糖尿病性阴茎勃起功能障碍大鼠阴茎海绵体一氧化氮合酶活性的测定

目的　探讨糖尿病 (DM )性阴茎勃起功能障碍 (ED)的发病机理。　方法　SD大鼠注射链脲佐菌素建立DM动物模型后 ,注射阿朴吗啡观察 6周、8周及 12周大鼠阻茎勃起情况 ,筛选DM性ED大鼠模型 ,测定其阴茎海绵体组织一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)的活性。　结果　DM性ED大鼠阴茎海绵体组织NOS活性与对照组相比显著降低 (P <0 0 0 1或P <0 0 1) ,随DM病程延长 ,NOS活性明显下降 (P <0 0 1)。　结论　DM严重影响阴茎勃起功能 ,海绵体组织NOS活性降低可能是其发病机理之一。     

2型糖尿病大鼠血浆同型半胱氨酸与阴茎海绵体内NOS和内源性CO的相关性研究

目的:研究2型糖尿病性大鼠血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与阴茎海绵体内NOS和内源性CO的相关性。方法:选取3月龄雄性Wistar大鼠50只,随机选取10只为对照组(A组);高糖高脂饲料饲养4周后从其他40只大鼠中筛选出30只构建成功的糖尿病(DM)大鼠模型,随机分成3组:DM大鼠组(B组);胰岛素治疗组(C组)和叶酸+维生素B12治疗组(D组)。8周及12周后注射阿朴吗啡观察各组大鼠阴茎勃起情况。12周后测各组大鼠血浆总Hcy含量及阴茎海绵体内NOS活性和CO含量。结果:与A组比较,B组大鼠血浆Hcy浓度明显升高,阴茎勃起功能明显降低,阴茎海绵体NOS活性和CO含量均下降,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。2型DM大鼠中高Hcy血症发生率为55%。与B组比较,C组和D组中大鼠血浆Hcy浓度显著下降,阴茎勃起功能、阴茎海绵体NOS活性均升高(P<0.01),Hcy与NOS(rA=-0.89,rB=-0.76,rC=-0.91,rD=-0.91)及CO含量(rA=-0.82,rB=-0.77,rC=-0.93,rD=-0.81)均呈负相关。结论:2型DM大鼠血浆中的高Hcy可能是引起阴茎海绵体NOS活性下降、CO含量下降,进而导致DM ED发病的分子机制之一。胰岛素、叶酸和维生素B12可以改善DM大鼠的勃起功能,提高阴茎海绵体NOS活性和CO含量。     

糖尿病大鼠阴茎海绵体组织nNOS神经变化的实验研究

目的 :研究糖尿病对大鼠阴茎海绵体组织nNOS神经纤维的影响。　方法 :34只SD雄性大鼠分为 6周组(17只 )和 8周组 (17只 ) ,其中每组各 11只腹腔注射链脲佐菌素制备糖尿病模型 ,其余各 6只注射柠檬酸缓冲液作为空白对照 ,分别在注射 6周和 8周后 ,观察大鼠阴茎勃起功能 ,并采用免疫组化SP法检测糖尿病大鼠阴茎组织nNOS神经纤维的数量。　结果 :2组糖尿病大鼠的阴茎勃起率分别为 37.5 %和 14 .3% ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,均明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。 2组糖尿病大鼠nNOS神经纤维的表达明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。 8周组中糖尿病大鼠阴茎的勃起功能和nNOS神经纤维的数量明显低于 6周组 ,分别为 (37.6 0± 6 .76 )条和 (2 8.0 0±5 .2 9)条 ,即随着病程的延长 ,勃起功能和nNOS神经纤维的表达下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而对照组大鼠nNOS神经纤维的数量差异无显著性 [(83.0 0± 3.2 2 )vs(81.0 0± 3.6 1) ]。　结论 :糖尿病严重影响勃起功能和nNOS神经纤维的表达。糖尿病大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中nNOS神经纤维的数量明显减少 ,且与病程正相关 ,这可能是糖尿病性勃起功能障碍的发病机理之一。     

