原发性肝癌以外科为主的综合治疗(附425例报告)

目的：探讨肝癌以外科为主的综合治疗。方法：以外科为主综合治疗原发性肝癌患者425例，其中直径≤5cm的小肝癌121例。行不规则性肝叶切除134例，局部切除95例，肝叶或肝段切除123例，半肝或半肝以上切除共56例，联合脏器切除17例；切缘注射无水酒精或用渗入无水酒精的明胶海绵包埋于瘤床共39例。结果：总的手术切除率69.8%，小肝癌手术切除率90.3%；手术死亡率1.2%；术后生存5年以上118例，10年以上24例。全组术后3、5、10年生存率分别为57.2%(203/355)、51.3%(118/230)和35.3%(24/68)；其中小肝癌术后3、5、10年生存率分别为74.4%(64/86)、64.6%(42/65)和43.8%(14/32)。结论：以外科为主的综合治疗是目前治疗肝癌最有效的方法。不规则性肝切除、早期发现肝癌、综合治疗大肝癌缩小后二期切除等是提高手术切除率的主要手段；以个体化为原则的术后综合治疗可降低术后复发率，提高肝癌的治疗效果。     

原发性肝癌的综合治疗--附607例报告

背景与目的：虽然原发性肝癌(简称肝癌)的早期诊断和早期治疗取得了很大进步,但大多数为合并有肝硬化的中晚期肝癌患者,手术切除并非适合所有肝癌患者,即使能切除,术后复发率也高达60％以上,因而,肝癌的整体治疗效果较差。本研究探讨肝癌的综合治疗方法,以进一步提高肝癌的整体治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析我科以外科为主综合治疗的607例肝癌患者的病例资料,其中,手术切除共423例,行不规则性肝叶切除134例,局部切除95例,肝叶或肝段切除123例,半肝或半肝以上切除共54例,联合脏器切除17例;手术不能切除184例,行肝固有动脉结扎联合肝动脉及门静脉双插管化疗或瘤体内注射无水乙醇或冷冻、射频治疗、微波固化、腹腔化疗等。结果：总的手术切除率69．7％(423／607),手术死亡率1．2％(5／423);全组3、5、10年生存率分别为42．7％(218／511)、37．5％(123／328)和26．5％(26／98);切除组3、5、10年生存率分别为57．2％(203／355)、51．3％(118／230)和35．3％(24／68);不能切除组3、5、10年生存率分别为9．6％(15／156)、5．1％(5／98)和6．7％(2／30)。结论：以外科为主的综合治疗是目前可切除肝癌较好的治疗方法。术后个体化综合治疗可提高肝癌的手术治疗效果。     

不能手术切除原发性肝癌的治疗

目的 探讨不能手术切除原发性肝癌的合理有效治疗方法。方法 回顾性总结分析1991年1月至2003年3月我院收治的312例不能手术切除原发性肝癌患者的临床资料、治疗方法及随访资料。采用SPSS11．0进行统计,以Kaplan—Meier法计算生存率。结果 312例患者中,定期随访289例,失访23例,随访率92．6％。随访2～158个月,平均36．5个月。73例患者行肝癌冷冻手术治疗（包括TACE治疗后二期肝癌冷冻手术11例）,术后配合经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）或经皮无水酒精注射（PEI）等综合治疗;239例患者实施以TACE为主的综合治疗,其中,29例患者经TACE治疗后获得二期手术探查。二期手术探查中,18例行肝切除手术,11例行肝癌冷冻手术。73例肝癌冷冻患者1、3、5年生存率分别为64．4％、38．4％和27．4％;18例二期肝切除手术患者1、3、5年生存率分别为100．0％、77．8％和55．6％;以TACE为主综合治疗患者1、3、5年生存率分别为75．1％、29．0％和10．0％;全组患者1、3、5年生存率分别为74．0％、34．0％和16．7％。结论 不能手术切除原发性肝癌患者应个体化制定治疗方案,首选适合患者本身肿瘤类型的治疗方法,同时配合多元化的综合治疗。     

小肝癌切除术后复发的监测及复发病灶再治疗的价值

本文对８２例手术切除的小肝癌进行了分析，探讨小肝癌术后复发的规律、监测方法和复发病灶再次治疗的价值。结果提示，本组术后１～５年累计复发率分别为３０．５％、４２．７％、４５．１％、５０．０％和５１．２％。其中，术后３年内为复发的高发期，术后３年内复发人数占总复发人数的８６．１％。首次手术采用根治性切除可以降低复发率。术后定期复查有利于发现亚临床复发病灶，为再次治疗提供有利条件。本组４３例复发病例中，再次肝切除１８例，行经皮肝动脉栓塞化疗术４例，Ｂ超引导下无水酒精注射１例。复发病灶的再治疗可明显提高术后生存率。其中，复发病灶的再切除是提高小肝癌术后生存率的最主要途径，可使术后生存率提高３０％左右。     

