颈动脉支架置入术治疗重度颈动脉狭窄

目的:评价颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)治疗重度颈动脉狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法:对21例重度颈动脉狭窄的患者进行经皮腔内血管成形术和CAS治疗,评价手术效果及其并发症情况。结果:所有患者均顺利完成手术,共置入支架23枚,术后造影证实狭窄程度≤10%,术中出现5例颈动脉窦综合征,2例血管痉挛,1例轻度栓塞,经治疗均恢复良好。随访2～4个月,均未出现与手术血管相关的不良事件。结论:CAS是治疗重度颈动脉狭窄安全、有效的手段,是预防脑梗死的有效措施,而提高操作者本身技巧、加强围手术期的监护能有效地减少并发症和病死率。     

适合机械性取栓的急性栓塞性脑梗死动物模型的建立与评价

目的:建立并评价适合动脉内机械取栓的急性栓塞性脑梗死动物模型。方法:血流临时阻断凝血酶注入法制作急性栓塞性脑梗死模型,利用颅内动脉取栓装置行机械性取栓。应用数字减影血管造影(DSA)、磁共振弥散成像(DWI)、经颅多普勒及病理检查来评价模型建立的效果,比较模型建立前后表观弥散系数(ADC)、大脑中动脉流速(Vmca)变化情况。结果:DSA显示制模的成功率为83%。栓塞6 h DWI显示梗塞灶,24 h病理检查TTC染色可见梗死区。取栓后颈总动脉再通率为80%,栓塞前后、取栓前后Vmca的比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),取栓组与非治疗组6 h Vmca比较差异有统计学意义;取栓组ADC值呈上升趋势,非治疗组ADC值下降,两组24 h的比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:本研究所建立的模型稳定,重复性好,适用于颅内动脉取栓装置的实验研究和疗效评价。     

Emergent extracranial internal carotid artery stenting and mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke

Objective

Tandem occlusions involving both the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) and an intracranial artery typically respond poorly to intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). We retrospectively review our experience with proximal ICA stenting and stent-assisted thrombectomy of the distal artery.

Methods

The data included patients that underwent carotid stenting and mechanical thrombectomy between 2012–2013. Radiographic, clinical, and procedural data were drawn from case notes, imaging records and discharge reports. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the modified Rankin scale (mRs).

Results

Seven patients, with a mean age of 66.4 years and a mean admission NIHSS of 18.3, underwent this procedure and were included. Each presented with an occlusion of the proximal ICA, with additional occlusions of the ICA terminus (n = 3), middle cerebral artery (n = 5), or anterior cerebral artery (n = 1). Recanalisation of all identified occlusions was achieved in all patients, with a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) score of 3 and a Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) score >2b achieved in each case. Mean time from onset of stroke symptoms to recanalisation was 287 min; mean time from first angiography to recanalisation was 52 min. Intracranial haemorrhages occurred in two patients, with no increase in NIHSS. There were no mortalities. Mean NIHSS at discharge was 4.9, and mRs at 90 days was one in all patients.

Conclusions

Treatment of tandem extracranial ICA and intracranial occlusions in the setting of acute ischaemic stroke with extracranial carotid artery stenting followed by adjunctive intracranial mechanical thrombectomy is both safe and effective, but further evaluation of this treatment modality is necessary.     

Mechanical thrombectomy for acute occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery: A case report

BACKGROUNDMechanical thrombectomy (MT) has been demonstrated to be useful for the treatment of ischemic stroke in patients with large vessel occlusions. However, recanalization by MT is not recommended for distal vessels such as second-order branches of the middle cerebral artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Because of the small size and tortuosity of these arteries, the risks of using the available endovascular devices outweigh the benefits of treatment. However, MT appears to be effective in patients with primary distal vessel occlusion in eloquent areas, those with a high National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and those ineligible for recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy. Here, we report the use of MT for treating acute occlusion of the PICA using a direct-aspiration first-pass technique (ADAPT).CASE SUMMARYIn this case, the patient received acute occlusion of the PICA with ADAPT when right internal carotid artery stenting was performed.CONCLUSIONWith the introduction of advanced endovascular devices, MT may now be a feasible treatment for acute occlusion of the PICA.     