糖尿病大鼠神经系统内脑源性神经生长因子的表达与阴茎勃起功能障碍的关系

目的:观察糖尿病(DM)大鼠神经系统内脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)阳性神经元或神经纤维的表达,探讨BDNF与糖尿病性阴茎勃起功能障碍(ED)的相关性。方法:SD大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立DM大鼠模型(DM组),分别于造模1、2、3、4个月注射阿扑吗啡(APO)作阴茎勃起功能试验,然后取糖尿病及相应月龄正常大鼠(对照组)的脑、腰骶段脊髓、胸腰段交感干、阴茎和前列腺,用免疫组织化学法和免疫荧光法显示BDNF阳性神经元和神经纤维。图像分析BDNF阳性细胞数及灰度。结果:糖尿病2个月时,DM大鼠阴茎勃起实验中阴茎勃起次数与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05),3个月和4个月差异有极显著性(P<0.01)。糖尿病1个月时,大脑皮质、腰骶段脊髓、胸腰段交感干、阴茎和前列腺BDNF阳性神经细胞及纤维比对照组明显减少(P<0.05),随着病程延长下降更明显(P<0.01)。结论:糖尿病性早期神经系统内出现BDNF减少,BDNF的减少与糖尿病性ED的发病密切相关。     

糖尿病鼠周围神经和阴茎nNOS的表达及其与阴茎勃起功能的关系

目的研究糖尿病(Diabetes mullitus,DM)对大鼠坐骨神经、阴部神经及阴茎海绵体中神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)变化及其与勃起功能障碍的相关性。方法16只雄性大鼠随机分为2组：12周组和16周组各8只,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素制备糖尿病模型：另取8只注射枸檬酸缓冲液作为空白对照,分别在注射12周和16周后,观察大鼠阴茎勃起功能,采用免疫组织化学法检测DM大鼠坐骨神经、阴部神经和阴茎海绵体nNOS阳性神经纤维的表达。结果两组大鼠的阴茎勃起次数明显低于对照组大鼠,(P＜0．01)；16W组大鼠阴茎勃起次数也明显低于12周组大鼠(P＜0．05)。两组DM大鼠nNOS坐骨神经、阴部神经和阴茎海绵体中nNOS的表达明显低于对照组(P＜0．01)；16W糖尿病大鼠nNOS阳性纤维的表达也明显低于12周组。两组大鼠对照组间无显著差异。结论糖尿病性阴茎勃起功能障碍与nNOS阳性神经纤维数量的减少相关,可能为糖尿病性勃起功能障碍的发病机理之一。     

糖尿病大鼠盆神经节nNOS表达和阴茎海绵体NOS活性的实验研究

阴茎勃起功能障碍（ED）是糖尿病（DM）常见的并发症之一，国外报道DM性ED发病率为50％～75％，其发病机制尚不清楚。勃起是一种神经控制的血流动力学变化过程，盆神经节控制进入阴茎的血流。本研究通过建立DM大鼠模型，检测盆神经节神经元型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）的表达和海绵体NOS的活性，以进一步探讨DM性ED的发病机制。     

伊木萨克片对糖尿病性ED大鼠阴茎组织中eNoS和nNoS的影响

目的 研究维药伊木萨克片对DM性ED大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中eNOS和nNOS蛋白表达水平的影响.方法 取雄性SD大鼠70只,从中随机取10只为正常对照组,余60只以链脲佐菌素诱导建立DM模型后,行阿朴吗啡阴茎勃起实验筛选DM性ED模型,发生ED者随机分为DM性ED组、伊木萨克片组、胰岛素组、伊木萨克片 胰岛素(联用)组,未成DM者为STZ组.各组给药6周后,采用免疫组化SP法检测各组大鼠阴茎组织中eNOS、nNOS含量.结果 DM性ED组大鼠阴茎组织中eNOS、nNOS蛋白表达水平显著低于正常对照组(P＜0.01);伊木萨克片组、胰岛素组及联用组大鼠阴茎组织中eNOS、nNOS蛋白表达水平均显著高于DM性ED组(P＜0.01),但伊木萨克片组与胰岛素组显著低于联用组(P＜0.01, P＜0.01;P＜0.05,P＜0.01);STZ组与正常对照组之间的差异则无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 维药伊木萨克片可以显著提高DM性ED大鼠阴茎组织中eNOS、nNOS蛋白表达水平,并提示在胰岛素控制血糖的基础上效果可能更佳.     

