不同剂量万古霉素治疗儿童金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的血药浓度分析

目的 分析不同剂量万古霉素治疗儿童金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎（Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia,SAP）的血药浓度,探讨适宜的治疗剂量,为临床用药提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2008 年1 月至2013 年12月35 例使用万古霉素治疗的SAP 患儿临床资料。结果 35 例使用万古霉素治疗的SAP 患儿中,22 例（63%）进行了血药谷浓度监测,治疗剂量为10、12.5 和15 mg/（kg · 次）×q6h 者分别有11、4 和7 例。15 mg/（kg · 次）组平均谷浓度为14.98 mg/L（中位数）,显著高于剂量为10 mg/（kg · 次）和12.5 mg/（kg · 次）组患儿（分别为4.97和8.00 mg/L,P<0.05）;15 mg/（kg · 次）组达到万古霉素预计谷浓度的比例（71%）显著高于10 mg/（kg · 次）组（9%）,与12.5 mg/（kg · 次）组（25%）比较差异无统计学意义。结论 儿科临床治疗SAP 使用万古霉素的剂量可能以15 mg/（kg · 次）×q6h ,即60 mg/（kg · d）,较为合理。     

Zakażenie Salmonella enteritidis imitujące neuroinfekcję u czternastoletniego pacjenta – opis przypadku

Salmonella bacilli are the most common cause of bacterial foodborne diseases in Poland. Due to heterogeneous clinical course, they may cause an essential problem during differential diagnosis. In this paper we aimed to present a case report of a 14-year-old patient infected with Salmonella enteritidis, in whom the disease initially imitated the symptoms of bacterial meningitis. We described the difficulties within the diagnostic process and the chosen treatment. This case report demonstrates that Salmonella infection, due to its heterogeneous clinical course, may cause an important diagnostic and therapeutic problem.     

Circadian rhythm of heart rate and heart rate variability

BACKGROUND—Measurements of heart rate variability (HRV) are increasingly used as markers of cardiac autonomic activity.AIM—To examine circadian variation in heart rate and HRV in children.SUBJECTS—A total of 57 healthy infants and children, aged 2 months to 15 years, underwent ambulatory 24 hour Holter recording. Monitoring was also performed on five teenagers with diabetes mellitus and subclinical vagal neuropathy in order to identify the origin of the circadian variation in HRV.METHODS—The following variables were determined hourly: mean RR interval, four time domain (SDNN, SDNNi, rMSSD, and pNN50) and four frequency domain indices (very low, low and high frequency indices, low to high frequency ratio). A chronobiological analysis was made by cosinor method for each variable.RESULTS—A significant circadian variation in heart rate and HRV was present from late infancy or early childhood, characterised by a rise during sleep, except for the low to high frequency ratio that increased during daytime. The appearance of these circadian rhythms was associated with sleep maturation. Time of peak variability did not depend on age. Circadian variation was normal in patients with diabetes mellitus.CONCLUSION—We have identified a circadian rhythm of heart rate and HRV in infants and children. Our data confirm a progressive maturation of the autonomic nervous system and support the hypothesis that the organisation of sleep, associated with sympathetic withdrawal, is responsible for these rhythms.     

Aerobic exercise during pregnancy influences infant heart rate variability at one month of age

Background

Previously, we reported that regular maternal aerobic exercise during pregnancy was associated with lower fetal heart rate (HR) and higher heart rate variability (HRV) at 36 weeks gestation. We now report the effect of maternal exercise on infant HR and HRV in subjects who remained active in the study at the one-month follow up visit.

Aims

We aimed to determine whether differences in fetal cardiac autonomic control related to maternal physical activity were an in utero phenomenon or would persist 1 month after birth.

Study design

Magnetocardiograms (MCGs) of infants born to regularly exercising (≥ 30 min of aerobic activity, 3 times per week; N = 16) and non-exercising (N = 27) pregnant women were recorded using a fetal biomagnetometer. Normal R-peaks were marked to derive infant HR and HRV in time and frequency domains, including the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), the standard deviation of normal-to-normal interbeat intervals (SDNN), and power in the low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) bands. Group differences were examined with Student's t-tests.

Results

Infants born to exercising women had significantly higher RMSSD (P = 0.010), LF power (P = 0.002), and HF power (P = 0.004) than those born to women who did not engage in regular physical activity while pregnant.

Conclusion

Infants born to women who participated in regular physical activity during pregnancy continued to have higher HRV in the infant period. This suggests that the developing cardiac autonomic nervous system is sensitive to the effects of maternal physical activity and is a target for fetal programming.     