经皮射频联合瘤内无水酒精注射治疗肝癌

目的：总结经皮肝穿射频毁损联合瘤内无水酒精注射术治疗肝癌的效果和经验。方法：经皮射频毁损与瘤内无水酒精注射术交替治疗不宜手术切除的肝癌68例。结果：随访5－15个月,经皮射频毁损与瘤内无水酒精注射术联合治疗的31例原发性单个小肝癌（≤5cm),甲胎蛋白阳性14例,术后降至正常11例,影像学疑复发2例;9例转移性肝癌（≤5cm)仅作单纯的经皮射频治疗,治疗后1例复发;28例大肝癌（＞5cm)病人全部首先行经皮肝动脉栓塞化疗,然后再作经皮肝穿射频毁损与瘤内无水酒精注射联合治疗,其中甲胎蛋白阳性15例,术后降至正常7例,下降但未降至正常5例,无下降或上升3例;影像学随访显示病灶好转或稳定21例,病情进展7例。联合治疗副作用不大,未见严重并发症。结论：经皮射频联合瘤内无水酒精注射适合对小肝癌的治疗或经皮肝动脉栓塞化疗后大肝癌的补充治疗,两者联合治疗可望提高癌局部治疗的效果。     

小肝癌手术治疗的进展

目的　总结 14 5 8例小肝癌 ( <5cm)手术切除的效果。方法　通过检索医学外科期刊 1992年 6月至 2 0 0 2年 9月关于小肝癌的诊断与手术治疗的有关论文 14 5 8例。结果　 14 5 8例小肝癌术后 1、3、5年生存率分别为 91 75 %、72 5 5 %、5 8 0 3 % ,不规则肝切除术 86 0 % ,左外叶切除 7 13 % ,左半肝切除 3 84% ,右半肝切除 0 61% ,术后 3年复发率为 3 9 0 %。结论　手术切除是小肝癌的首选治疗方法 ,小肝癌首次手术方式应选择根治性不规则切除术 ,切缘距肿瘤距离 2cm为宜。对合并肝硬化的病人作不规则肝切除代替肝叶切除是提高切除率和降低手术死亡率的关键。     

小肝癌的临床诊断与个体化治疗

目的探讨小肝癌的临床诊断与个体化治疗方案。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2009年1月在东莞市人民医院治疗的53例小肝癌患者的临床资料,总结小肝癌患者个体化诊治的经验。结果53例中手术切除35例,其中肿瘤位置较深而术中无法扪及18例,15例联合B超定位,3例术中体内标志联合CT／MRI定位。2例手术切除者因上消化道大出血及肝功能衰竭于术后2个月内死亡。微创治疗18例,其中射频消融术（RFA）13例,无水酒精注射术（PEI）3例,肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TA—CE）2例。手术切除组和微创治疗组3年生存率分别为75．2％和71．3％;1、2、3年复发率分别为13．3％、24．5％、37．1％和17．4％、31．8％、41．6％,差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论小肝癌的早期诊断应注意乙肝病史,同时结合多种检查及密切随访综合判断。术中B超和体内标志联合CT／MRI能准确定位微小病灶。小肝癌的治疗应制定个体化的治疗方案。     

原发性肝癌术后复发的再次手术治疗

手术是目前根治原发性肝癌的主要治疗手段,但术后肝内仍有较高的复发率1,3,5年分别为569％,72．3％,阴％。我院原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发的6例病人,包括单发的或多发的局限在一叶或一肝段内的,均行再次手术切除,从而延长了生存期。报告如下：临床资料我院自1992～1998年,共切除原发性肝癌76例,术后发现肝内复发17例（肝内复发率22％）,其中单发的4例,局限在一叶多发的5例。1年以内复发的7例（占41％）,2年以内复发12例（70．5％）。年龄36～64岁。方法：6例患者首次肝癌切除术式：为左半肝切除2例,右肝5～6段切除2例,肝中…     

小肝癌的手术治疗

目的 总结87例小肝癌的手术切除经验.方法 回顾性分析了16年来收治经病理证实的87例小肝癌的手术情况,87例均行非规则性肝切除,其中局部切除56例,肝段切除9例,肝叶切除8例,肝切除+脾切除+贲门周围血管离断术7例,肝切除+门静脉取栓术5例,术后复发再切除3例.结果 87例小肝癌术后1个月内死亡1例,术后随访75例,1、3、5年生存率分别为98.9%、71.5%、60.1%,术后二年内复发率为28.6%.结论 手术切除是小肝癌治疗的最佳选择,术前B超、CT定位结合术中B超检查是手术切除直径≤2.O cm的微小肝癌的关键.     