糖尿病性勃起功能障碍大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中神经生长因子的表达及其治疗作用的研究

目的:本研究通过检测糖尿病性勃起功能障碍(ED)大鼠阴茎组织中神经生长因子(NGF)表达,并使用hNGF进行治疗,以探讨糖尿病性ED发病机制及NGF治疗作用的机制。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠60只,随机取50只大鼠用于制作糖尿病模型,饲养8周后,取正常组和糖尿病组大鼠阴茎海绵体组织,采用RT-PCR和W estern印迹法检测NGF的mRNA及蛋白水平。从造模成功的糖尿病大鼠中筛选出有ED大鼠,把所有大鼠分为5组:正常组、糖尿病性ED组、糖尿病性ED单用NGF组(NGF组)、糖尿病性ED单用胰岛素组(R I组)、糖尿病性ED联合应用NGF和胰岛素组(NGF+R I组,胰岛素通过颈部皮下注射给药,NGF通过腹腔内注射给药),8周后测海绵体内压(ICP),并取所有大鼠阴茎海绵体组织用免疫组化法观察nNOS神经纤维的变化。结果:与正常组相比,糖尿病性ED组大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中NGF的mRNA表达增加,蛋白含量增加。与糖尿病性ED组相比,NGF组、R I组、NGF+R I组ICP水平显著升高(P<0.05);NGF组、R I组、NGF+R I组阴茎组织中nNOS神经纤维水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:糖尿病晚期勃起神经出现损伤并发生ED,推测可能与NGF分泌增加的幅度小于高血糖状态对勃起神经的损伤程度有关,也可能与NGF与其相应受体结合转运能力损害有关,给予外源性NGF可能有助于糖尿病性ED局部神经病变减轻和勃起功能改善。提示NGF的异常在糖尿病性ED的发病及治疗中可能具有重要作用。     

髂内动脉结扎对大鼠阴茎海绵体组织nNOS神经纤维及eNOS表达的影响

目的 研究髂内动脉结扎对大鼠阴茎海绵体组织神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)神经纤维及内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)表达的影响。方法 45只Wistar雄性成年大鼠随机分为假手术组(21只)和手术组(24只)。其中手术组采用双侧髂内动脉结扎的方法制备动脉性勃起功能障碍(ED)大鼠模型,假手术组作为对照组只切开腹腔不结扎髂内动脉。于术后1周、3周、6周末分别取各组1/3大鼠,观察其勃起功能,并采用免疫组化SP法检测大鼠阴茎组织中nNOS神经纤维的数量及eNOS的表达。结果 手术组与假手术组相比,1周末、3周末和6周末在阴茎勃起次数和阴茎组织nNOS神经纤维数量及eNOS表达上均有显著差异(P<0.01)。手术组大鼠阴茎勃起次数3周末高于1周末,6周末高于3周末;eNOS的表达3周末明显低于1周末,而6周末高于3周末,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.001),并呈增加趋势。手术组大鼠阴茎组织nNOS神经纤维数量三者之间差异均有显著性(P<0.001),呈进行性下降。结论 髂内动脉结扎影响阴茎勃起功能和nNOS、eNOS的表达。阴茎组织中nNOS阳性神经纤维数量的减少,可能是髂内动脉结扎术后阴茎勃起功能障碍发生的原因之一。     

胰岛素治疗糖尿病大鼠阴茎勃起功能障碍的研究

目的 观察糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)大鼠胰岛素治疗后阴茎勃起功能的情况及阴茎海绵体细胞凋亡、Bcl-2和Bax的基因表达.方法 成年雄性Wistar大鼠50只.腹腔内注射链尿佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病动物模型,成模后8周根据阴茎勃起功能的情况,随机分成未行胰岛素治疗组(DM组)和胰岛素治疗组.胰岛素治疗组大鼠治疗16周后,处死并取阴茎海绵体,测血糖及糖化血红蛋白,用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡,western blot方法检测阴茎组织Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达.结果 DM组大鼠阴茎勃起功能明显低于胰岛素组.胰岛素组血糖及糖化血红蛋白下降(P＜0.001),DM组大鼠较胰岛素治疗组大鼠阴茎海绵体凋亡细胞数明显增多,Bax表达增强,Bcl-2表达减弱.结论 DM大鼠胰岛素治疗后,阴茎海绵体细胞凋亡率减少,阴茎勃起功能改善,Bcl-2和Bax可能参与了DM大鼠阴茎海绵体细胞凋亡的基因调控.     

Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor incorporating gelatin microspheres on erectile function in the diabetic rat

PURPOSE: We report the potential of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) incorporating gelatin microspheres to preserve erectile function in a diabetic rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 48 adult male rats were divided into 3 groups, namely control (nondiabetic rats), diabetes mellitus (DM) (diabetic rats that received gelatin microspheres with saline) and bFGF (diabetic rats that received gelatin microspheres with bFGF). After 4 and 8 weeks we examined intracavernous pressure responses with electrical stimulation to the cavernous nerve. For histological examination of the penis we performed Azan-Mallory staining for smooth muscle and collagen, and immunohistochemistry for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in endothelium and neuronal NOS in cavernous nerve fiber. RESULTS: Although the intracavernous pressure response was significantly lower in the DM group than in the control group, pressure in the bFGF group was maintained at the normal level found in controls. Azan-Mallory staining showed a mass decrease in smooth muscle in cavernous tissue in the DM group. However, that in the bFGF group was maintained. There was no significant difference in endothelial NOS positive areas and the distribution of the diameter of neuronal NOS positive nerve fibers in cavernous tissue among the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: We report the maintenance of erectile function with bFGF incorporating gelatin microspheres in diabetic rats. The rationale of this maneuver is smooth muscle preservation by the long-term release of bFGF. This is a novel therapeutic option that is clinically applicable for diabetes induced erectile dysfunction.     

自发性高血压大鼠阴茎海绵体组织nNOS变化的实验研究

目的：研究高血压对大鼠阴茎海绵体组织nNOS神经纤维的影响。方法：自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)和同系WKY鼠各12只，都随机分为4周观察组(6只)和12周观察组(6只)。第4周和第12周末时，观察阴茎勃起功能，并检测阴茎组织nNOS神经纤维数目。结果：4周组和12周组中，SHR和WKY鼠在阴茎勃起次数和阴茎组织nNOS神经纤维数目上，都有显著差异(P＜0．01)。SHR4周组和SHR12周组，在阴茎组织nNOS神经纤维数目上，差异也有显著性(P＜0．05)，阴茎勃起次数和勃起率差异无显著性(P＞0．05)，但有减少的趋势。结论：高血压使阴茎组织中nNOS神经纤维数目减少，这可能是高血压引起勃起功能障碍的发病机理之一。     

Gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase partially restores nitric oxide synthesis and erectile function in streptozotocin diabetic rats

PURPOSE: We determined whether adenoviral gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to the penis of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats could improve the impaired erectile response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two experimental groups of animals were transfected with adenoviruses, including streptozotocin (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri) diabetic rats with AdCMVbetagal and streptozotocin diabetic rats with AdCMVeNOS. At 1 to 2 days after transfection these study animals underwent cavernous nerve stimulation to assess erectile function and their responses were compared with those of age matched control rats. In control and transfected streptozotocin diabetic rats eNOS and neuronal NOS (nNOS) were examined by Western blot analysis. Constitutive and inducible NOS activities were evaluated in the presence and absence of calcium by L-arginine to L-citrulline conversion and nitrate plus nitrite levels were measured. In control and streptozotocin diabetic penes beta-galactosidase activity and localization were determined. RESULTS: After transfection with AdCMVbetagal beta-galactosidase was localized to the endothelium and smooth muscle cells of the streptozotocin diabetic rat penis. Streptozotocin diabetic rats had a significant decrease in erectile function, as determined by peak and total intracavernous pressure (area under the curve) after cavernous nerve stimulation compared with control rats. Streptozotocin diabetic rats transfected with AdCMVeNOS had peak intracavernous pressure and area under the curve similar to those in control animals. This change in erectile function was a result of eNOS over expression with an increase in eNOS protein expression and constitutive NOS activity as well as an increase in nitric oxide biosynthesis, as reflected by an increase in cavernous nitrate plus nitrite formation. There was no change in nNOS protein expression or calcium independent conversion of NOS (inducible NOS activity). CONCLUSIONS: Adenoviral gene transfer of eNOS significantly increased peak and total intracavernous pressure to cavernous nerve stimulation in streptozotocin diabetic rats to a value similar to the response observed in control rats. Our results suggest that eNOS contributes significantly to the physiology of penile erection. These data demonstrate that in vivo adenoviral gene transfer of eNOS can physiologically improve erectile function in the streptozotocin diabetic rat.     

