿物侵犯的升主动脉、主动脉弓、右无名动脉鞘膜、右肺上叶前段、右肺中叶内侧段、右无名静脉远端及上腔静脉,通过置换双侧头臂静脉并重建右心房的手术方式成功切除了肿瘤。     

股-股心肺转流用于巨大纵隔肿瘤手术的临床研究

目的 探讨股-股心肺转流用于巨大纵隔肿瘤手术的可行性及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2001 年7月至 2009 年7月我科诊治的因巨大纵隔肿瘤行股-股心肺转流辅助下手术切除11例患者的临床资料.结果 11例患者心肺转流过程顺利,无明显并发症,5例术中出现急性呼吸循环功能衰竭开启体外循环后均得到及时救治,无一例术中死亡.结论 巨大纵隔肿瘤手术全麻诱导和手术操作过程中可能会发生呼吸心跳骤停,选择有高危险因素的患者应用股-股心肺转流辅助技术能显著地降低麻醉及术中死亡率,值得推广.     

体外循环辅助外科治疗气管、纵隔病变

目的　探讨应用体外循环技术救治气管、纵隔危重病例的方法和效果。方法　对气管病变 11例 ,纵隔肿瘤 6例采用股 -股转流、股颈 -股转流 ,辅助渡过麻醉诱导期并获得手术治疗。心肺转流时间 2 0～ 2 5 0min。结果　救治成功 15例 ( 88.3 % ) ,死亡 2例 ( 11.7% ) ,1例死于术后多器官功能衰竭 ,1例死于呼吸功能衰竭。结论　体外循环技术是抢救气管下段或隆突区接近完全堵塞危重病例的有效措施     

临时血管转流术在快速重建肢体血供中的应用

目的报告临时血管转流术(temporary intravascular shunts,TIVS)用于快速重建肢体血供的初步体会。方法 2009年8月-2011年3月,对6例8条肢体大血管因外伤(4例5条)或肿瘤切除(2例3条)需行血管移植且预期肢体缺血时间较长者,术中采用TIVS重建肢体远端血供,转流方式包括颈外动脉-锁骨下动脉、腋动脉-腋动脉、腋静脉-锁骨下静脉、肱动脉-肱动脉、肱静脉-肱静脉、肱动脉-桡动脉、股动脉-腘动脉、腘动脉-胫后动脉。然后行彻底清创、骨折复位固定或肿瘤切除,再移除转流管,其中6条血管取自体大隐静脉移植重建,1条血管直接无张力吻合,1条血管采用人造血管移植修复。结果患者均成功置入转流管,建立血管转流时间为5～10 min,平均8.2 min;转流时间67～210 min。建立转流后,肢体远端血循环改善。移除转流管时,除1条转流管内有血栓形成、部分堵塞外,其余均保持通畅。术中未发生转流管松脱、大出血等相关并发症。1例因术后软组织坏死、感染,行肘上截肢术,其余5例均保肢成功,术后随访2～15个月,受累肢体血供良好。结论 TIVS操作简便、快捷,可快速重建血管损伤肢体的血供,缩短肢体缺血时间。     

颈外浅静脉移植在下肢大血管缺损的临床应用

目的 报道颈外浅静脉移植在下肢大血管缺损的临床应用效果。方法 临床应用颈外浅静脉移植治疗下肢大血管缺损20例。其中感染性股动脉瘤11例，外伤性股动脉瘤4例，腘动脉损伤3例、腰静脉损伤2例。结果 术后随访3个月～5年，全组病例吻合口通畅。吻合段血管无栓塞、无破裂出血、无动脉瘤复发。结论 在下肢大血管损伤性缺损或感染性股动脉瘤的治疗中，可首选颈外浅静脉移植。效果良好。     

术前3D-CTBA重建指导上腔静脉置换术3例

2017年1月至2018年6月3例纵隔肿瘤伴上腔静脉阻塞综合征患者行全上腔静脉置换术,根据3D-CTBA重建影像技术进行术前手术规划,确定上腔静脉、左无名静脉、右无名静脉的形态、直径、受累范围和纵隔病灶的大小、部位。充分术前准备,麻醉干预。按照3D-CTBA重建结果,术中精准分离肿瘤周围组织,切除被侵组织肿瘤病灶和受累的上腔静脉、左无名静脉、右无名静脉部分。完整切除纵隔肿瘤,应用合适材料(人工血管、自体心包)行上腔静脉、左无名静脉、右无名静脉血管吻合重建。平均病灶直径7.5 cm,平均手术时间306 min,平均术中出血183 ml。术后病理诊断侵袭性胸腺瘤2例,胸腺癌1例。3例患者上腔静脉梗阻症状均得到改善,无围手术期死亡,随访至今均生存。     