以手术为主的系列疗法治疗原发性大肝癌(附191例报告)

目的 探讨以手术为主的系列疗法治疗原发性大肝癌的方法及疗效。方法 手术治疗原发性大肝癌191例,其中行各类肝切除术121例,行深度冷冻治疗70例。术中配合全植入式输药器（IDDS）植入,手术前后配合经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）、无水酒精注射（PEI）、生物免疫治疗和中医中药治疗。以CT动脉造影CTA）、动脉期CT门脉造影（CTAP）作为早期发现卫星灶的方法,并以外周血AFP mRNA监测肿瘤的转移复发。术前肝功能评价采用Child分级配合BCAA／AAA。结果 切除组1,3,5年生存率分别为75．8％、45．6％和30．4％。冷冻组1,3年生存 率分别为63．2％和37．0％。手术死亡率为1．6％。AFPmRNA阳性者复发率为69．2％,阴性者复发率为33．3％,二者间差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。手术死亡者BCAA／AAA均＜1．5。结论 以手术为主的系列疗法对原发性大肝癌有良好疗效,应成为大肝癌治疗的主要策略。外周血AFPmRNA与肝癌复发有关,有望成为新的临床指标。BCAA／AAA加Child分级可更为准确地评价术前肝脏储备功能。     

经皮射频消融术治疗外科切除术后复发性肝细胞癌疗效分析

背景与目的：大部分复发性的肝癌结节的直径小于3 cm,且射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)治疗直径小于3 cm的肿瘤结节,其疗效已受到广泛认可。探讨RFA对手术切除术后复发性肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的临床疗效与安全性。方法：回顾性分析61例手术切除后复发性HCC患者在经动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)结合RFA的治疗下的1、3、5年总生存(overall survival,OS)率和无进展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)率,并发症发生率,死亡率,完全消融率以及影响患者生存率的独立风险因子。结果：完全消融率为93.4%(57/61),不完全消融率6.6%(4/61)。1、3、5年生存率分别为96.3%、77.9%和77.9%。1、3、5年PFS率分别为48.6%、20.3%和13.5%。消融术后出现主要并发症的患者1例,为肝包膜下出血;无消融治疗相关的死亡患者;消融后住院时间为4~7 d,中位值为5 d。影响OS的独立风险因子为患者HBsAg阳性(P=0.044,HR=7.496,95%CI：1.057~53.152)。结论：RFA治疗手术切除术后复发的HCC安全、有效,能够有效提高切除术后复发性HCC患者的生存率,对改善HCC患者的预后具有重要意义。     

Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection: prognostic factors and long-term outcome.

AIM: The prognosis of patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatic resection varies widely. This study analyzed long-term survival and prognostic factors of patients with recurrent HCC after hepatectomy. METHODS: From July 1991 to December 2000, 623 patients underwent hepatic resection for HCC. Of those, 347 (56.5%) patients had tumour recurrence, and 286 patients with follow-up time more than 24 months after recurrence were enrolled. Twenty-seven clinicopathologic factors underwent both univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of these 286 patients, survival times after tumour recurrence were mean 672+/-619 days; median 468 days; and, range 10-3753 days. The overall 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year post-recurrence survival rates were 61.5, 33.4, 18.2, and 9.0%, respectively. Seventy (24.5%) patients were alive at the time of study, and 10 of the 34 patients who underwent re-resection were disease-free. By Cox regression analysis, multiple initial tumours (relative risk (RR) 1.428), recurrent multiple (RR 1.372), extrahepatic recurrence (RR 2.434), recurrent tumour size >2 cm (RR 1.926), post-hepatectomy period until recurrence <1 year (RR 1.769), and non-resectional treatment of recurrent tumours (RR 3.527) were independent prognostic factors for post-recurrent survival rates. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with recurrent HCC after hepatectomy, both initial and recurrent tumour factors influenced their prognosis. Early detection of recurrent tumours is important. Re-resection correlated with better post-recurrent survival rates.     