生长激素促进老年大鼠阴茎组织中nNOS神经纤维的再生

目的:研究生长激素(GH)对老年大鼠勃起功能及阴茎组织中神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)神经纤维的影 响。　方法:24只老年(18月龄)雄性SD大鼠随机均分为对照组和GH处理组。GH处理组大鼠每天后肢皮下注 射重组人GH(rhGH)200μg,对照组注射生理盐水0.2ml,共3周。于第4、8周末分别取各组1/2大鼠,颈部皮下 注射阿朴吗啡(APO)评价其勃起功能,免疫组化SP法检测大鼠阴茎组织中nNOS神经纤维的数量。　结果:4周 末,GH处理组大鼠的勃起功能和nNOS神经纤维数量与对照组相比,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。8周末,GH处 理组大鼠仅勃起次数有上升,与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05),勃起率无明显改变;而阴茎组织中nNOS神 经纤维数量,GH处理组大鼠有明显的上升,对照组大鼠无明显改变,两组相比,差异有极显著性(P<0.01)。　结 论:GH促进了老年大鼠阴茎组织中nNOS神经纤维的再生,并在一定程度上改善了老年大鼠的勃起功能。     

Effects of diabetes on nitric oxide synthase and growth factor genes and protein expression in an animal model.

Erectile dysfunction occurs frequently in humans with diabetes mellitus; the molecular basis of this phenomenon is not known. We investigated the effects of diabetes on penile erection, nitric oxide synthase and growth factors expression in an animal model. Forty male rats were divided into two groups: the experimental group (n = 30) received intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in citrate buffer to induce diabetes; ten age-matched control rats received injection of citrate buffer vehicle only. Before euthanization at eight weeks, erectile function was assessed by electrostimulation of the cavernous nerves. NADPH diaphorase staining was used to identify NOS and immunostaining technique was used to identify nNOS in the penile nerve fibers. RT-PCR was used to identify mRNA expression of nNOS, eNOS, iNOS, ER-beta, ER-alpha, NGF, IGF-I, TGF-beta 1, and AR. Western blot was used to identify nNOS, IGF-I, NGF, and TFG-beta protein expressions. In the diabetic group, there was: (1) a significant decrease in NOS containing nerve fibers in the dorsal and intracavernosal nerves; (2) a significant lower maximal intracavernosal pressure. RT-PCR showed down-regulation of nNOS (large form), iNOS and ER-beta mRNA expression, Immunoblot showed down-regulation of nNOS protein expression and nNOS immunostaining showed less positive staining in the dorsal and intracavernous nerves in the diabetic group. These molecular changes may provide the basis for further studies to explore the association between diabetes and impotence.     

杜仲对糖尿病大鼠扑捉行为和阴茎组织神经传导通路的影响

目的:探讨杜仲改善勃起功能的药效和病理学机制。方法:雄性糖尿病(DM)大鼠30只随机分为3组:A组(10只,DM大鼠赋形剂灌胃组)、B组(10只,DM大鼠西地那非灌胃组)、C组(10只,DM大鼠杜仲灌胃组)及10只正常对照组大鼠(赋形剂灌胃,D组);灌胃4周后观察4组大鼠扑捉行为,透射电镜检查阴茎组织有髓神经纤维超微特征;用免疫组化二步法显示阴茎组织中神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)的表达。结果:与A组比较,C组大鼠扑捉次数显著增多(P<0.05),阴茎组织中nNOS表达显著增强(P<0.001)。透射电镜显示:A组大鼠阴茎组织有髓神经纤维排布失序,部分变性、板层分离形成透明空泡或网络状,C组大鼠有髓神经纤维排列规整,板层结构清晰。结论:杜仲可通过减轻有髓神经的损伤、增强阴茎组织中nNOS表达改善ED。