Artificial neural networks based prediction of cerebral palsy in infants with central coordination disturbance

Background

In a previous study we demonstrated that heart variability parameters (HRV) could be helpful clinically as well as a prognostic tool in infants with central coordination disturbance (CCD). In recent years, outcome predictions using artificial neural networks (ANN) have been developed in many areas of health care research, but there are no published studies considered ANN models for prediction of cerebral palsy (CP) development.

Objective

To compare the results of an ANN analysis with results of regression analysis, using the same data set and the same clinical and HRV parameters.

Methods

The study included 35 infants with CCD and 37 healthy age and sex-matched controls. Time-domain HRV indices were analyzed from 24 h electrocardiography recordings. Clinical parameters and selected time domain HRV parameters are used to predict CP by logistic regression, and then an ANN analysis was applied to the same data set. Input variables were age, gender, postural responses, heart rate parameters (minimum, maximum and average), and time domain parameters of HRV (SDNN, SDANN and RMSSD). For each of one the pairs of ANN and clinical predictors, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with test accuracy parameters were calculated and compared.

Results

In the observed dataset, ANN model overall correctly classified all infants, compared with 86.11% correct classification for the logistic regression model, and compared with 67.65% and 77.14% for SDANN and SDNN respectively.

Conclusions

ANN model, based on clinical and HRV data can predict development of CP in patients with CCD with accuracy greater than 90%. Our results strongly indicate that a well-validated ANN may have a role in the clinical prediction of CP in infants with CCD.     

川崎病患儿心率变异性与冠状动脉损害的相关性研究

目的 探讨川崎病(KD)患儿的心率变异性(HRV)指标与肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)和氨基末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)的相关性及其在预后中的应用价值。方法 将130 例KD 患儿分为冠状动脉损害组(n=47, CAL 组)和无CAL 组(n=83, NCAL 组), 同期选取110 例健康儿童为对照组, 29 例非心血管疾病恢复期患儿为非KD 组。各组儿童均行长程HRV 指标检测及分析。检测KD 组及非KD 组患儿血清NT-proBNP 及cTnI 水平。结果 同年龄性别KD 组患儿正常窦性N-N 间期标准差(SDNN)、相邻N-N 间期标准差的平均值(SDNNindex)、相邻N-N 间期之差>50 ms 的心搏数占心搏总数的百分数(PNN50)、极低频功率(VLF)、低频功率(LF)和高频功率(HF)值较对照组均明显下降, LF/HF 值较对照组升高(P<0.05)。CAL 组SDNN、全部记录中每5 min N-N 间期平均值的标准差(SDANN)、SDNNindex、相邻N-N 间期差值的均方根值(rMSSD)、PNN50、VLF、LF 和HF 值均低于对照组和非KD 组, LF/HF 值高于对照组(P<0.05)。CAL 组及NCAL 组的cTnI 和NT-proBNP 水平均高于非KD 组(P<0.05)。KD 患儿cTnI 与SDNN、HF 呈负相关, 与LF/HF 呈正相关(P<0.05);NT-proBNP 与SDNN、SDANN、HF 呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论 HRV 指标对KD 患儿的CAL 判断具有一定的临床意义。     

Assessment of cardiac autonomic function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using short term heart rate variability measures

BackgroundDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary neuromuscular disorder frequently associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction, and is one of the common causes of death in these children. Early diagnostic markers of cardiac involvement might help in timely intervention. In this study we compared the short term HRV measures of DMD children with that of healthy subjects.MethodOne hundred and twenty-four genetically confirmed boys with DMD and 50 age matched controls were recruited. Error-free, electrocardiogram was recorded in all subjects at rest in the supine position. HRV parameters were computed in time and frequency domains. Time domain measures included standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN), and root of square mean of successive NN interval (RMSSD). Frequency domain consisted of total, low frequency and high frequency power values. Ratio of low frequency and high frequency power values (LF/HF) was determined using customized software.ResultsHRV parameters were significantly altered in DMD children as compared to healthy controls. Following parameters [mean (SD)] were reduced in DMD as compared to controls; RMSSD (in ms) [52.14 (33.2) vs 64.64 (43.2); p = 0.038], High frequency component (nu) [38.77 (14.4) vs 48.02 (17.1); p = 0.001] suggesting a loss of vagal tone. In contrast, measure of sympathovagal balance LF/HF [1.18 (0.87) vs 0.89 (0.79); p = 0.020] was increased in DMD group.ConclusionIn this cross sectional study we have demonstrated alteration in autonomic tone in DMD. Loss of vagal tone and an increase in sympathetic tone were observed in DMD children. Further prospective studies are required to confirm the utility of these measures as predictors of adverse cardiac outcome in DMD.     

Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in a newborn

We report a case of erythema annulare centrifugum (EAC) with neonatal onset. The patient presented on the fourth day of life with erythematous papules that enlarged centrifugally to form annular or policyclic plaques on anterior surface of trunk and legs without signs of systemic toxicity. Subsequently, she developed sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation and died on the sixth day of life. Blood culture grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The coexistence of P. aeruginosa sepsis with the clinical appearance of erythema annulare centrifugum strongly suggests a pathogenetic effect of the microorganism on the skin eruption. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of EAC with P. aeruginosa sepsis in a newborn.     

Clinical phenotype associated with variants in TANGO2: A case study

Transport and Golgi organization 2 (TANGO2) disease is a severe inherited disorder that presents with multiple symptoms and a broad spectrum of phenotypes, including metabolic crisis, encephalopathy, cardiac arrhythmia, and hypothyroidism. The clinical picture of a TANGO2 gene biallelic mutation involves encephalopathy and rhabdomyolysis and is marked by cardiac rhythm disorders and neurological regression. The presentation of encephalopathy varies and can range from isolated language delay and cognitive impairment to multiple disabilities and spastic quadriparesis. A TANGO2 gene mutation causes serious illness with a limited life expectancy due to the unpredictable risk of cardiac rhythm disorder and death, particularly during rhabdomyolysis. Clinicians must therefore consider the TANGO2 gene when confronted with rhabdomyolysis in a patient suffering from an early developmental disorder. Currently, managing this disease is purely symptomatic. Here, we report the clinical features of a 10-year-old girl with mutations in the TANGO2 gene. Unique to our case was the lack of elevated creatine kinase during the early acute crises of cardiac failure and multi-organ failure, as well as the lack of any prior mental retardation associated with the aberrant heart rhythm.     

225例支气管哮喘急性发作患儿呼吸道病原体检出及临床特征分析

目的 分析支气管哮喘急性发作患儿的呼吸道病原体检出情况及临床特征。方法 收集2017年8月至2019年8月门诊及住院支气管哮喘急性发作的225例 < 14岁患儿的鼻咽拭子，采用荧光定量PCR法检测12种病原体，包括呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、人鼻病毒（HRV）、流感病毒A（IFVA）、流感病毒B（IFVB）、副流感病毒1~3型（PIV1~3）、人偏肺病毒（HMPV）、腺病毒（ADV）9种病毒，以及百日咳杆菌（BP）、肺炎衣原体（CP）、肺炎支原体（MP）。结果 病毒总检出阳性率为46.2%（104/225），共检出7种病毒，依次为HRV（19.6%，44/225）、ADV（16.0%，36/225）、IFVB（5.8%，13/225）、RSV（4.9%，11/225）、IFVA（3.6%，8/225）、PIV3（1.8%，4/225）、HMPV（0.4%，1/225）。所有病原体中BP检出率最高，为28.4%（64/225），MP检出率为16.4%（37/225），CP检出率为0.4%（1/225）。哮喘轻度发作组BP检出率高于重度发作组（P < 0.05）；重度发作组RSV和MP检出率高于轻度发作组（P < 0.05）。单纯BP感染、单纯病毒感染、单纯MP感染3组间阵发性咳嗽、痉挛样咳嗽、发热、肺部啰音的患儿比例及肺部影像阳性检出率的比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论 支气管哮喘急性发作患儿常见的呼吸道病原体为BP、HRV、MP；呼吸道病毒感染是儿童哮喘急性发作的重要病原体。不同病原体引起哮喘急性发作的临床特征及严重程度有一定差异。     

Sleep position,autonomic function,and arousal

AIMS—To investigate and compare heart rate variability (HRV) and responses of heart rate and arousal to head-up tilting in infants sleeping prone and supine.
METHODS—Thirty seven healthy infants aged 2-4 months were studied. HRV was measured for 500 beats while they were in a horizontal position. Subjects were then tilted 60° head-up, and heart rate recorded over 1 minute and arousal responses observed. Data were collected during both quiet and active sleep for both prone and supine sleep positions.
RESULTS—HRV, as assessed by the point dispersion of Poincaré plots, was significantly reduced in the prone position for both sleep states. Sleep position did not influence the changes in heart rate seen during a head-up tilt. Full awakening to the tilt was common in active sleep but significantly less so in the prone position (15% of prone tests vs 54% supine). Full awakening to the tilt rarely occurred during quiet sleep in either sleep position.
CONCLUSION—This study provides some evidence that blunted arousal responses and/or altered autonomic function are a feature of the prone sleeping position. Decreased HRV may be a sign of autonomic impairment. It is seen in many disease states and in infants who later die of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