Prognostic factors of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis: univariate and multivariate analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this investigation was to study the clinicopathological factors influencing long-term outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with liver cirrhosis in patients undergoing hepatectomy. Liver cirrhosis, especially the macronodular variety, has been found in up to 90% of patients with HCC. In Asia, the incidence of liver cirrhosis in patients with HCC who had undergone hepatic resection varies from 42.5% to 73.8%. However, the optimal surgical approach for HCC patients with cirrhosis is less clearly defined. Resection of the cirrhotic liver is challenging and remains controversial in the treatment of HCC. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed the surgical outcomes of HCC concomitant with liver cirrhosis in 218 patients who underwent hepatic resection between 1986 and 1998. Post-resection prognostic factors were assessed using a univariate log-rank test and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The overall postoperative complication rate was 15.6%, while the surgical mortality rate was 8.8%. Meanwhile, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year disease-free survival rates were 50.9%, 33.98%, and 27.03%, respectively, and. the overall cumulative survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 63.14%, 41.88%, and 31.83%, respectively. Applying Cox's multivariate proportional hazard model indicated that significant adverse prognostic indicators included elevated alkaline phosphatase value, tumor size >2 cm, presence of satellite lesions, and vascular invasion. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation found that overall survival for HCC patients concomitant with liver cirrhosis who underwent hepatic resection should be stratified on the basis of the high value of alkaline phosphatase, tumor size, satellite lesions, and vascular invasion.     

The Value of Interferon Combined with Hepatic Artery Chemoembolization and Portal Vein Chemotherapy in Preventing a Recurrence after Radical Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE The change of cell immune function after hepatectomy of patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually neglected. The aim of this study was to explore the change of T cell subsets in HCC patients after hepatectomy, and to study the value of treatment with interferon (INF)combined with hepatic artery chemoembolization (HACE) and portal vein chemotherapy (PVC) to prevent recurrence after radical resection of HCC.METHODS Seventy-five HCC patients were treated with PVC and HACE at the 2nd week and 4th week after radical tumor resection. In the 2nd week after surgery, 33 pationts received INF treatment for one week. Seventy-two patients were followed up over three years. The effect of INF combined with HACE and PVC on the postoperative recurrence rate was compared with that of HACE and PVC treatment. Changes of T cell subsets in the peripheral blood were examined with labeled monoclonal antibodies before and after hepatectomy or with use of interferon. Forty cholecystolithiasis patients who received a cholecystectomy were used as controls.RESULTS CD3^ and CD4^ cells in the peripheral blood were reduced in patients with HCC. After hepatectomy, they declined further with a decrease in the CD4^ /CD8^ ratio. The values returned to pre-operative level at the 4th week after surgery. The CD3^ and CD4^ cells and the CD4^ /CD8^ ratio increased remarkably following the use of INF. The 1-, 2- and 3-year recurrent rates of patients treated with HACE, PVC and INF in combination were 0%, 6.2% and 15.6%, respectively, while those treated only with HACE and PVC were 5.0%, 12.5% and 27.5%, respectively.CONCLUSION Patients with HCC suffer from a marked immunosuppression, which become ever more severe after hepatectomy. The combined use of HACE, PVC and INF is superior in decreasing the recurrent rate to the combination of only HACE and PVC.     

Significance of multidisciplinary therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

The effect of multidisciplinary therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was evaluated in 121 resected cases. The 5-year survival was 100% for absolute curative resection (12 cases), 59.1% for relative curative resection (n-37) and 10.9% for relative non-curative resection (n=59). However, none of the patients survived for more than 3 years after absolute non-curative resection (n-13). The non-recurrence in the preoperative TAE groups was different from that in non-TAE groups under-going absolute and relative curative resection. The 1- and 3-year non-recurrence rates for relative non-curative resection were 92.3% and 53.8%, respectively, for the preoperative TAE group and 56.1% and 28.1%, respectively for the non-TAE group. These data show that preoperative TAE is effective in relative non-curative resection. Functional disturbances of the coagulation-fibrinolysis system in cirrhotic patients were improved after PSE. All patients undergoing hepatectomy after PSE had an uneventful postoperative course, including well-maintained function of the coagulation-fibrinolysis system and a decrease in splenic volume. At 1 year after hepatectomy, cirrhotic patients with critical liver function and poor coagulation-fibrinolysis showed appreciable hepatic regeneration. One patients died of hepatic failure 1 year after the operation. In recurrent HCC, the 1-, 2- and 3-year survivial values after reresection were 100%, 75.0% and 25.0%, respectively. The respective values following TAE were 79.0%, 42.0% and 9.0%. Three cases of recurrent HCC were effectively treated, i.e., two patients achieved a partial response and one showed no change, by continuous intra-arterial infusion of 5-FU and lentinan with intermittent one-shot injections of epirubicin using a subcutaneous infusion pump. These three patients are alive at 1 year and 7 months, 1 year and 4 months and 6 months after the treatment, respectively.Presented at the Second International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Taipei, 3–4 February 1991     