头臂血管转流并主动脉覆膜支架植入术在Stanford B1C型主动脉夹层中的应用

目的评价头臂血管转流并主动脉覆膜支架植入术治疗Stanford B1C型主动脉夹层的治疗效果。方法 2013年12月至2017年12月期间我中心应用头臂血管转流并同期行覆膜支架植入手术技术治疗Stanford B1C型主动脉夹层患者49例,其中男33例、女16例,平均年龄(60.4±5.5)岁。29例行左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉人工血管转流术,18例行右颈总动脉-左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉人工血管转流术,2例行右颈总动脉-右锁骨下动脉转流+左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉人工血管转流术。结果全组患者术后30 d内死亡1例(2.0%),术后生存48例,随访率100.0%(48/48),术后随访6～47(26.8±11.9)个月,其中1例术后6个月再发胸痛,急诊复查全程主动脉血管造影CT提示逆撕Stanford A1S型夹层,行外科手术,效果满意。全组存活患者未发生内漏。结论头臂血管转流并同期行主动脉覆膜支架植入手术治疗Stanford B1C型主动脉夹层患者是安全有效的。     

Surgical treatment for giant solid tumors of the mediastinum: a study of 26 cases

Twenty-six patients with giant solid tumors of the mediastinum (GSTM) were treated surgically from 1975 to 2000. Femorofemoral cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was used before induction of anesthesia as a precaution against total tracheal occlusion in two cases. Resection of the tumor was accomplished in all patients, combined with partial pericardium resection in five cases, left upper lobe of lung resection in two cases, and reconstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC) and innominate vein in four cases. The weights of resected tumors ranged from 1.1 to 4.8 kg, with an average of 2.2 kg. The majority were benign (22 of 26, 84.6%). The postoperative complications included two cases with recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, three cases with wound infection, and two cases with dilatant pneumonedema. Diagnosis of GSTM was not difficult based on imaging and needle biopsy. Femorofemoral CPB is recommended before induction of anesthesia for patients with superior airway obstruction and superior vena cava occlusion. Perioperative management includes strict hemostasis, proper chest wall reconstruction, and prevention of re-expansion pulmonary edema.     

Complete resection of recurrent thymic carcinoid using cardiopulmonary bypass.

We report a case of recurrent thymic carcinoid (multiple episodes of recurrence over a 14-year period) invading the right atrium and superior vena cava, which was resected using cardiopulmonary bypass. In our case with dense adhesion between the great vessels and the sternum as a result of repeated operations and therapeutic irradiation, the innominate artery was injured while re-sternotomy, which was successfully repaired under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Repeated aggressive surgical resection might improve prognosis of the recurrent thymic carcinoid even in patients with extended lesions, which could be completely resected only on cardiopulmonary bypass.     

胸部肿瘤侵及大血管时的手术处理

目的 总结64例胸部肿瘤浸润大血管手术时的处理经验，分析上腔静脉（SVC）手术技术及指征以及肺动脉袖状切除的适应证。方法 回顾性分析1991年1月至1999年6月64例胸内大血管受到肿瘤浸润患者的手术经验。受侵血管包括肺动脉根部和（或）肺动脉干、上静脉和（或）下肺静脉根部、SVC和（或）无名静脉。结果 24例接受了不同类型的SVC手术，包括左及右无名静脉分别与右心房人工血管搭桥术1例、左无名静脉与右心房人工血管搭桥4例、右无名静脉与右心房搭桥3例、奇青脉切除并SVC部分切除11例、单纯SVC部分切除5例。SVC置换或搭桥除1例应用涤纶血管者外，其余均是Gore-Tex人工血管，5例部分切除者使用了缝合器，41例肺动脉部分或袖状切除（肺动脉袖状并支气管袖状成形4例）、左心房部分切除13例，应用肺血管阻断或临时架桥术，所有手术均成功进行，无手术死亡，无严重并发症。SVC切除后生存时间最长者已达15年，为1例恶性畸胎瘤患者，肺癌切除SVC、无名静脉搭桥患者术后生存最长者已达5年。结论 大血管包括SVC及肺血管阻断与成形技术以及SVC置换术，是根治性切除浸润大血管的胸部肿瘤的关键性技术，正确及时地应用可以提高根治性切除率和安全性，减少探查率。     

Large mediastinal tumor in a neonate: an anesthetic challenge

Mediastinal tumors pose a grave risk of cardiopulmonary complications during the perioperative course, particularly in neonates and small children. These tumors can cause displacement and compression of vital thoracic structures such as the tracheobronchial tree, the heart, and the great vessels. Catastrophic complications often occur during induction of anesthesia, use of muscle relaxants, positioning, and at the time of extubation. We present our experience of anesthetic management of a neonate with a mediastinal mass who had features of both airway and vascular obstruction.     