Anticoagulant treatment for pulmonary embolism in patient with cerebral hemorrhage secondary to mechanical thrombectomy: A case report

BACKGROUNDCerebral hemorrhage secondary to cerebral embolism after mechanical thrombectomy is characterized by high morbidity, disability and mortality. If the patient also has severe pulmonary embolism (PE) at the same time, the treatment becomes more complex. This report describes the treatment strategy for a patient with PE and cerebral hemorrhage secondary to cerebral embolism after mechanical thrombectomy. CASE SUMMARYA 70-year-old woman presented to our emergency department with right-sided hemiplegia and mixed aphasia of 2.5 h duration. She was diagnosed with left cerebral embolism, left internal carotid artery occlusion, PE and left calf intramuscular vein thrombosis. Following mechanical thrombectomy, brain magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebral infarction with basal ganglia hemorrhage. We observed changes in cerebral hemorrhage on serial monitoring of brain computed tomography and adjusted the dose of anticoagulant drugs. After 3 wk of treatment, the patient’s neurological and respiratory symptoms significantly improved, and a favorable prognosis was obtained.CONCLUSIONAnticoagulation could be a potential option for PE accompanied by hemorrhagic transformation of an ischemic infarct.     

彩色多普勒超声在脑梗死患者颈动脉病变中的应用价值

目的:应用彩色多普勒超声检查初步探讨脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化病变的关系及特点。方法:对52例脑梗死患者和49例非脑梗死患者进行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查。结果:52例脑梗死患者有颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成者35例,检出率67.3%。颈动脉粥样硬化斑块好发于颈动脉分叉处。软斑、溃疡斑是脑梗死患者的主要栓子来源。结论:颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与脑梗死有密切相关性。彩色多普勒超声检测脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成有重要临床价值。     

颈动脉狭窄外科手术治疗的研究进展

自1953年DeBakey完成第1例颈动脉内膜斑块切除术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)以来,CEA逐渐成为治疗颅外段颈动脉狭窄的主要手段。欧美多项临床研究已经证实CEA对缺血性脑卒中的预防和治疗均有显著效果。经过多年的发展,现在主要有补片式CEA及外翻式CEA两种术式,且经研究证明两者在安全性、有效性等方面均优于传统CEA。本文就颈动脉狭窄外科手术治疗的发展现状作一综述。     

Embolectomy of acute embolic stroke associated with ipsilateral carotid web: a case report and literature review

A carotid web is a thin intraluminal protrusion located in the posterolateral wall of the carotid bulb, which might be a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke. The mechanism of ischemic stroke caused by carotid web is still unclear, but it might be related to hemodynamic changes distal to the web, resulting in flow forces and remote embolization of fibrin-based clots. The diagnosis of a carotid web mainly depends on carotid artery imaging examinations. The main therapeutic strategies include medical treatment with oral antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants, and operative treatment, such as carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting. Few cases of acute large-vessel occlusion undergoing mechanical thrombectomy in the setting of carotid web as the etiology have been reported. We report here a case of a 37-year-old woman who underwent stent retriever embolectomy after acute ischemic stroke. Carotid artery imaging examinations, including digital subtraction angiography and magnetic resonance imaging, and pathology showed that a carotid web was located at the proximal right internal carotid artery. We also discuss the clinical pathophysiological and imaging features, and the treatment of carotid web as described in the currently available literature.     

Tissue plasminogen activator via cross-collateralization for tandem internal carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion

Tandem internal carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion after carotid dissection predicts poor outcome after systemic thrombolysis. Current treatments include the use of endovascular carotid stenting, which carries with it a high risk of propagating further embolic events and worsening the dissection. New strategies for avoiding the aforementioned side-effects include recanalization using cross-collaterals for delivery of intra-lesional tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). We present two cases that provide further support for this novel approach. Both patients presented with a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of 20, received intra-arterial tPA via cross-collateralization, and made full recoveries without the need for stenting.     

Primary balloon angioplasty for chronic occlusion of intracranial internal carotid artery: A case report

Chronic occlusion of large intracranial arteries is the main cause of ischemic stroke in China. Patients with symptomatic intracranial artery occlusion and hemodynamic impairment are at high risk of recurrent stroke. Chronic occlusion of the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery is a common type of intracranial artery occlusion. Medical management is regarded as the standard treatment for this disease. With the development of endovascular treatment, some patients with chronic cerebral artery occlusion have achieved satisfactory results with endovascular therapy. We reported a patient with symptomatic chronic occlusion of the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery. Simple balloon angioplasty was performed, and the occluded ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery was successfully recanalized without perioperative complications. At 4 months follow-up, the internal carotid artery remained patent and perfusion of the right cerebral hemisphere improved dramatically. In addition, we briefly reviewed the relevant literature.     