     

P-wave dispersion and heart rate variability in children with mitral valve prolapse

Previous studies have reported that patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) may display autonomic dysfunction. Measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) and P-wave dispersion (PWD) may provide insights into the functional state of the autonomic nervous system. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been used as a noninvasive marker of autonomic activity. However, to the authors?? knowledge, PWD has not been studied in the context of MVP. This study aimed to examine HRV and PWD in patients with MVP and to determine whether differences exist between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The study population consisted of 54 healthy children (17 boys and 37 girls) ages 6?C18?years and 76 patients with MVP (20 boys and 56 girls) ages 6?C18?years. The duration and dispersion of the P-wave were measured by surface 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs). Heart rate variability was quantified using both time-domain and frequency-domain analyses of Holter ECGs. The minimum duration of the P-wave was significantly lower in the MVP patients (42.4?±?10.0?ms) than in the control subjects (54.4?±?12.8?ms) (p?<?0.01), and the PWD was significantly increased in the MVP group (42.7?±?10.8?ms) compared with the control subjects (31.8?±?10.9?ms) (p?<?0.01). However, no significant differences were found between the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. In addition, the HRV parameters were not statistically different between the two groups. In conclusion, although HRV parameters were not significantly different between the MVP and control groups, the findings show that PWD was increased for the children with MVP. However, no relationship could be established between PWD and clinical symptoms.     

甲状腺功能亢进症儿童的甲状腺激素与心率减速力及心率变异性的相关性

目的 对甲状腺功能亢进症（简称“甲亢”）儿童的心率减速力（DC）、心率加速力（AC）、心率变异性（HRV）进行分析,并探讨甲亢儿童的血清甲状腺激素水平与DC、AC及HRV的关系。方法 选取甲亢儿童47例,另选取50例健康儿童为对照组,对所有受试者行24 h动态心电图检查,将甲亢组与对照组的DC、AC、心率（HR）及HRV各指标[RR间期总体标准差（SDNN）、RR间期平均值的标准差（SDANN）、相邻RR间期差值的均方根（RMSSD）、低频功率（LF）、高频功率（HF）]进行比较,并将甲亢儿童的甲状腺激素指标[游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）]与DC、AC及HRV各指标进行相关性分析。结果 甲亢组的DC、SDNN、SDANN、RMSSD、LF、HF均低于对照组;AC和HR均高于对照组（P < 0.05）。甲亢儿童的血清FT3、FT4与DC、SDNN、SDANN、RMSSD、LF、HF均呈负相关（P < 0.05）;与AC和HR呈正相关（P < 0.05）。结论 甲亢儿童的心脏自主神经功能受损,表现为迷走神经张力降低。血清甲状腺激素水平越高,迷走神经张力越低,提示发生心血管疾病的危险性越大。     

Heart rate variability: impact of differences in outlier identification and management strategies on common measures in three clinical populations

Heart rate variability (HRV) is reported increasingly in pediatric research, but different strategies used to identify and manage potential outlier beats impact HRV parameter values in adults and animals. Do they in pediatrics? To compare the impact of different strategies to identifying and managing outliers, we used interbeat interval (IBI) data from three different populations: 10 stable premature infants, 33 stable pediatric oncology patients, and 15 healthy adults. Five commonly reported HRV parameters were compared using three identification and two management strategies to filter potential outliers. The three populations had different resting heart rates: 155 +/- 9 beats per minute (bpm) in infants, 105 +/- 17 bpm in children, and 87 +/- 12 bpm in adults. All three identification strategies flagged fewer than 2% of IBIs; the threshold identification strategy, excluding IBIs denoting heart rates <30 or >300 bpm, identified significantly fewer outliers than the other two strategies and generated higher HRV parameters in all populations (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in HRV parameters calculated by managing identified outliers by "tossing" them versus "interpolating" values. Different strategies for identifying potential outliers are associated with significant differences in HRV parameters. Pediatric researchers who report HRV should detail their outlier filtering strategies.     