Total circulatory arrest: a life-saving procedure for mediastinoscopic major hemorrhage

Acute hemorrhage during mediastinoscopy is a life-threatening complication. Although rare, iatrogenic damage of the thoracic great vessels is probable during mediastinoscopic biopsy. We report two cases of iatrogenic massive mediastinoscopic bleeding from the aortic arch and innominate artery managed initially by simple packing and controlled finally by cardiopulmonary bypass and repair under total circulatory arrest.     

Experience with the Norwood procedure without circulatory arrest.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated a new cardiopulmonary bypass technique that allowed complete avoidance of circulatory arrest and deep hypothermia in the Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. METHODS: A total of 10 patients were included in this study. The arterial line of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit was divided in two in a Y shape; one branch was used for cerebral perfusion through the innominate artery and the other for lower body perfusion through the cannula inserted into the descending thoracic aorta. Moderate hypothermia (29 degrees C-31 degrees C rectal temperature) and high pump flow (150-180 mL. kg(-1). min(-1)) were used. A valveless conduit between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery was used in 6 patients as an alternative pulmonary blood source to a conventional Blalock-Taussig shunt (n = 4). RESULTS: Circulatory arrest was completely avoided throughout the operation in all cases, and no complications from the new cardiopulmonary bypass technique were seen. Early deaths occurred in 3 cases. Neurologic deficits were not seen among the survivors, and the postoperative course was stable and uneventful, including satisfactory renal function. CONCLUSIONS: The Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome was successfully accomplished with complete avoidance of circulatory arrest by means of cerebral perfusion through the innominate artery combined with cannulation of the descending aorta. A conduit between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery seems an excellent alternative pulmonary blood source, although right ventricular function needs to be carefully monitored.     

Surgical management of tumors invading the superior vena cava

Determining the appropriate surgical treatment for anterior mediastinal malignancies, especially those invading the superior vena cava, present a unique problem for thoracic surgeons. Various surgical methods can be applied to resect tumors that have invaded the superior vena cava without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. The type of procedure used varies according to the size of the tumor and extent of invasion into adjacent structures. This can involve treatment ranging from a simple resection with primary repair to using a vascular shunt and graft interposition. We present a range of methods to approach surgical resection of tumors that have invaded the superior vena cava.     

Aortic debranching for descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair by stent grafts

Endovascular repair of a descending thoracic aortic aneurysm may result in covering the ostia of the left carotid or left subclavian artery for proper proximal landing zones, and the celiac artery or superior mesenteric artery ostia in the abdomen for distal landing zones. To prevent possible complications of occluding the ostia of these vessels, the authors performed an innominate to left common carotid and left subclavian artery bypass as the first procedure in one patient. In the second patient they performed an aortoceliac and aortomesenteric bypass before stent graft placement. The stent graft repair of the descending thoracic aortic aneurysm was performed subsequently in both patients. This aortic debranching provides subsequent proper placement of thoracic stent grafts.     

Large aneurysm of innominate vein: extremely rare cause of mediastinal mass

Aneurysms of the innominate vein are extremely rare. Fifteen such cases have been reported in literature. They may be asymptomatic or may present as a mediastinal mass with compression of adjacent structures or may present with vascular complications like thromboembolism or rupture. We present a case of large innominate vein aneurysm presenting as a mediastinal mass that was surgically excised through a left thoracotomy without use of cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Reconstruction after mediastinal tracheostomy

Mediastinal tracheostomy has been associated with high morbidity and mortality, often due to skin necrosis, with resultant exposure of the great vessels and subsequent hemorrhage. During a 4 year period, 11 patients underwent mediastinal tracheostomy. Reconstruction included the use of a pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap to provide well-vascularized skin for anastomosis to the superior portion of the tracheostoma in nine patients. Whenever possible (eight patients), the trachea was transposed below the innominate artery to allow for slightly more mobility of the trachea and to remove the cartilaginous portion of the trachea from the artery. Among the eight elective operations reported herein, there were no postoperative deaths and only two minor wound-related complications. Among three patients who underwent emergency mediastinal tracheostomy, two patients died, one with an aneurysm of the innominate artery that ruptured several weeks postoperatively and the other with respiratory instability who could not be weaned from the respirator. These results suggest that use of the pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap and tracheal transposition decreases the risk of skin necrosis and resultant major vessel rupture. We advocate this approach in the reconstruction of the patient who requires mediastinal tracheostomy.