颈动脉壁内-中膜厚度及斑块与冠心病的关系

目的利用无创高分辨率二维超声比较冠心病患者与非冠心病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度(intima-mediathickness,IMT)及粥样斑块的发生情况,探讨IMT及粥样斑块与冠心病的相关性。方法经冠状动脉造影的137例患者根据血管病变分为4组:冠状动脉造影正常组(n=31)、单支病变组(n=36)、双支病变组(n=33)、3支病变组(n=37),在冠状动脉造影前、后1周内进行颈动脉超声检查,同时测定其生化、血脂水平,测量患者的收缩压、舒张压;计算体重指数,并记录其吸烟史、高血压史、糖尿病史。结果冠状动脉病变组患者的颈动脉壁内-中膜厚度及粥样斑块的发生明显高于冠状动脉造影正常组,且有统计学意义;随着病变的加重,其颈动脉壁内-中膜厚度及粥样斑块的发生明显增加。结论颈动脉壁内-中膜厚度与冠心病有一定的相关性,可利用颈动脉超声检查来预测冠心病的发生。     

Mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute basilar occlusion using stent retrievers

Background

Early arterial recanalisation with stent retrievers (SR) has been recently demonstrated to improve clinical outcome of patients with large-vessel occlusion of the anterior circulation. However, the benefit of SR thrombectomy in the setting of acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) has not been proven yet. This study evaluated a series of consecutive patients with BAO treated with SR, focusing on the efficacy, safety and clinical results.

Methods

We analysed 24 consecutive patients with acute BAO who were treated with SR mechanical thrombectomy. Good clinical outcome at three months was defined as mRS ≤ 2. Data from patients with good outcome were compared to that from patients with poor outcome.

Results

Sufficient recanalisation (TICI 2 b or 3) was achieved in 63% (15/24) of patients. At three months, 33% (8/24) of patients had died; good clinical outcome was obtained in 21% (5/24). Age (46 vs. 60 years old, p = 0.05) and time from symptoms onset to recanalisation (370 vs. 521 minutes, p = 0.048) was significantly lower in patients with good outcome as compared to patients with poor outcome. There were three cases (12.5%) of periprocedural complications, all of them related to arterial wall dissection/perforation.

Conclusions

SR thrombectomy might be an efficient and safe treatment for patients with acute BAO occlusion and might help improve outcome.     

颈动脉狭窄的DSA诊断与血管内介入治疗

目的探讨颈动脉狭窄的血管内介入诊疗价值.方法回顾性分析142例颈动脉狭窄患者的血管内介入诊疗资料.结果 DSA检查均能获得明确的诊断.颈动脉造影显示全部患者颈动脉均有不同程度的狭窄,其中面积狭窄百分比≤50%者26例,狭窄程度＞50%而≤70%者66例,狭窄程度＞70%者50例.38例颈动脉狭窄患者拟行血管内支架者,37例成功地置入了血管内支架,即刻DSA显示狭窄程度由术前的78.7% (64%～100%)下降到约32.4% (0～58%).结论血管内介入技术在颈动脉狭窄的诊断与治疗中具有重要价值.     

Thrombectomy in posterior circulation stroke through persistent primitive trigeminal artery: A case report

We describe a case of intra-arterial treatment (IAT) of acute posterior circulation occlusion in a patient with a persistent primitive trigeminal artery (PPTA). The patient presented with an acute left sided hemiparesis and loss of consciousness (Glasgow coma score of 5). Computed tomography angiography showed an acute occlusion of the right internal carotid artery (ICA), the PPTA, distal basilar artery (BA), right posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and right superior cerebellar artery (SCA). Stent-retriever assisted thrombectomy was not considered possible through the hypoplastic proximal BA. After passage of the proximal ICA occlusion, the right PCA and SCA were recanalized through the PPTA, with a single thrombectomy procedure. Ten days after intervention patient was discharged scoring optimal EMV with only a mild facial and left hand paresis remaining. PPTA is a persistent embryological carotid–basilar connection. Knowledge of existing (embryonic) variants in neurovascular anatomy is essential when planning and performing acute neurointerventional procedures.     