射频消融及125I粒子植入在预防肝癌切除术后局部复发的作用

目的探讨降低原发性肝癌切除术后局部复发的方法,提高肝癌患者的长期生存率。方法78例肿瘤靠近第一、第二肝门,估计切缘距肿瘤<1cm的肝癌患者,按就诊单双日分为单纯切除组和联合组。单纯切除组38例,仅行常规肝癌切除;联合组40例,在肝癌切除后,切缘行射频消融和~(125)I粒子植入。全部患者术后均定期随访。结果联合组术后1、3、5年肿瘤复发率分别为7.5%、30.0%和45.0%,术后1、3、5年生存率分别为92.5%、67.5%和30.0%,与单纯切除组比较,其中3、5年复发率差异有统计学意义((x~2=7.340,P<0.01;x~2=15.740,P<0.01);联合组的3、5年生存率较单纯切除组呈现明显升高的趋势。结论肝癌切除后切缘射频消融和~(125)I粒子植入能有效地降低术后局部复发率,提高治疗效果,且有可能延长肝癌患者的生存期。     

超常规剂量碘油超选择TAE与常规TAE后Ⅱ期肝癌切除-27例手术病理及随访研究

目的评价术前应用超常规剂量碘油超选择TAE与常规TAE治疗原发性肝癌的价值。方法1987年8月～1999年12月12年间27例原发性肝癌分为两组治疗组17例,应用常规导管或球囊导管超选择至肿瘤供血动脉,阻断其血流,使注射碘油时不产生逆流,将全部动脉肿瘤血管、病变周围正常的小动脉及肝实质和门静脉分支栓塞,栓后25天～121天手术切除;对照组10例,应用一般导管,常规剂量的碘油超选或不超选栓塞肿瘤供血动脉,栓后20天～140天手术切除。对两组病人切除的标本均进行了详细的病理学研究,同时对全部病人随访3～8年。结果治疗组17例中11例肿瘤100%坏死,其余6例坏死率为85%～95%,3、5年生存率分别为88.2%(15/17)、45.5%(5/11),3例现生存6～8年;对照组10例中2例肿瘤完全坏死,另8例坏死率为75%～95%,3、5年生存率分别为60.0%(6/10)、14.3%(1/7)。结论术前应用超常规剂量碘油超选择TAE治疗原发性肝癌效果明显好于常规TAE。     

Surgical treatment for metastatic malignancies. Anatomical resection of liver metastasis: indications and outcomes

Hepatectomy may be the only treatment modality for the cure of colorectal liver metastasis. However, whether to perform nonanatomical resection or anatomical resection remains unclear. Original articles in English on liver metastasis, including reports that dealt with case series of more than 50 curative hepatectomies, were reviewed, and the current status of surgical treatment for colorectal liver metastasis was summarized, with a special emphasis on the relevance, indications, and outcomes of anatomical hepatectomy. Anatomical hepatic resection was performed in 63% of the patients. For patients who were treated by curative hepatectomy, including both anatomical and nonanatomical resection, the morbidity rates, mortality rates, 5-year survival rates, and rates of hepatic recurrence were 23%, 3.3%, 34%, and 41.2%, respectively. In 73 articles that each analyzed more than 50 patients treated with potentially curative hepatectomy, the incidence of anatomical resection exceeded 50% in 56 series, while anatomical resection was performed in fewer than 50% of the patients in 17 series. A comparison between these two groups naturally revealed a remarkable difference in the incidence of anatomical resection (72% versus 34%), but no difference in terms of morbidity; mortality; survival rates at 3, 5, and 10 years; or rate of hepatic recurrence. The profile of liver metastasis related to prognosis was generally advantageous to patients treated with nonanatomical resection, and this may have nullified the survival advantage of anatomical hepatectomy over nonanatomical resection. Anatomical resection provides a higher probability of coresecting microscopic invasions that are predictable but undetectable, and can be recommended as a standard procedure for locally advanced metastatic liver cancer.