Recurrence of group B streptococcal meningitis

Group B Streptococcus is the most frequent cause of neonatal sepsis. However, recurrences are rare. We report a case of recurrent meningitis due to Streptococcus B in a 2-month-old infant. Streptococcus B identified was hypervirulent clone ST-17 serotype III, which is known for its neurotropism. We found five other cases of recurrent group B streptococcal meningitis in the literature, which we report here. Many reports have identified breastfeeding and persistent colonization as the mode of transmission in recurrent Streptococcus B infections. We also discuss different ways to prevent recurrent group B streptococcal infections. Oral antibiotic therapy against carriage does not seem to be effective and there is no consensus on management of breastfeeding.     

Cerebellar Staphylococcal Abscess Accompanied with High Alfa-Fetoprotein in a Young Infant

Background

Brain abscess in young infants is extremely rare and usually associated with a previous history of bacterial meningitis or septicemia.

Case Presentation

Here we report a cerebellar abscess mimicking brain tumor with atypical clinical and paraclinical presentations. A two-month old previously well-baby boy was referred to us with persistent vomiting, strabismus and developmental regression. The brain imaging showed a right cerebellar mass with multiple small cysts inside the lesion. Elevated serum alfa-fetoprotein associated with cystic and solid posterior fossa mass proposed the preoperative diagnosis of teratoma but tumor cells were not found inside the pathology specimen. The culture of the sample was positive for staphylococcus aureus.

Conclusion

The interest of this case lies in the atypical features of clinical and radiological evaluations in a young infant associated with an abnormal alfa-fetoprotein level of serum.     

Severe respiratory phenotype caused by a de novo Arg528Gly mutation in the CACNA1S gene in a patient with hypokalemic periodic paralysis

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HOKPP) is a rare disorder characterized by episodic muscle weakness with hypokalemia. Mutations in the CACNA1S gene, which encodes the alpha 1-subunit of the skeletal muscle L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel, have been reported to be mainly responsible for HOKPP. The paralytic attacks generally spare the respiratory muscles and the heart. Here, we report the case of a 16-year-old boy who presented with frequent respiratory insufficiency during the severe attacks. Mutational analysis revealed a heterozygous c.1582C > G substitution in the CACNA1S gene, leading to an Arg528Gly mutation in the protein sequence. The parents were clinically unaffected and did not show a mutation in the CACNA1S gene. A de novo Arg528Gly mutation has not previously been reported. The patient described here presents the unique clinical characteristics, including a severe respiratory phenotype and a reduced susceptibility to cold exposure. The patient did not respond to acetazolamide and showed a marked improvement of the paralytic symptoms on treatment with a combination of spironolactone, amiloride, and potassium supplements.     

Guidelines for the management of suspected and confirmed bacterial meningitis in Canadian children older than one month of age

The incidence of bacterial meningitis in infants and children has decreased since the routine use of conjugated vaccines targeting Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. However, this infection continues to be associated with considerable mortality and morbidity if not treated effectively with empirical antimicrobial therapy. Diagnosis still rests on clinical signs and symptoms, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. This position statement outlines the rationale for current recommended empirical therapy using a third-generation cephalosporin and vancomycin for suspected bacterial meningitis. It also provides new recommendations for the use of adjuvant corticosteroids in this setting. Once antibiotic susceptibilities of the pathogen are known, antimicrobials should be reviewed and modified accordingly. Recommendations for treatment duration as well as audiology testing are included. The present statement replaces a previous Canadian Paediatric Society position statement on bacterial meningitis published in 2007 and revised in 2008.     

Combination of Miller–Dieker syndrome and VACTERL association causes extremely severe clinical presentation

We report a Japanese boy, who showed overlapping clinical features of Miller–Dieker syndrome (lissencephaly and facial dysmorphism) and vertebral defect, anal atresia, cardiac malformation and limb anomalies (VACTERL) association. The overall clinical presentation was much more severe than that normally associated with each disorder, and the infant died on day 100 of life despite aggressive therapy. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using a commercially available LIS1 probe failed to detect a deletion, but chromosomal microarray analysis detected a 2.50-Mb microdeletion in 17p13.3 which involved partially the LIS1 gene, and thus was compatible with Miller–Dieker syndrome. It may represent an example of a combination of two congenital disorders with blended phenotypes explaining unexpectedly severe phenotypes occurring with known chromosomal rearrangements. Conclusion: We report the first case of a combination of Miller–Dieker syndrome and VACTERL association with an unusually severe phenotype.