视网膜静脉阻塞与颈动脉病变的相关性研究

目的探讨视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)与颈动脉病变的相关性。方法选取于山西医科大学第一医院眼科2011年1月至2013年12月诊断为RVO的患者51例(51眼)进行颈动脉多普勒超声检查,包括检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、斑块数量和形态、颈动脉狭窄程度以及血流动力学参数,对照组30例(30眼)。患者年龄范围为41⁸5岁(平均62.25岁)。结果经荧光素眼底血管造影确诊的51例RVO患者中,35例(68.63%,35眼)检测出颈动脉病变。其中,30例(30眼)视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)患者检出21例(70%,21眼),21例(21眼)视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)患者检出15例(71.43%,15眼)。患眼IMT增加,颈内动脉收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)及舒张末期血流速度(EDV)降低,阻力指数(RI)值增高(P<0.05),患眼同侧及对侧颈动脉各测量值比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。RVO组与对照组比较,颈动脉病变、高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症均有统计学差异(P<0.05);性别、年龄、冠心病、脑卒中及是否吸烟均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 RVO的发生与颈动脉病变有关,颈动脉多普勒超声检查可以客观反映视网膜血流供应状况,可作为评估RVO病情、疗效观察及预后的有效依据,对预防心脑血管意外发生有一定临床意义。     

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的超声诊断及其价值分析

目的探索超声对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的诊断价值。方法通过对156例中老年健康体检人员颈动脉检测,共诊断54例颈动脉粥样硬化患者,对其硬化斑块的好发部位、超声特征进行回顾分析。结果颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的好发部位为颈总动脉分叉处,占53.7%,颈内动脉起始段,占27.8%,颈总动脉主干,占18.5%。超声特征表现为四种类型:扁平斑、软斑、硬斑和溃疡斑,临床追踪随访及CT、MRI检查证实总计有脑梗死19例,占35.2%,其中,软斑块及溃疡斑块易被血流冲击脱落,形成栓子,发生脑梗死。结论用二维超声及彩色多普勒可以早期发现颈动脉粥样硬化病变,进而采取相应的治疗措施,能有效预防缺血性脑卒中的发生。     

Evaluation of revascularization after total arch replacement in common carotid artery occlusion

Occlusion of the common carotid artery (CCA) is rare. CCA occlusion (CCAO) can present as drowsiness and right hemiplegia related to emboli after total arch replacement. Although we selected a follow-up at first because color duplex sonography showed retrograde flow from the left external carotid artery to the internal carotid artery, this patient had epilepsy and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) acquired quantitative results of actual brain perfusion and showed insufficient collateral blood flow. To improve brain perfusion, we performed a bypass of the left subclavian artery to left CCA bypass. Postoperatively, the patient did not have epilepsy and drowsiness. Also, right hemiplegia improved enough for him to walk with support. SPECT showed increased left cerebral flow (the asymmetry ratio was 71% to 81%). Evaluation of the carotid artery with color duplex sonography alone was insufficient when CCAO showed retrograde or collateral flow. We should have performed quantitative evaluation with SPECT at the same time.     

Hybrid surgery for symptomatic chronic complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery: A case report

Currently, there are antiplatelet drugs, extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) vascular bypass, carotid endarterectomy (CEA), endovascular intervention (EI), and other revascularization procedures for symptomatic chronic internal carotid artery occlusion (CICAO). In consulting the literature, we found that existing techniques for single treatments cannot achieve satisfactory results when there is a long segment occlusion with plaque attached to the intracranial segment and a short stump at the initial segment. We reported the case of a 50-year-old male patient with blurred vision, headache, and weakness in the right upper limb. After the exclusion of other neurological diseases, he was diagnosed with symptomatic CICAO; the occlusion segment was long and the stump was too short. We performed a novel hybrid surgery for the patient—a carotid endarterectomy combined with internal carotid artery stenting. After 6 months of follow-up, computed tomography angiography (CTA) confirmed that the left internal carotid artery was unobstructed, and the symptoms were relieved. A brief review of the literature is presented in addition to this report.     

Early middle cerebral artery stenosis following stent-assisted thrombectomy

Stent-assisted thrombectomy (SAT) is an extensively used endovascular treatment method for stroke in which the thrombectomy stents come into direct contact with the vascular intimal surface and entrap the thrombus causing the arterial occlusion. Although there are a few studies that demonstrate that the vessel wall changes in the arteries where stroke intervention is performed, we observed progressive stenosis in early follow-up imaging studies in a case. We present a middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke patient who had four repetitive stent passes during SAT and developed distal MCA stenosis 2 months after SAT at the control magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Inclusion of early follow-up MRA studies would be helpful in defining the silent vascular changes in patients who have undergone repetitive SAT.